#Simply Copying Nature is No Way to Succeed at Inventing Just Ask Leonardo Da vinci (Op-Ed) This article was published originally at The Conversation.
in recent years we have seen the rise of university courses institutes and learned journals in the subject.
The crucial step to making aircraft was to separate these two functions leaving the wing to do the lifting
Enjoying a wide variety of vegetables fruits nuts seeds wholegrain cereals legumes low-fat dairy lean meat
And the opposite holds for a diet based on foods high in refined sugar (think lollies) one that combines high levels of sugar
and fat (cakes for instance or pastries) or involves high intakes of caffeine or alcohol. Basically the nutrients found in healthy foods appear to work together to cause the brain to produce the feel-good hormone#serotonin
which is associated with improved mood and feelings of relaxation. And eating foods that maintain a steady blood-sugar level within the appropriate range such as wholegrain cereals helps to stabilise mood.
Research suggests people in a good mood are more likely to prefer nutritious foods that are low in sugar salt
While men are more likely to turn to soups pasta and steaks as a reward when they re feeling upbeat.
Clearly these relationships are complicated but which is likely to be the stronger driver mood or food?
What we can say with confidence is that eating a well-balanced diet may confer not only physical health benefits but also better mental health through improved mood.
and lounges where smokers can order their preferred flavor of tobacco along with their favorite cocktail or juice.
Even in ancient times at the dawn of agriculture there was it seems no such thing as a free lunch.
Uric acid is created a waste product during the normal breakdown of purines naturally occurring substances found in foods such as liver mushrooms anchovies mackerel and dried beans according to the NIAMS.
and breakdown of purines patients can reduce the concentration of uric acid in the blood by avoiding high-purine foods such as anchovies asparagus dried beans and peas mushrooms and organ meats (such as livers
To reconstruct leopard diets scientists had to take a close look at leopard poop. A team led by researchers with the Wildlife Conservation Society scooped up 85 leopard fecal samples as they scoured footpaths dried-up streams
and accounted for 12 percent of the mass of leopards'meals. By comparison livestock were a relatively small portion of the leopard diet.
Domestic goats for example accounted for just 11 percent of the mass of the big cats'meals even though they were seven times more abundant than dogs in the study area.
All told 87 percent of the leopards'diet was made up of domestic animals including both livestock and pets;
That s good if your moldy food is an expensive vintage cheddar cheese! Molds are fungi.
or convert sugars to alcohol. They are heterotrophs meaning they can t make their own food (unlike plants.
When water and nutrients are available (such as in semi-perishable foods) they grow in number:
This is the furry growth we can see for example on crumpets berries jam tomato paste cheese and so on.
The growing tips of the hyphae release enzymes into the environment to degrade complex organic molecules into usable nutrients.
So wherever the mycelia go in search of nutrients toxins may also be found. The extent of spread of the mycelium is not always visible
however and herein lies the problem. Many molds can grow on and spoil our foods.
or to ripen some cheeses) Aspergillus and on fruits Botrytis. You re unlikely to experience any immediate symptoms from ingestion of mycotoxin-contaminated foods.
Ongoing exposure increases the chances of a range of diseases including include kidney liver and immune system damage increased risk of a range of cancers and neurological symptoms;
Foods with a high moisture content such as cooked casseroles soft fruit and vegetables pastes/sauces and soft cheeses can have invisible hyphae growing below the surface
and producing mycotoxins. The same is true for porous foods such as bread and cakes where the hyphae can penetrate.
All of these foods should be discarded if you see mold on the surface. Conversely a cheddar or a salami or carrot that have dense structure are less likely to have extensive hyphal growth away from the visible mycelium.
In these cases the mycelium can be cut away (to a centimetre or two depth) and the remaining food consumed with little risk.
The United states'Department of agriculture s website is a good source of advice for dealing with mold contamination on a wide variety of foods.
The authors do not work for consult to own shares in or receive funding from any company
meat and poultry soiled by animal feces during processing foods kept warm for too long unpasteurized milk
or salted fish cream sauces undercooked ground beef alfalfa sprouts raw or undercooked shellfish raw eggs prepared salads and cream-filled pastries.
The symptoms of food poisoning usually diminish without help in about two days. However some cases need treatment.
In many cases of diarrhea the only treatment needed is lost replacing fluid and salts. Adults should consume broth non-citrus fruit juices flat ginger ale and ice pops.
As your condition improves you can start eating bananas plain rice boiled potatoes toast crackers and cooked carrots.
Smaller meals are recommended because they're easier to digest. Here are some tips to prevent food poisoning:
anything that contains raw eggs such as cookie dough or hollandaise sauce packaged foods with broken seals
or cans that are bulging or dented honey that hasn't been heat-treated soft cheeses alfalfa sprouts raw ground beef or fish.
If you would like to read more columns you can order a copy of How to be a Healthy Geezer at www. healthygeezer. com. All rights Reserved 2014 by Fred Cicett t
I'm increasingly aware that it's not just the eco-minded who are calling for more mud pies and fewer Leapfrog computers for preschoolers.
In this new study researchers Lindsey Robbins and Susan Margulis of Canisius College in Buffalo New york observed the effects of three kinds of music played to three adult gorillas.
at the Buffalo Zoo. Each selection was played for two hours a day four times a week over a period of three weeks.
A freshwater turtle's diet is varied just as and may include worms snails insect larvae aquatic insects crustaceans water plants algae and fallen fruit.
Both aquatic and land turtles have been known to eat carrion (decaying flesh) when it's available.
Commercial turtle pellets and fish pellets as well as gut-loaded insects (bugs with nutrient-rich diets) earthworms and small fish are sold often as turtle food at pet stores.
or other professional when planning a diet for their pet as the diets of captive turtles also vary by species. Follow Elizabeth Palermo on Twitter@techepalermo Facebook or Google+.
For example there may be numerous species of bacteria in blue cheese or kefir (a fermented milk drink) but it is more appropriate to call these products sources of live cultures rather than sources of probiotics the researchers said.
For example aged cheeses such as blue cheese contain a mix of bacteria. And although cheese makers likely use defined cultures of bacteria that include a known mix of species the microbial content of any given cheese isn't listed on the food's label
and in fact varies among samples of cheese she said. Blue cheese may have lots of really neat microbes in it
and it might be source of live microbes but you can't really call it a probiotic until some research shows that there is a benefit associated with it she said.
We thought that the term'probiotics'had to be reserved for the microbes associated with fermented products that have been defined
otherwise use the material as animal feed. With support from the U s. National Science Foundation (NSF our company Ecolyse Inc. based in College Station Texas is working to address this issue by developing products to treat bacterial contamination.
Ecolyse produces the phage as liquid lysates the liquid soup consisting of cellular debris and phage particles that is created
An additional plus is that replacing antibiotics with phages during the fermentation process increases the marketability of the dried distillers-grain byproduct (the potential animal feed)
However its microscopic tree cells called tracheids internal highways that transfer water and nutrients show signs of fire stress in a manner similar to tree rings.
and nutrients Byers said. This post-fire growth spurt is seen also in modern trees. Rethinking the past
Mcdonald s now serves 144m happy meals#in Malaysian outlets each year. Presumably this saves 144m bored Malaysians from staring into their bowls of curry mee satay and Roti Canai.
The homogenisation of global food systems means that any fast-food outlet must depend on a long complex and increasingly vulnerable supply chain to source products
and animal species. While there are an estimated 30000 edible plant species just three (wheat rice
For example bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea) is a highly nutritious drought-tolerant African food legume. However during Africa s colonial period it was displaced increasingly by the oil-rich peanut grown for its cash and export potential.
Bambara the groundnut of the women#has survived more through its own resilience and the tenacity of the communities that have cultivated it than the contribution of agricultural scientists to its improvement or extension agencies to its expansion.
Our entire food system is in a precarious state propped up by a narrow elite range of major crops backed by global research and advocacy.
Just trust me on this this drink really will require flavoring Keith-Thomas Ayoob nutritionist at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine told ABC News
or a caloric sweetener then the world probably doesn't need another drink that's just a source of sugar calories
#Does Sugar Really Cause Cavities? You've probably heard it all your life: Eating sweets will rot your teeth.
But while a diet high in sugar certainly promotes the formation of cavities (as well as other medical problems such as obesity) sugar itself isn't the real culprit behind tooth decay.
Such debris might include the refined sugars found in cookies candy and other treats but can also come from healthy foods like whole grains vegetables and fruits.
Plaque starts building up after every meal and if it isn't brushed away frequently it can erode the hard outer enamel of a tooth resulting in tiny holes in the tooth's surface.
Ultimately sugar is just one of many carbs that can land you in the dentist's chair
but that doesn't mean you should trade in your apples for candy corn just yet. In addition to the many health benefits of a plant-heavy diet the kinds of foods you eat are important to oral health.
Some foods like hard candy breath mints raisins and dry cereal can get stuck in the grooves and crevices of your teeth where they could cause decay.
To make matters worse the drop in atmospheric CO2 plunged the Earth into a massive deep freeze that has come to be called the Snowball Earth Event.
The planet was covered entirely with thick sheets of ice except near the equator and life in the dark oceans was driven nearly to extinction.
In 1967 biologist Lynn Margulis was the first to recognize that some prokaryotic organisms were able to merge together in a cooperative arrangement she named endosymbiosis that helped them survive the Snowball Earth crisis. We now understand that the mitochondria in animal cells
and spread to every habitable continent on the Earth in a relatively short time pushing the Neanderthals and all other remaining hominid species to extinction.
#Ancient Nordic Grog Intoxicated the Elite Ancient Scandinavians quaffed an alcoholic mixture of barley honey cranberries herbs
Herbs and spices such as bog myrtle yarrow juniper and birch resin added flavor and perhaps medicinal qualities.
With Mcgovern's help Dogfish Head recreated the Nordic grog in October 2013 using wheat berries honey and herbs.
and herbs that tastes much like what their ancient ancestors drank. Follow Stephanie Pappas on Twitter and Google+.
and flossing help keep teeth healthy by getting rid of sugars and food particles that team up with bacteria to form plaque.
Plaque produces acid that damages tooth enamel causes cavities and sets the stage for periodontal or gum disease.</
and green teas slow the growth of bacteria associated with cavities and gum disease. Researchers at the University of Illinois at Chicago found that people who rinsed their mouths with<a href=http://www. livescience. com/10053-bottled-brewed-study-reveals-healthiest-teas. html>black tea</a>for one minute 10 times
</p><p>Research published in the journal General Dentistry earlier this year reported that 12-to 15-year-olds who ate cheddar cheese had lower acid levels in their mouths than those
but the cheese eaters had a rapid drop at each measurement interval. </</p><p>Cheese may neutralize the plaque acid said Wu who was involved not in the cheese study.
What' s more chewing<a href=http://www. livescience. com/19463-5-facts-spit. html>increases saliva production</a>."
t contain sucrose or table sugar. Sugar helps bacteria stick to the tooth surface letting them produce plaque Wu said.
Some compounds in raisins also affect the growth of bacteria associated with gum disease Wu has found.</
such as cheese almonds and leafy greens — and foods high in phosphorous — such as meat eggs and fish —
can help<a href=http://www. livescience. com/40195-oral-health-body. html>keep tooth enamel strong and healthy</a>according to the American Dental Association.</
and her team found that drinking a a href=http://www. livescience. com/36512-experts-explain-milk-health-benefits-risks. html>glass of milk</a>after downing dry sugar-sweetened Fruit Loops
Drinking a glass of milk after eating a sweet dessert like chocolate cake may protect teeth too.
t handy nibble on some post-dessert cheese.</</p><p>Cranberries contain polyphenols (just as tea does)
Because the fruit is so tart many cranberry products have added sugar which may affect any potential benefits for teeth Wu said.</
Beyond the wet-and-press tattoos found in bubble gum machines there are several types of temporary tattoos that use plant-based and synthetic dyes.
Today on National Buttermilk biscuit Day (May 14) people may be wondering what exactly is buttermilk? In days of yore the term buttermilk referred to the tangy residual liquid that remained in a butter churner after the cream had solidified into butter.
Tiny specks of creamy butter often flecked the liquid which had a slightly sour taste.
Nowadays buttermilk is cultured by adding live lactic acid bacteria generally Lactococcus lactis or Lactobacillus bulgaricus to low-fat milk.
Though some people drink buttermilk straight cooks also often add it to recipes in place of milk sour cream or other dairy products.
Pancakes salad dressings soups breads and other baked goods including of course biscuits can be made with buttermilk. Because of its live cultures buttermilk also lasts longer than regular milk.
Though it won't contain any live bacterial cultures a tangy version of buttermilk can be made by adding a teaspoon of vinegar
#Gluten-Free Diet Reduces Risk of Type 1 Diabetes in Mice Exposure to a gluten-free diet prenatally
Mouse mothers were fed either a gluten-free diet or a regular diet during pregnancy and the time when they were nursing.
When the mouse pups were four weeks old the researchers transitioned them to a regular diet.
About 50 percent of the mouse pups whose mothers were fed a regular diet developed type 1 diabetes
whose mothers were fed a gluten-free diet the study found. The researchers from the University of Copenhagen in Denmarkspeculated that the difference in diabetes risk may be related to gut bacteria.
The mothers and pups in the gluten-free group had increased levels of certain gut bacteria compared with those on the regular diet.
In general there are two groups of people who are recommended to avoid gluten: people with celiac disease who have an immune-system reaction to glutenand people who are gluten-sensitive who feel better after they cut gluten out of their diets said Cynthia Wu a clinical dietitian at the Ohio State university Wexner Medical center.
Gluten is a protein found in many grains including wheat barley and rye. People who don't fall into either of these groups would probably not be advised to cut gluten out of their diet in pregnancy
because it is a very difficult diet to follow Wu said. Gluten-free diets are known not to be risky in pregnancy
as long as women replace gluten-containing foods with healthy substitutes such as rice-based products and sweet potatoes Wu said.
Interestingly celiac disease is much more common in people with type 1 diabetes than in the general population:
About 10 percent of people with type 1 diabetes have celiac disease whereas 1 percent of the general population has celiac disease according to the American Diabetes Association.
The reason for the link is known not but both conditions are autoimmune diseases an dmay share similar genes as triggers Wu said.
To follow up on the mouse study a future study could look at information already collected from women who happened to followed a gluten-free diet in pregnancy
You May Burn Fewer Calories A double-patty cheeseburger and fries may be one of the worst things to eat after a stressful argument.
The findings suggest that regularly eating high-fat meals after being stressed could lead to additional weight gain the researchers said.
Each participant then ate a meal that included 930 calories and 60 grams of fat similar to meals of hamburgers and fries offered in popular fast-food restaurants.
Over the next seven hours the researchers measured participants'metabolic rates a number that shows how fast the body is burning calories and fat.
or more stressors during the past day burned on average 104 fewer calories than non-stressed women over the course of the day.
and not everybody would have a fast food meal every day. And some people even tend to eat less
in addition to stressors showed a higher peak in the levels of triglycerides after their meals. Triglycerides are a type of fat in the blood that the body uses for energy
These meal-related effects of depression and stress could help explain why depression is linked to heart problems the researchers said.
For the study the researchers chose a high-fat meal consisting of eggs turkey sausage and biscuits and gravy because previous studies have suggested people are more likely to eat high-fat comfort foods
when they are stressed the researchers said. To minimize the effects of stress on weight gain Kiecolt-Glaser suggests choosing vegetables fish and chicken over a hamburger and fries.
We know we can't always avoid stressors in our life said Martha Belury a professor of human nutrition at Ohio State
The mud was like a really thick batter that they got clogged in their trachea
and nutrients from its host but it also exchanges genetic messages with its victim according to a study detailed today (Aug 15) in the journal Science.
Once the weed coils around its host plant it uses sharp appendages called haustoria to penetrate the host's tissue and suck out sugars and other nutrients.
along with these nutrients the weed also transports RNA the genetic material cells use to translate instructions in the organism's DNA into cellular machinery or proteins.
Symptoms, Treatment and Prevention A sesame seed-size parasite that feeds on human blood the head louse (Pediculus humanus capitis) is known a nuisance around the world.
and creams that contain pediculicides or insecticides that kill lice as well as combing the hair with a louse comb that removes lice and nits.
Neither malathion nor permethrin and pyrethrins effectively kill all of the egg stages of lice. This means that these chemicals need to be reapplied to the scalp seven to 10 days after the initial treatment.
which is available as a cream or a shampoo. This chemical has been known to cause severe seizures in children
Once a case of head lice is confirmed the best way to prevent spread is to thoroughly treat
and clean all furniture to prevent the spread of lice to others. Measures such as fumigation are not necessary
heaps of neon-pink sea stars glow-in-the-dark jellies floating spookily by yellow sea spiders breathing through holes in their bodies amphipods toothfish and yes hundreds of swirling seals.
when he came for some of her eggs. A team of environmental physiologists led by Anne Todgham is spending several seasons at Mcmurdo conducting experiments on two Antarctic species#he dragonfish
and munched on our peanut butter sandwiches and Erin began knitting a hat from beautiful blue wool she picked up in New zealand.*
On previous trips the divers had carefully spatulaed up batches of dragonfish eggs extraordinary pearlescent orbs laid on a single rock.
Because the water is so cold these eggs develop at a glacial pace taking 10 months#onger than a human baby#o gestate.
when he came for some of her eggs. On this trip the dive team gathered about 200 juvenile emerald rock cod primarily using little green fishing nets the kind you d use in a child s aquarium.
and checked on hundreds of other dragonfish eggs and cod juveniles that are part of their research.
We gathered Saturday for an early Thanksgiving dinner and each of us offered thanks to the team members for their hard work
and green beans hundreds of dragonfish mothers stood guarding their eggs dedicated and hardworking guardians of the next generation.*
From vitamins to folate to potassium fruits and vegetables provide vital nutrients and help keep everyone healthy.
and their diets suffer from it. I'm sure there are plenty of parents who wish their children would eat broccoli just once instead of another round of french fries.
With just a few steps you can get your children to add more color to their plate.
and vegetables but it also can help families save a little bit of money on their grocery bills.
When deciding what to make for lunch or dinner it's important that you think about how to keep the plate looking interesting and colorful.
Think about how you feel when you eat. Besides taste and smell the visual component of your food is an important aspect of mealtime.
Try to see how many colors you can have on your plate. However this is not the time to force your child to finish all of the food on his or her plate.
Yes fruits and vegetables are healthy but if you force your child to eat everything on the plate you run the risk of setting your child up for bad behavior with food.
This could lead to problems with food later in life whether it is an eating disorder or obesity.
or delivering a newborn lamb. Or he could have gotten the disease from drinking unpasteurized milk or eating unpasteurized cheese.
The Brucella strain that infected the man was a close relative of modern Italian strains the researchers found
and dairy pasteurization have hampered its spread. Today antibiotics are used to treat people with brucellosis and no more than 2 percent of infected people die from the disease according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
and then for livestock feed and erosion control it has since overrun entire ecosystems destroying native long-needled pine forests woodlots and grasslands alike.
This could create a snowball effect as elevated temperature would enable kudzu to extend its range to more northern latitudes.
Every piece of usable timber walnut red and white oak and pine had been removed from this land and sold to the lumber market.
People may not realize Vitamin b12 is missing from their diets because the liver can store a 5-year supply in reserve.
A Vitamin b12 deficiency has a wide range of symptoms. Someone with low Vitamin b12 may lose their appetite lose weight
and a diet assessment may help people get their needed nutrients without resorting to supplements.
Supplement makers also say Vitamin b12 supplements can help treat conditions such as Lyme disease gum disease some skin infections liver disease and kidney disease.
Many meat and dairy products have Vitamin b12. Clams crab beef liver and many fish are particularly high in Vitamin b12.
Eliminating meat dairy and fortified cereals from your diet may require you to supplement vitamin B12 Sheth said.
In general Vitamin b12 is found in animal products Sheth said so strict vegetarians and vegans must actively seek out another source of the vitamin.
In people who are making the transition to a vegan diet a Vitamin b12 deficiency may not show up for a while Sheth said.
Other strict diets may unintentionally cut Vitamin b12. A lot of people have cut grains and a lot of B vitamins are fortified in our grain products Mangieri said.
If you're going to eliminate something from your diet investigate what you have eliminated and where else you can get those nutrients.
You have to really work with a registered dietitian or do your homework. The average adult should get 2. 4 micrograms of Vitamin b12 per day.
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