Avian

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Avian (81)
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Synopsis: 4.4. animals: Birds: Avian:

The era began on a big down note catching the tail end of the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event at the close of the Cretaceous period that wiped out the remaining non-avian dinosaurs.

Avian Ancestors: Dinosaurs That Learned To fly By the end of the Jurassic the giant Sauropods such as Apatosaurus were becoming extinct.

The art of avian war With cash earmarked for murrelets from offshore-oil-spill restoration funds the parks have the rare ability to fund research studies

and existed about 30 million years ago before many other avian orders had evolved according to Sea world. It isn't really known why flamingos tend to stand on one foot

Avian Ancestors: Dinosaurs That Learned To fly Finding a new species Anzu wylieli's story starts about a decade ago with paleontologist Tyler Lyson now at the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural history.

The avian H5n1 flu virus leads to serious disease in poultry and causes huge economic losses,

such as the avian H5 subtype, explains Capua. The consensus was that a pandemic could not be caused by H1,

swine and human flu viruses would have swapped genes with avian viruses, ultimately giving rise to the dangerous assortment of genes carried by the 1918 virus. This work suggests that the generation of pandemic strains

not only in humans but in other mammalian and avian hosts, is key to identifying possible pandemic strains and their future evolution.

Instead, the new findings suggest that an avian strain entered pig and human populations, and then swapped genes with mammalian flu viruses before becoming a pandemic.

found that just five mutations allowed avian H5n1 to spread easily among ferrets, which are a good proxy for how flu behaves in other mammals,

and avian viruses, creating opportunities for genetic reassortment in co-infected animals. Fouchier argues that many countries collect more and more-timely,

lack of data, says Ian Brown, head of avian virology and mammalian influenza at the Animal health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency lab in Weybridge, UK.

Nature analysed the records of nonidentical sequences from all subtypes of avian and pig flu deposited in the US National Center for Biotechnology Information s Influenza Virus Sequence Database between 2003 and 2011.

The 2007 peak in avian viral sampling was largely the result of surveys of more than 100,000 wild birds to monitor for the arrival of H5n1 in the Americas1,

The Influenza Genome Sequencing Project is also helping by generating vast quantities of sequences it now accounts for half of all avian

Like that responsible for the 2009 pandemic, the new strain, known as Sw/1204, is a'triple-reassortant'virus that is, one with genes from avian, swine and human flu.

We hope it will trigger additional efforts to continue improving our understanding of the avian tree of life

confirms that the placentals diversified a few hundred thousand years after the (non-avian) dinosaurs went extinct,

We never saw this number of presumed avian/animal to human transmissions in such a short space of time.

seems to be similar to avian H11n9 viruses that were found in South korea in 2011;

scientists say that it seems clear from the sequence that the novel virus has acquired key mutations that permit the H protein to latch onto receptors on mammalian cells in the airways instead of onto avian receptors.

Roughly 97%of avian species sport little or nothing in the way of a phallus,

says Niels Rattenborg, an avian sleep biologist at the Max Planck Institute for Ornithology in Seewiesen,

the authors of a study published today in Nature1 say that their finding reinforces the idea that H7 avian viruses are constantly mixing

Ducks, in particular, act as living mixing bowls for avian viruses. Domestic species encounter a large catalogue of wild-bird viruses,

They found that avian predators did indeed pick off a lot of beetles: in the rainy season peak time for beetle activity borer infestation almost doubled

many of the avian exterminators were living in small scraps of unprotected woodland, rather than in big nature reserves.

an avian virus that is sporadically infecting humans from a reservoir in poultry, and there is no evidence of any continued human-to-human spread.

pigs and bats using a model they developed to map evolutionary relationships between viruses from different host species. The branched tree that resulted showed that the genes of the deadly 1918 pandemic virus are of avian origin.

A 2005 genetic analysis of the 1918 pandemic virus pulled from a victim s preserved tissue concluded that it most closely matched viruses of avian origin2.

notes that it identified an avian relationship for two genes in the 1918 virus, but not for six genes,

whereas the dogma has been for so long that its avian, says Pybus.""It s a fascinating study,

Many characteristics of the modern avian egg namely an oblong asymmetrical shape and a hardened shell were in place before birds diverged from dinosaurs about 150 million years ago.

Another key moment in the history of avian eggs occurred at least 150 million years before that

Swine are susceptible to avian human and swine flus and these virus can circulate inside pigs for varying lengths of time with no signs of illness.

and South american species that alone accounts for 80 million years of avian evolutionary history Mooers says.

and hypothetically bipedal non-avian dinosaurs the researchers write in the study. So although we don't quite have any dinosaurs to double check the scientists are pretty sure this is a fair representation of how dinos strolled.

and woodpecker activity in the area said Christopher Whelan an avian ecologist with the Illinois Natural history Survey UIC adjunct assistant professor of biology

and evolution of the avian H7n9 influenza virus that emerged in humans in China earlier this year.

Within ducks and later within chickens various strains of avian H7n9 H7n7 and H9n2 influenza exchanged genes with one another in different combinations.

and patterning across avian species more generally but this remains to be studied. The work was initiated by Professor Olivier Hanotte

Logistical and financial support for this study was provided by the Amur-Ussuri Centre for Avian Diversity with additional funding from the Bell Museum of Natural history Columbus Zoo Conservation Fund Denver Zoological Foundation

and H7n9 might arguably be more likely than other avian viruses to become human-adapted write the authors.

The researchers also infected pigs with the human-derived H7n9 virus. In natural settings pigs can act as a virtual mixing bowl to combine avian-and mammalian-specific influenza strains potentially allowing avian strains to better adapt to humans.

and spark a pandemic so information about swine susceptibility to H7n9 could help scientists gauge the pandemic potential of the avian virus. Unlike the ferrets infected pigs in this small study did not transmit virus to uninfected pigs

The analysis of these novel H7n9 influenza virus isolates showed that that the six internal genes were derived from avian H9n2 viruses

We suggest that strong measures such as continued surveillance of avian and human hosts control of animal movement shutdown of live poultry markets

When one of these avian or swine viruses gains the ability to infect humans it can often evade the immune system which is primed to recognize only strains that commonly infect humans.

and will be published in the next volume of the Journal of Avian Biology is the first of its kind to monitor the movement of this rarely studied subspecies through satellite telemetry

The significant size difference between males and females makes bustards the most sexually dimorphic avian species On earth.

Glennon and Kretser believe that the similar results in two different ecosystem types may indicate that human behaviors associated with exurban homes play a larger role in shaping avian community characteristics nearby than do created habitat alterations

including the addition of energy transmission towers affect avian predators nesting in sagebrush landscapes. Researchers compared nesting habitat selection between Common Ravens

Common Ravens are now the most pervasive predatory species nesting in this area accounting for 46 percent of nests among these four avian predator species. Transmission towers are the tallest objects at the study area.

Industrial development wildfires invasive plant species and other disturbances are changing sagebrush landscapes throughout the western United states. Our results shed light on how these avian predators might change with them said Coates of USGS. The study Landscape alterations

Feduccia added Instead of regarding birds as deriving from dinosaurs Scansoriopteryx reinstates the validity of regarding them as a separate class uniquely avian and non-dinosaurian.

Diet analyses are central to the study of avian trophic ecology and can be an important conservation tool.

Our results revealed changes in avian guilds resulting from oil and gas development and suggest that a loss of community uniqueness is a consequence.

Brittingham and her students are currently studying the effects of shale-gas development on birds to determine how it affects avian communities.

and identified more than 100 areas where additional protection efforts would help safeguard avian biodiversity. We used genetic data to identify the bird species that have the fewest relatives on the'Tree of Life'that is

and a nesting strategy more reptilian than avian. After burying their eggs in sunbaked beaches

Avian flu outbreaks come with no warning. In 2013 an H7n9 avian flu strain caused a deadly outbreak in people in China.

Multi-hyperuniformity is crucial for the avian system to evenly sample incoming light Torquato said.

If I gave you the avian system with these cones and removed the red it's still hyperuniform.

Evolutionarily speaking the researchers'results show that nature found a unique workaround to the problem of cramming all those cones into the compact avian eye Corbo said.

The paper Avian photoreceptor patterns represent a disordered hyperuniform solution to a multiscale packing problem was published Feb 24 in Physical Review E. The work was supported by grants from the National Science Foundation (grant no.

What we're finding is that the avian virus has an extremely shallow history in most genes not much older than the invention of the telephone Worobey explained.

which the analyses also reveal to be the closest relative to the avian virus. Interestingly a previous research paper analyzing old newspaper records reported that in the days following the horse flu outbreak there were repeated outbreaks described at the time as influenza killing chickens

Instead the genetic diversity across the whole avian virus gene pool in domestic and wild birds often appears to trace back to earlier outbreaks of the virus in domestic birds Worobey explained.

#Bacterial fibers critical to human, avian infectionescherichia coli--a friendly and ubiquitous bacterial resident in the guts of humans and other animals--may occasionally colonize regions outside the intestines.

and her colleagues examine one such bacterial adversary Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC). The research conducted in collaboration with scientists at the University of Florida Gainesville appears in the current issue of the journal PLOS ONE.

Avian Pathogenic E coli (APEC) belong to a broad group of extraintestinal pathogenic E coli (Expec) strains. Colibacillosis caused by APEC in birds leads to serious illness often attacking the avian respiratory system producing systemic

or localized infections depending on the age and gender of bird immunologic health and various environmental factors.

In the opinion of Dr Vanesa De Pietri of Flinders University in Australia it is a further impressive example that the South american avian fauna contains numerous relicts that were once much more widespread.

as compared to most other avian viruses, to transmit. Was there any overt indication that this strain of flu was more of a risk?

There are subtle differences between the avian host cell and the human host cell in terms of what viruses bind to.

So there are signatures that avian viruses have that are associated with binding to those avian cells.

This virus is primarily avian still but it did have some signatures that we associate with mammalian virus. Where does this virus rank among the flu viruses we know about already?

There is still a question with these other more classical avian types like the H5 and H7.

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