Subsurface drainage bioreactors--often called wood chip trenches --and specialized wetland systems also reduce nutrient export.
Helmers admits the challenges are more complex than changing the inputs to our crops such as corn and soybean.
The research team used a stable isotope of nitrogen N-15 as a tracer to track fertilizer nitrogen applied in 1982 to sugar beet and winter wheat crops on a pair of two-metre-square plots
The team found that 61 to 65 per cent of the N-15 fertilizer applied in 1982 was taken up by the sugar beet
#Vetch cover crop, fertilizer practices recommended for organic zucchinicover crops may be in the hardest working plants in organic farming systems.
In a new study the popular cover crop Vetch (Vicia sativa L.)was used in a 2-year field experiment.
The experiment was designed to determine the effects on organic zucchini yield and quality of vetch residue management strategies incorporating green manure using a roller-crimper and organic fertilizers.
To allow for timely crop rotation in organic farming the growing cycle of cover crops is terminated often before natural maturity using mechanical chopping
Although the roller-crimper technology has been used widely for the termination of legume cover crops the technique has its limitations.
or untimely amounts of nitrogen being delivered to the cropping system by legume cover crops ultimately affecting crop yield.
A study published in the August 2013 issue of Hortscience showed the influence of different vetch residue management strategies in combination with the application of organic fertilizers and amendments in an organic zucchini production system.
and soil nutritional status in organic zucchini fields in southern Italy. The experiments were conducted over two seasons.
Our results showed that zucchini yield was influenced positively by the vetch residue management strategy although the response was significantly different between years the scientists said.
The vetch cover crop increased marketable zucchini yield in the first year by 46.6%compared with the fallow treatment indicating that this fertility-building crop could reduce off-farm nitrogen (N) fertilizer input for subsequent crops.
Averaging over 2 years of the experiment marketable zucchini yield increased by 15.2%and 38%with the roller-crimper mulch
The application of organic fertilizers in vetch management plots increased marketable zucchini yield by 21.8%in the first year compared with the unfertilized control.
because organic fertilizers were applied at about 50%of the normal application rate for zucchini after taking into account biological N fixation attributable to the vetch the scientists noted.
and application of organic fertilizers and amendments in zucchini organic farming are constrained by environmental conditions and that the effects are most valuable
#Large-scale deep re-sequencing reveals cucumbers evolutionary enigmain a collaborative study published online today in Nature Genetics researchers from the Genome Centre of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) BGI
and other institutes present a cucumber genomic variation map that includes about 3. 6 million variants revealed by deep resequencing of 115 cucumbers worldwide.
Cucumber is a major vegetable crop consumed worldwide as well as a model system for sex determination and plant vascular biology.
In 2009 cucumber became the seventh plant to have published its genome sequence following the well-studied model plant Arabidopsis thaliana the poplar tree grapevine papaya and the crops rice and sorghum.
More efforts have been put into cucumber genomics research since then. As a part of these efforts researchers from CAAS and BGI re-sequenced 115 cucumber lines sampled from 3342 accessions worldwide
and also conducted de novo sequencing on a wild cucumber. In total they detected more than 3. 3 million SNPS over 0. 33 million small insertion
and deletions (indels) and 594 presence-absence variations (PAVS) and then constructed a comprehensive variation map of cucumber.
Furthermore researchers did a suite of model-based analyses of population structure and phylogenetic reconstruction.
To understand the population bottlenecks during domestication researchers made a comparison analysis between vegetable and grain food crops.
The comparison result indicated that the three vegetable crops (cucumber watermelon and tomato) probably underwent narrower bottleneck events during domestication than the grain food crops (rice maize and soybean).
In addition they also identified 112 putative domestication sweeps in the cucumber genome. These findings provide additional impetus for the use of wild germplasm in future vegetable breeding.
Wild cucumber is an extremely bitter fruit. An essential step in the domestication of the wild cucumber into a eatable vegetable must have degenerated its bitter taste.
Two genetic loci Bi and Bt are known to confer bitterness in cucumber. In this study researchers found that the Bt locus was delimited to a 442-kb region on chromosome 5 that harbors 67 predicted genes.
They further investigated the genomic basis of divergence among the cultivated populations for identifying genes controlling important traits.
The most obvious trait is the orange endocarp which distinguishes the Xishuangbanna group from the other groups.
This trait is caused by the accumulation of large amounts of Î-carotene that was reported to be controlled by a single recessive gene ore.
In this study researchers discovered a key natural variation in a Î-carotene hydroxylase gene that could be used to breed cucumber with enhanced nutritional value.
and breeding applications on cucumber but also gave us a better picture about how the cucumber genome evolved during domestication.
and closely follow a Mediterranean-style diet high in vegetables vegetable oils fish and beans may increase their chance of becoming pregnant according to dietitians at Loyola University Health System (LUHS).
Establishing a healthy eating pattern and weight is a good first step for women who are looking to conceive said Brooke Schantz MS RD CSSD LDN LUHS.
while increasing intake of monounsaturated fats such as avocados and olive oil-Lower intake of animal protein and add more vegetable protein to your diet-Add more fiber to your diet by consuming whole grains vegetables
and fruit-Incorporate more vegetarian sources of iron such as legumes tofu nuts seeds and whole grains-Consume high-fat dairy instead of low-fat dairy-Take a regular women's multivitaminapproximately 40 percent of infertility issues are attributed to men according to the American Society for Reproductive Medicine.
#Maximizing broccolis cancer-fighting potentialspraying a plant hormone on broccoli--already one of the planet's most nutritious foods--boosts its cancer-fighting potential
which could help scientists build an even better more healthful broccoli in ACS'Journal of Agricultural & Food Chemistry.
One of the most helpful food families includes cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli kale and cabbage. In fact eating broccoli regularly has been linked to lower rates of prostate colon breast lung and skin cancers.
In that super food glucosinolates (GSS) and the substances that are left when GSS are broken down can boost the levels of a broccoli enzyme that helps rid the body of carcinogens.
One way to increase GSS is to spray a plant hormone called methyl jasmonate on broccoli.
This natural hormone protects the plants against pests. Juvik's team wanted to determine which GSS
when broccoli is treated. They tested five commercial types of broccoli by spraying them in the field with the hormone
and found that of the GS break-down products sulforaphane is the major contributor toward enhanced cancer-fighting enzyme levels
They say that this information could be used to identify superior broccoli and to breed even more healthful broccoli plants.
Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by American Chemical Society. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.
The health benefits of dietary fiber mainly found in fruits vegetables and whole grains include helping maintain a healthy weight preventing
In soil or when inserted into a plant stem the chip is fitted with wires that can be hooked up to a card for wireless data transmission
Chips may be left in place for years though they may break in freezing temperatures. Such inexpensive and accurate sensors can be spaced strategically in plants
While growers can use the sensors to monitor water in soils for their crops civil engineers can embed these chips in concrete to determine optimal moisture levels as the concrete cures.
The sensors make use of microfluidic technology--developed by Abraham Stroock associate professor of chemical and biomolecular engineering--that places a tiny cavity inside the chip.
and then the chip may be inserted in a plant stem or in the soil where it through a nanoporous membrane exchanges moisture with its environment and maintains an equilibrium pressure that the chip measures.
Using chips embedded in plants or spaced across soil and linked wirelessly to computers for example growers may control the precise moisture of blocks of land based on target goals said Vinay Pagay who helped develop the chip as a doctoral student in Lakso's lab. Ernest
and Julio Gallo Winery and Welch's juice company have expressed already interest in the sensors.
And Cornell civil engineer Ken Hover has started working with Pagay and Lakso on using the sensors in concrete.
#Compound derived from vegetables shields rodents from lethal radiation dosesgeorgetown University Medical center researchers say a compound derived from cruciferous vegetable such as cabbage cauliflower and broccoli protected rats and mice from lethal doses of radiation.
Intake of fruit vegetables nuts seeds pasta poultry and vegetable oil was related to a lower mortality risk
It appears that the intake of some food groups is more beneficial (fruits legumes nuts seeds pasta poultry vegetable oil) or more detrimental (soft drinks butter margarine cake cookies) with respect to mortality risk
#Healthier Diets Possible in Low-Income, Rural Communitiesin the United states children don't eat enough fruits vegetables and whole grains.
The children enrolled in the study consumed significantly more fruits and vegetables. The results are published in the Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.
The objective of our analysis was to examine changes in fruit vegetable legume whole-grain
at least five servings of fruits and vegetables; no more than two hours of television or other screen time;
#¢Ate similar amounts of fruits vegetables whole grains dairy potatoes/potato products saturated fats and sugars as students in control schools#¢Consumed significantly more legumesas a result of the intervention
#¢Eating 0. 08 cups of vegetables per 1000 kcal more per day#¢Eating 0. 22 cups combined fruits
and vegetables per 1000 kcal more per day#¢Had a significantly lower glycemic indexthere was a trend toward more fruit consumption in the CHANGE study intervention with 0. 15 cups per 1000 kcal per day.
Overall students consumed significantly more vegetables and combined fruits and vegetables after exposure to the CHANGE study intervention compared with students in control schools and communities.
Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Note:
diet improves healthpolyphenols are naturally occurring compounds found largely in fruits vegetables coffee tea nuts legumes and cereals.
and vegetables are at lower risk of several chronic diseases and overall mortality. Moreover the research stresses the importance of evaluating
Numerous studies have found this molecule to be required for lateral root development in plants such as tomatoes rice corn lupine and Arabidopsis.
The use of Bt vegetables could significantly reduce the use of conventional insecticides and in turn reduce occupational and environmental risks that arise from intensive insecticide use Shelton said.
#Salt-tolerant bacteria improve crop yieldsuzbek microbiologist Dilfuza Egamberdieva hopes to apply her new agricultural technique soon in Uzbekistan to boost the yield of economically important crops such as wheat cotton tomato and cucumber.
when bacteria are administered to tomatoes and cucumber. Soon Egamberdieva hopes she will be given the green light to test her findings on real fields
and ten percent of all the stored grains worldwide mainly corn wheat sorghum rice and beans. Until five years ago the main fumigation technique and pest control inside warehouses
which an aggressive fungal pathogen infects almost all fruits and vegetables. The team discovered a novel virulence mechanism--the mechanism by
and vegetables that have been around even at times in the refrigerator for more than a week. Study results appear in the Oct 4 issue of the journal Science.
Each of the 1200 pig's DNA was assessed using a genomic chip technology that simultaneously created a genetic profile at 60000 locations across the entire DNA of each pig.
Although North america isn't known as a hotspot for crop plant diversity the inventory uncovered nearly 4600 CWR in the United states including close relatives of globally important food crops such as sunflower bean sweet potato and strawberry.
In Florida CWR include Indian pumpkin or Okeechobee gourd an endangered wild relative of squash that grows only on the shores of Lake Okeechobee;
if the supplemental nitrogen originated from a synthetic fertilizer product animal manure or a legume source.
and quantified the amount of aflatoxins (carcinogenic) in food such as corn tortilla rice chili pepper processed sauces chicken breast
UNAM researcher analyzed 800 kilos of tortilla in Mexico city ten different kinds of chili pepper rice and corn among others.
Particular substances so-called antioxidants which are also found in fruit vegetables and certain vegetable oils are capable of neutralising these free radicals.
and vegetables are healthy. However this may rather be caused by other compounds contained therein such as so-called polyphenols.
Fruit and vegetables are healthy despite the fact that they contain antioxidants says the ETH-Zurich professor. Based on the current and many previous findings he is convinced that small amounts of reactive oxygen species
A whole series of foods naturally contain niacin including meat liver fish peanuts mushrooms rice and wheat bran.
The problem is that corn tomatoes and other crops have a different response and don't support an intimate interaction with the rhizobia
since 1888 but it only exists in legume crops like soybeans and alfalfa. We're working to transfer this trait to other plants like corn wheat or rice
When legumes like soybeans sense a signal from the bacteria they create nodules where the bacteria gather
Rhizobia eventually developed a chemical to inhibit the defense response in legumes and make those plants recognize it as a friend.
Meanwhile corn tomatoes and other crops are still trying to defend themselves against this bacteria.
In the study Stacey and Liang treated corn soybeans tomatoes and other plants to see how they responded
They found that the plants did receive the signal and like legumes inhibited the normal plant immune system.
However soybeans corn and these other plants don't complete the extra step of forming nodules to allow the bacteria to thrive.
http://decodingscience. missouri. edu/2013/09/the-secret-of-the-legume. Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by University of Missouri-Columbia.
and vegetables increased their consumption by 100-200 grams per day --thus reaching the recommended 400-500 grams per day--is 2. 9%.Previous studies already noted that fruit
Fruit for the hearta diet rich in fruit and vegetables reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease mortality by 15%.
%Furthermore more than 4%of deaths due to cardiovascular disease could be prevented by consuming more than 400 grams of fruit and vegetables a day.
which was even more significant for raw vegetables: high consumption reduces the risk of mortality by 16%.
and vegetables in preventing chronic diseases and their associated mortality risk Sánchez concludes. Story Source:
Changes among the plants can be seen as they respond to cabbage white butterfly caterpillars and stinkbugs introduced during the experiment.
'Beige fat'cells are found in scattered lentil-sized deposits beneath the inguinal skin in obese diabetic Zucker rats.
It is also found in small quantities in fruit and vegetables like mustard Goji berries almonds sunflower seeds cardamom fennel coriander and cherries.
because the plants used to make biofuels--including corn soybeans and sugarcane--are already pulling carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere through photosynthesis said Decicco a research professor at the U-M Energy Institute and a professor of practice at the School of Natural resources and Environment.
#Pesticide regulation in California is flawedapproximately 30 million pounds of fumigant pesticides are used each year on soil that yields valuable California crops--strawberries tomatoes peppers and the like--in an attempt to control pests.
and soybeans that remain undamaged by widespread herbicide application. But in this study the researchers used a different method boosting activation of the native epsps gene in rice plants#a process called overexpressing#to give the plants enough strength to survive an application of herbicide.
and patented by the UPV team that allows incorporating additional ingredients to the structure of porous foods as in the case of fruits and vegetables.
To study the effects of weather we examined yield data of the major vegetable crops by county and county weather data for a 55-year period from Wisconsin explained the study's lead author Michael Tesfaendrias.
The team used yield data obtained from the U s. Department of agriculture National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) in Wisconsin for beet cabbage carrot cucumber green pea onion potato snap bean
With the exception of beets the yield of crops in the study was unaffected by the total number of days with rain during the growing season.
The yields of beets in Wisconsin and green pea in both Wisconsin and Ontario increased with increasing total growing season rainfall.
#Strategies for improved management of fresh market spinachthroughout California's fertile central coast region fresh spinach is a high-production high-value crop.
Spinach can be finicky requiring sufficient nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation to ensure ideal growth and to meet industry quality standards such as its defining deep green color.
In an effort to inform future spinach production practices scientists Aaron Heinrich Richard Smith and Michael Cahn evaluated spinach nutrient uptake
and water use in the Salinas and San juan Valleys of California. The team explained that spinach producers can improve nitrogen use efficiency by applying fertilizer at the optimal time
and rate to match crop nitrogen uptake but that data needed to make these critical fertilizer decisions was not available prior to their study.
or bunched spinach grown on 80-inch beds said lead author Aaron Heinrich. Our study was designed specifically to provide data on the nitrogen uptake characteristics of spinach
and measured spinach nitrogen uptake over an entire production season with a range of soil conditions climatic conditions and cropping histories.
and mineralization of crop residue and soil organic matter the team reported Our evaluations showed that soil NO3 testing can be used to improve the nutrient use efficiency of spinach.
We found that soil testing would be most effective in spinach production at two critical points:
at-planting and before the midseason fertilizer application when nitrogen use by spinach greatly increases.
The comprehensive report including additional implications for nitrogen fertilizer management of fresh market spinach can be found in the June 2013 issue of Horttechnology.
Those following a healthy diet are less at riska healthy diet characterized by vegetables fruits berries whole-grains poultry fish
Vegetables fruits berries whole-grains meat and liver are the most important dietary sources of folate.
and snacks sugary drinks manufactured foods French rolls and baked or processed potatoes was associated with an increased prevalence of elevated depressive symptoms.
and chickens along with improved cassava varieties that resist a deadly virus. They also are growing high-value crops like tomatoes onions and watermelons.
and the Ministry of Agriculture to introduce sorghum pigeon peas cowpeas green grams and sweet potatoes to supplement maize and other traditional staples.
By supporting the creation of climate-smart villages and pursuing this very inclusive adaptation planning process Kenya is leading by example for how we can ensure African farmers are prepared for climate change said James Kinyangi CCAFS regional program leader for East Africa.
Tropical forests thrive on natural nitrogen fertilizer pumped into the soil by trees in the legume family a diverse group that includes beans
and peas the researchers report in the journal Nature. The researchers studied second-growth forests in Panama that had been used for agriculture five to 300 years ago The presence of legume trees ensured rapid forest growth in the first 12 years of recovery and thus a substantial
carbon sink or carbon-storage capacity. Tracts of land that were pasture only 12 years before had accumulated already as much as 40 percent of the carbon found in fully mature forests.
Legumes contributed more than half of the nitrogen needed to make that happen the researchers reported.
Though the legumes'nitrogen fertilizer output waned in later years the species nonetheless took up carbon at rates that were up to nine times faster than non-legume trees.
The legumes'secret is a process known as nitrogen fixation carried out in concert with infectious bacteria known as rhizobia
Legumes use secretions to invite rhizobia living in the soil to infect their roots and the bacteria signal back to initiate nodule growth.
Excess nitrogen from the legume eventually creates a nitrogen cycle that benefits neighboring trees. By nurturing bigger healthier trees that take up more carbon legumes have realized a newly importance
when it comes to influencing atmospheric carbon dioxide said second author Lars Hedin a Princeton professor of ecology and evolutionary biology and the Princeton Environmental Institute.
Legumes are a group of plants that perform a valuable function but no one knew how much they help with the carbon sink Hedin said.
First author Sarah Batterman a postdoctoral research associate in Hedin's research group said legumes
even though legumes are coveted not specifically or threatened Batterman said. If the numbers and diversity of nitrogen fixers plummet then the health of the surrounding forest would likely be affected for a very long time.
The researchers found that the nine legume species they studied did not contribute nitrogen to surrounding trees at the same time.
and still other species went into action mainly in 300-year-old tracts though not nearly to the same extent as legumes in younger plots.
The researchers found that individual trees reduced their fixation as nitrogen accumulated in soils with the number of legumes actively fixing nitrogen dropping from 71 to 23 percent between 12-and 80-year-old forests.
and diversity of legumes models should reflect that variation she said. Batterman is currently working with Princeton Assistant professor of Geosciences David Medvigy on a method for considering nitrogen fixation in models.
and soybean production and another 35-40 million could be shifted to crop production in the near future.
and nitrous oxide emissions compared with soybean which lacks this ability. Other research has shown that deep-rooted productive Brachiaria grasses capture large amounts of atmospheric carbon--on a scale similar to that of tropical forests--a further plus for climate change mitigation.
which proposes to deliver major benefits for the poor and the environment through innovative research on tropical forage grasses and legumes.
and vegetables now account for about 10 percent of all produce sales with sales exceeding $10 billion annually.
and vegetables--as health-conscious consumers look for more foods that require minimal preparation like cut fruit
Fruits and vegetables have skins that provide natural protection against drying out discoloration and other forms of spoilage Pavlath explained.
and bananas but occurs without any outward sign for other fruits and vegetables. Nature is a very good chemist
The finished fruits and vegetables then go to consumers in sealed containers. The great 21st century challenges in edible coating research and development?
. However it has fostered concerns that wide use of corn soybeans and other food crops for fuel production may raise food prices
The industry has made great strides in reducing the amount of packaging said Risch citing some of the most visible examples such as thinner plastic water bottles and compostable potato chip bags.
and vegetables and some higher costs explained Fell. He discussed the ongoing decline in honeybee populations in the U s
and nutrient intake. UK government recommendations on weaning foods stipulate that these should be introduced gradually starting with cereals vegetables
-and-trade regulation's eight covered food industries (tomato canning and dairy processing being particularly challenging for the researchers) and the industries of petroleum refining and glass manufacturing.
The Northwestern group led by Masanet worked on the tomato canning dairy processing snack foods and wine industries.
Even in the same plant such as a tomato canning plant different products are responsible for different amounts of emissions.
For example manufacturing one can of tomato paste produces more emissions than one can of diced tomatoes.
I think this is good news. These substances do not tend to accumulate in vegetables including tomatoes
and lettuce that people often eat raw. We can use that information to promote the use of this treated wastewater for irrigation.
They chose eight vegetables that people often eat raw--carrots bell peppers tomatoes cucumbers lettuce spinach celery and cabbage.
Leafy vegetables took up the highest amounts of PPCPS. Wu and Gan said the findings are a first step toward a full understanding of the potential human health effects of PPCPS in sewage treatment plant effluent recycled for irrigation.
#New weapons on the way to battle wicked weedsa somber picture of the struggle against super-weeds emerged today as scientists described the relentless spread of herbicide-resistant menaces like pigweed
It is spreading beyond soybeans and cotton. Weed management in corn has become more and more difficult in recent years due to herbicide-resistant weeds.
Rather the battle involves nightmares like Palmer amaranth pigweed which has been termed the master blueprint for the perfect weed.
#Purple sweet potatoes among new naturals for food and beverage colorsmention purple sweet potatoes black carrots or purple carrots and people think of dining on heirloom or boutique veggies.
One major change he said is the appearance of root crops like black carrots and purple sweet potatoes (PSPS)
Baked used for french fries or prepared in other ways PSPS taste like regular sweet potatoes Talcott noted.
PSP anthocyanins have proven to be among the best for food and beverage coloring he said citing fruit drinks vitamin waters ice cream and yogurt.
The small amounts of PSPS grown domestically go mainly to sales of fresh potatoes for the table.
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