Synopsis:
3. food & berverages: Foods:
BBC 00004.txt
From 1976 onwards, marine scientist Marianne Riedman, together with her colleague Burney Le Boeuf, studied adoption among the seals oe and why it was happening.
it's easy for elephant seal pups to get separated from their parents (Frans Lanting/Mint images/SPL) The researchers counted a total of 572 orphaned pups over the course of the four consecutive breeding seasons.
Some adult elephant seals are more likely to adopt a pup than others (Frans Lanting/Mint images/SPL) Elephant seal pups aren't the only ones to win adoptive parents either.
BBC 00132.txt
Still, astronauts sometimes lament the drabness of their pre-prepared space meals, and have expressed even cravings for fries.
Lioumbas and Karapantsios fixed a deep-fryer containing potato sticks in half a litre of hot oil onto the end of the 8m-long arms of the Large Diameter Centrifuge at the European Space Research
BBC 00176.txt
The flaws of such experiments led evolutionary anthropologist Brian Hare to develop a more naturalistic,
 In his experiments, Hare set up enclosures containing two chimps, one at either end. He placed food in the centre.
 In one instance, Hare allowed a dominant and a subordinate chimp to watch as he put food in the middle.
Then Hare added a twist: when the dominant chimp was replaced with a second dominant who hadn't seen the food oe all she could see was opaque barriers oe the subordinate had no problem gobbling it down.
Animal trickery  The so-called Hare task has since been adapted and modified for a wide range of animals.
the dogs would steal a meal, and would deliberately avoid the boxes with bells to avoid detection.
BBC 00197.txt
Hook up a spud to a couple of cheap metal plates, wires and LED bulbs, they argue, and it could provide lighting to remote towns and villages around the world.
Others have made"earth batteries  using two metal plates and a pile of dirt, or a bucket of water.
each sandwiched by a copper and zinc plate, to make a series.""We found we could improve the output 10 times,
BBC 00200.txt
At baby showers in the US, a game involving eating chocolate from clean, unused nappies still thoroughly grosses participants out.
Psychologist Paul Rozin, of the University of Pennsylvania, argues that our disgust response reduces the likelihood of ingesting disease-causing microorganisms in decayed meat, faeces, vomit, or blood.
BBC 00211.txt
on the other hand, have used traditionally fragrances based on musks and spices. Of course humans have been masking their true odours for thousands, not just hundreds, of years.
Since failure to feed can ultimately result in dehydration or death, some researchers think that the ability to identify those odours may itself be critical in promoting feeding-related behaviours.
For example, both clementine and vanilla are reported as pleasing, but while clementine is thought of as stimulating,
vanilla apparently makes people feel more relaxed. Smell is important to various other animals too.
BBC 00215.txt
where they only need occasional course-correction to maintain a rough position. This will be accomplished by nimble harvesting vessels driven by pioneers of this new life on the water.
but land-based agriculture may also be in danger due to a predicted shortage of the crucial nutrient phosphorus by the year 2050.
The cool water pumped to the surface contains the exact ratio of nutrients oe including phosphorus oe needed to support plant growth.
supercharged by Otec's nutrient-rich byproduct. At the bottom of this food chain, algae will feed fish,
it's not far-fetched to imagine hundreds of these plants grazing the high seas, trading abundant seafood surpluses with cities on land.
BBC 00230.txt
Composting toilets add nutrients for local farmland for lacking nitrogen and phosphorus. Sand filters and UV filter drinking water.
BBC 00319.txt
which could explain why people with ulcers typically experience pain a few hours after a meal.
with added sugar if they preferred. The other group ate the usual hospital diet and both groups were offered also additional fruit,
BBC 00340.txt
Using butter to treat burns is an old folk remedy that has been around for centuries.
when the Prussian Surgeon general Friedrich Von Esmarch recommended in his influential 19th century handbook on battlefield medicine that burnt surfaces should be covered with an oil, grease or butter.
but was he right about butter? Plenty of us still use folk remedies, and for some reason burns seem to have attracted more than their fair share of myths and exotic treatments.
and bran followed by cork and ashes. Far more recently surgeons at a hospital in The british city of Sheffield noticed a series of cases of children with burns being brought into its casualty department still wearing hot clothes
which don't work, including the use of butter, milk, cooking oil and toothpaste. The researchers were concerned that as this was a hypothetical question posed in a calm situation
while half had used inappropriate alternatives including yogurt, toothpaste, tomato paste, ice, raw egg whites, or sliced potato.
 As for butter, save that for your bread, unless you find yourself in one very specific situation.
a fatty substance like butter can help to remove it, reducing the pain and making it easier for doctors to assess the severity of the burn.
BBC 00344.txt
Pass the salt. And the pepper. And while you're at it, the ketchup too.
They said it politely, but these were among the reactions of the two expert"tasters  who earlier this month got the first taste of a potential food of the future oe a burger grown in a laboratory.
Funded by Google cofounder Sergey Brin, the five-year project took cells from organic cows,
and then teased them into thin strands of meat. To make what was barely a quarter-pounder required tens of billions of lab-grown cells and nearly 20
Plus egg powder, beetroot juice, breadcrumbs, salt and saffron to add texture, flavour and colour to the otherwise white meat.
And $330, 000. The result? One taste tester said it was"close to meat, but not that juicy Â. Another described it as"like an animal protein cake Â. Commercial cultured meat is at least a decade away,
and with the backing of billionaire Brin and others, issues of taste and feel should be solvable.
We do not yet know whether it can ever be produced cheaply and in large quantities. However with an estimated billion people are clinically obese, another billion seriously malnourished,
And what might we be making a meal of decades or centuries from now? Perhaps science fiction can offer some clues.
and underfed New york. Only the ultra-rich have access to meat or other fresh produce.
The best that most in the apple-free Big Apple can dream of is a soylent steak made of soya and lentils.
spoiler alert high-energy wafers secretly made of human corpses were on the menu. Less intellectually nourishing sci-fi food staples include the entire meal in a pill (or dollop or slab of gunk
as featured in Lost in Space, Silent Running and The Fifth Element, in which Leeloo puts chicken pills into a microwave
and a second later pulls out a full roast with all the trimmings. Almost equally common are variations on Star trek's replicators
So if we do ever send astronauts to Mars they might be tucking into freshly printed pizza.
Another dish frequently cooked up is a future in which we've embraced entirely nouvelle cuisine:
And keep the salt, pepper and ketchup handy. If you would like to comment on this article
BBC 00384.txt
The price of hypocrisy Evgeny Morozov Frankfurter Allgemeine 24 july 2013 Lessons from the Snowden affair."
BBC 00387.txt
Ultimately all of our food oe indeed, all life On earth oe relies on the conversion of carbon dioxide into sugars by photosynthesis,
including corn (maize), sugarcane, sorghum and millet. But many of the most popular crops, including wheat
while using less water and nutrients. Researchers have begun with rice because it is a genetically simple plant oe with two sets of chromosomes like us oe unlike,
BBC 00393.txt
six coffees, two snacks and one meal had been paid for by the cafe's previous visitors,
I could have done with a hot meal to warm my cold bones. And I wasn't about to let myself buy one.
As recently as 2012, British supermarkets were reporting bulk thefts of chewing gum which is used in some parts of Romania as a substitute currency.
 The shop is a clutter of porcelain figures, tea towels, crystal jewellery, calendars, fudge, snowglobes and postcards.
Food stampsorganising the weekly grocery shop oe the final item on my list oe was less successful.
So I buzzed the team at Nectar to ask where I could get a loyalty card pre-loaded with points."
but there doesn't seem to be much of a trade in pre-loaded Nectar cards.
which has a roaring grey-market trade in exchanging electronic food stamps for cash. These electronic welfare cards can't be used to purchase cigarettes or alcohol,
I manage to convince a friend to give me an antiquated Nectar card, under the solemn promise to reimburse her in kind for
Arriving at the self-service checkout believing that I have enough points to pay for a week's supply of pizza and beer,
only to discover the Nectar card has wilted over time and is thoroughly unresponsive. Chalk up another advantage to sterling oe even the coins
whether they be Totnes pounds, postal orders or Nectar points. Â Government-backed currency underlies all of these exchanges.
BBC 00404.txt
Susan Berfield Business week 3 july 2013 Story behind the introduction of the Mcdonald's Mcwrap,"a 10-inch, white-flour tortilla wrapped around 3 ounces of chicken, lettuce, spring greens
and cheddar jack cheese Â. Everything was focus-grouped, from the name to the dressing.
People thought it was a salad. Â America's artificial heartland Venkatesh Rao Aeon 11 july 2013"The modern system of retail oe distant large-scale production facilities coupled with local human-scale
BBC 00408.txt
We are also living in close proximity to domestic creatures like pigs, chickens and ducks.
and their crops and cattle spread into unoccupied land giving most people a richer diet.
BBC 00454.txt
The experimental buildings illustrated here often tend to be characterised by delicacy. They increasingly move from older forms of a static, rigid world into the dynamic and sensitive qualities of a living metabolism.
BBC 00460.txt
The earliest glazes, dating from the late fifth millennium BC and found in the Near east,
As the technology advanced, the stones were carved often exquisitely before being coated with a blue copper-based glaze to make objects now known as faience.
Because these copper glazes appear during the so-called Chalcolithic period oe the"Copper Age  that preceded the Bronze age oe it has been thought long that they were discovered as an offshoot of the smelting of copper ores such as malachite to make the metal.
The glazes are forms of copper silicate, made as copper combines with the silicate minerals in the high temperature of a kiln.
The more of it, the greener the glaze. Sometimes these copper glazes are crystalline, with regularly ordered arrays of atoms.
But they can also be glassy, meaning that the atoms are disordered rather. In fact, it seems likely that copper smelting stimulated
How exactly might a blue glaze have been made this way? Another early Egyptologist, Alfred Lucas, who worked with Howard Carter of Tutankhamun fame,
and rock salt alone covered the quartz surface with a rather pale, greenish, dull and rough coating:
not at all like ancient blue glaze. An extra ingredient oe calcium carbonate, or common chalk, which the Egyptians used as a white pigment among other things oe made all the difference,
producing a rich, shiny turquoise-blue glaze above 950c. That looked good oe but it forces one to assume that salt,
chalk and quartz all somehow got into the kiln along with the copper scale. It's not impossible,
rock salt. Matin reasoned that dried cattle dung, which contains significant amounts of both alkalis and salt (chloride), was used widely as a fuel since the beginnings of animal domestication in the eighth millennium BC.
This too produced a nice, shiny (albeit slightly paler) blue glaze. Â Of course, there's nothing that proves this was the way glazing began.
BBC 00465.txt
What's for dinner? For that matter, what's to eat, full stop? In a few decades time, that second question may become pressing.
and for a time flourished in concert with the fields that provided their sustenance. Yet despite the invention of farming, eventually all of these early cities fell into disrepair,
BBC 00486.txt
Wafer-thin artificial leaves separate with the rising sun as buildings wake up. They continue to follow the sunlight over the course of the day,
sucking dew and carbon dioxide out of the air. These substances are filtered into the fleshy fabric within the walls of our homes, not dead spaces but active processors,
BBC 00511.txt
the amount of time freed up by no meals and much less shopping. The autistic brain Temple Grandin Slate 1 may 2013 Book extract."
BBC 00531.txt
Patients were being asked to infect themselves with live pig whipworm eggs to see if the parasites alleviated any of their symptoms
or slowed the spread of telltale brain and spine lesions.""I've always had a research interest so
I couldn't see the eggs or anything. Â For the next three months, he and four others visited the lab every two weeks to swallow doses of 2, 500 parasite eggs.
At the start of the trial, MRI scans showed patients had an average of 6. 6 active lesions oe scars on the protective layer around nerve cells that disrupt the transmission of electrical messages in the brain and spinal cord.
over the course of evolution, trained our immune system to be more tolerant. One of those organisms could be the wormlike parasite.
43%of those given pig whipworm eggs improved, compared with only 17%who received placebos.
In a second trial 29 patients with Crohn's disease took whipworm eggs every three weeks. By the end of 24 weeks
"Pig whipworm is very kosher, Â Weinstock says. At New york University, immunologist P'ng Loke found monkeys suffering from chronic diarrhoea not only got better after receiving a dose of pig whipworms
who suffer from gluten intolerance, with hookworms. Gluten is introduced slowly into their diets to see
if the hookworms will suppress the disease's inflammatory response. Back in Wisconsin Fleming is continuing his studies on multiple sclerosis.
Coronado Biosciences, a Massachusetts-based company, hopes to have results from two large studies being carried out in the US into the use of pig whipworm eggs to treat Crohn's disease by the end of the year.
In the case of whipworms this means patients swallowing doses of live eggs; in the case of hookworms they apply gauzes containing live larvae to their skin."
BBC 00537.txt
Apple and grape juice and dark chocolate also contain proanthocyanidins, but not the right kind. So it is plausible that drinking cranberry juice could help to prevent cystitis.
BBC 00598.txt
and snacking on their form of convenience food oe local residents'cattle, goat, and other animals.
Technology oe typically a bit more advanced than Richards lights oe is aiming to play a major role helping conserve
BBC 00602.txt
and get a"21st Century Limited  oe a glamorous sleeping car express complete with cocktail bar, gourmet restaurant,
BBC 00626.txt
"When the bull nuzzles her rump, she must produce a stream of urine if he is to catch some in his mouth and savour it,
BBC 00682.txt
However, it could equally have been powered by one of a number of biofuels made from algae, flax, coconut husks or even from used cooking-oil.
scientists increasingly advocate the use of crops that grow in areas that would not normally support agriculture oe such as salicornia, a salt loving plant oe or the use of algae,
BBC 00685.txt
which once flourished thanks to the ancient spice routes, the country has become known for drone strikes against Al Qaeda suspects
So TEDXSANAA is about selecting the cream of the Yemeni crop from around the world
BBC 00723.txt
it's packed with healthy micro-nutrients, and for thousands of years honey has been used for its medicinal value.
BBC 00749.txt
who by day is an eccentric and engaging Japanese scientist called Shin Kubota, said to be the only scientist in the world who cultivates the creature,
BBC 00753.txt
a bird that many think of as having more to do with barbecue sauce than with arithmetic. If a chicken sits in front of two small opaque screens,
and one ball disappears behind the first screen, followed by four balls disappearing behind a second screen,
when you consider that the chicken in question is only three days old. And it can do a lot more than add up.
the chicken is faced now with two tasks. It must add two to one, and know that there are now three balls behind the first screen.
The young chicken must overcome its initial impulse to approach the second screen, which initially hid four balls,
Infant chickens correctly approached the screen hiding more balls nearly 80%of the time. Chimpanzees perform even better in their maths tests,
They succeeded even on trials where one of the bowls in the incorrect set contained more chocolates than either individual bowl in the correct set.
BBC 00770.txt
Christina Mulligan, one of the authors of the report and a postdoctoral associate at Yale Law school, says that the main problem is that software patents are so broad and vague that they are essentially impossible to index,
BBC 00773.txt
Tobacco smoke is a complex cocktail of at least 4, 000 chemicals including at least 70 known carcinogens.
And when the smoker lights up, chemical reactions in the burning leaves fill the smoke with carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide and a cocktail of carcinogens oe the infamous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHS),
where they pass through a soup of enzymes before being transported actively into the bloodstream, and sucking them directly into your lungs where they can passively diffuse into your blood.
or promote the growth of blood vessels that bring oxygen and nutrients to tumours. But both of these claims come from studies in lab-grown cells."
BBC 00778.txt
African buffalo (Syncerus cafer) are large bovines distantly related to domestic cows that can be found grazing in forests, grasslands and swamps across the African continent.
Food patches vary for African buffalo, based on previous grazing history by the herd as well as by other species
David Sloan Wilson quotes a buffalo expert named H. H. T. Prins, who wrote about an odd pattern in
Wilson notes that Prins spent two years watching the buffalo before realising that this simple stretching behaviour was actually a means of registering one's vote.
A few moments later, everywhere in the herd buffalo start trekking. The exciting thing is that they start trekking, at the beginning independently of each other, in the same direction.
the female buffalo were actually casting their votes to indicate the direction they wished to travel.
Unlike the Tonkean macaques, only the adult female African buffalo are allowed to vote. But like the monkeys, all adult females vote regardless of their position within the dominance hierarchy.
and the least dominant African buffalo get an equal say in making group decisions that directly impact their own survival.
BBC 00799.txt
and the spread of disease and introduced species. As many as 30%of all species may be lost over the next four decades, conservationists estimate.
Meanwhile, we've been artificially boosting the populations of certain select species, such as cows, dogs, rice, maize and chickens oe most
BBC 00819.txt
Stopping spread So, chemicals are not the sole answer. Neither, it seems, are any other options when used alone."
BBC 00843.txt
and olivine rock, is a great sucker of carbon dioxide, sealing the absorbed gas as stable magnesium carbonate mineral.
Another option could be the basalt rock cliffs, which contain holes oe solidified gas bubbles from the basalt's formation from volcanic lava flows millions of years ago.
and then injecting it into the rocks under high pressures. However, Lackner thinks the gas is too useful to petrify.
BBC 00873.txt
and purchase anything being sold as crocodile meat. When they brought the meat back and analysed it,
they found it wasn't from crocodile at all. Its origins weren't exactly clear, but for all the world it looked suspiciously like some kind of python.
and one reptile's meat looks oe and may even taste oe like another. From mislabeled crocodile to fake fur, a global industry has thrived for centuries by supplying shops and markets with fraudulent or counterfeit products.
Towards the back of the fish popsicle, Birck had cut a small square for sequencing a little bit of DNA called the CO1 gene oe also known as the"barcode of life Â. Normally Birck
and chunks of vegetables or meat. Most recently they've been inundated with fish filets, which are nearly impossible to identify."
"There's nobody who can look at a fish fillet and tell you what it is, Â Birck says.
And importers will go to great lengths to cut and dye their fillets to look like the fish they're trying to imitate.
But for Birck, as long as there's DNA to extract, no amount of cutting and dying can pass tilapia off as salmon.
So if a fillet says it's salmon, Birck can compare that DNA with the salmon barcode."
 One particularly fertile avenue looks like being the murky world of fraudulent seafood imports. Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing is not only a lucrative business globally,
grocery stores and markets in Massachusetts was mislabeled oe typically serving cheaper seafood instead of more expensive species on their menus.
As a result the US Food and Drug Administration announced at the end of last year it will expand its use of DNA testing in inspections of seafood manufacturers and restaurants.
So for barcoding to become really useful for someone like Kolokotronis examining the crocodile meat in Chinatown,
"I can get DNA out of mayonnaise, Â he laughs, "but canned tuna is hard.
And Kolokotronis still doesn't know what species his Chinatown meat is from. If you would like to comment on this article
BBC 00887.txt
and other essential nutrients such as phosphorous oe they have taken from the soil. Farmers left stalks and silage in the fields to rot down,
and added whatever other organic material they could, including animal and human excrement. As populations grew in Europe and the US,
Billions of people owe their daily bread, rice or potatoes to artificial fertilisers. And fertilisers formed the backbone of the Green revolution across Asia and South america,
but it uses valuable animal fodder or cooking fuel. As with all fertilisers, manure runoff can also pollute rivers and oceans with eutrophication (death by oxygen starvation.
And to eat less meat so that the protein in the crops we fertilise is used in the most efficient way.
BBC 00888.txt
Archaeologists like Rosemary Joyce, a professor of Mesoamerican archaeology at the University of California, Berkeley,
BBC 00897.txt
along with specific instruction on growing more than two dozen different crops, including maize, sorghum and mangoes. Â But Zedeck says she realized early on that to have the impact she wanted,
BBC 00899.txt
what is served up on a plate is what a restaurant says it is. Customs officials also use it to stop trafficking of illegal animal parts
BBC 00923.txt
vegetables and meats without it turning bad.""I left the system with the fundi's oe the carpenters
BBC 00925.txt
Individual farmers breeding livestock or keeping chickens, when multiplied by millions, have caused biodiversity changes in
And as people become richer and switch from rice or cassava to milk and meats
BBC 00943.txt
that people are eating less environmentally costly meat, and that Americans are copying their European counterparts in adopting more fuel-efficient cars.
BBC 00963.txt
Fish that lay their eggs in the shallows among submerged tree roots, for example, may find a few hours later that those sites are high and dry with the eggs desiccated.
Downstream of a dam, the seasonal floods that revitalize wetlands and fertilise paddy fields cease. The flow may be reduced
Downstream, though, the effects of losing nutrient-rich sediments is far more problematic. The fertility of the entire system can be affected,
BBC 01097.txt
The tobacco burns in a small dish on top of the main body of the water-pipe. You inhale through a mouthpiece connected by a pipe to a reservoir of water at the bottom.
BBC 01104.txt
So do scientists trying to investigate the spread of deadly malaria. Whilst conservationists trying to get a handle on the state of illegal logging may have it worst of all.
Swiss malaria researchers need to run enormous numbers of calculations to simulate the spread of malaria worldwide;
For example, malariacontrol. net simulates the spread of the disease on computer oe helping governments decide how to invest most effectively on, for instance, bednets versus vaccines.
BBC 01117.txt
A bowl of tiger penis soup (to boost virility) goes for $320, a pair of eyes (to fight epilepsy) for $170,
We do not depend on tigers for meat or skins. They do not provide transport or help plough our fields.
mixed with the scent of meat oe and I start to sweat and my knees tremble a little.
BBC 01150.txt
and yet still trick the egg into dividing as normal. After the hybrid egg cell began dividing,
shuttled nuclei from gaur skin cells into cow eggs and then implanted the embryos into cows.
"What you can do for chicken you should be able to do for pigeon, and that can include creating DNA that you haven't seen alive for a 100 years,
In some individuals the mammoth cells would contribute to sperm or eggs, and these cells be used to create a genuine mammoth through IVF.
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