#Birthplace of Chili pepper Farming Revealed Chili peppers reign as the world's most widely cultivated spice crop;
But the scientists also looked at archaeological evidence for the peppers and ecological predictions of where the plant might have grown in climates of the past.
She thinks it's possible the peppers could have easily been transported farther south. The thing that's nice about chili peppers is that they can be eaten raw they can be dried they're light they're very transportable Hastorf said.
Habits, Habitat & Diet Sloths are tropical mammals that live in Central and South america. They use their long claws to hang onto branches
The tough leaves in a sloth's diet are difficult to digest. Sloths have a four-part stomach that slowly digests the leaves with bacteria.
It can take up to a month for a sloth to digest one meal. Their leafy diet isn't very nutritious
though so they don't get much energy from it. This may be why sloths are so slow.
While much of the delta is choked with salt-loving tamarisk (an invasive salt cedar) now conservationists hope to see more riparian habitat growing after the pulse flow:
Chinchillas are related to guinea pigs and porcupines. With short forelimbs and long muscular hind legs chinchillas resemble rabbits
but their ears are much shorter and rounder. They have large black eyes and bushy tails.
they eat both plants and meat. Primarily they eat grass and seeds but they also eat insects
and bird eggs when they get the chance. To eat they hold their food in their front paws
Chinchillas can eat food pellets available from pet stores as well as hay dried fruits and nuts and carrots and green vegetables in moderation or about 10 percent of their daily diet.
Gazelles can be identified by their curved ringed horns tan or reddish-brown coats and white rumps.
and liver according to a study published in the journal Physiological and Biochemical Zoology. Breathing can cause an animal to lose a lot of water.
A smaller heart and liver need less oxygen so the animal can breathe less and lose less water.
#Your Cheeseburger Is Leaving a Giant Environmental Footprint Beef production takes a big toll on the environment according to one of the most comprehensive studies to date on livestock management in the United states. To make one steak 28 times
what's required for other sources of commonly eaten protein like pork and poultry the researchers found.
and a professor of plant sciences at the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel told Live Science We found that it is much larger for eating beef. 7 Perfect Survival Foods Milo
and his colleagues collected data on the environmental costs per calorie of dairy poultry pork eggs and beef foods that account for 96 percent of the calories Americans get from animals.
The environmental costs of dairy poultry pork and eggs are fairly similar the researchers found.
In contrast the same number of calories from beef is much more taxing on the environment requiring 160 times more land eight times more irrigation water 11 times more greenhouse-gas emissions and 19 times more fertilizer
Other studies have identified beef as a major drain on environmental resources but this is one of the largest investigations on the environmental costs of livestock in the United states said Nathan Pelletier president of the Global Ecologic Environmental Consulting and Management Services in British columbia Canada.
what to eat for dinner the researchers said. Maybe I like beef very much Milo said.
But from knowing those numbers maybe I could just eat it once a week or once every two weeks.
and makes acetic acid that gives the wine an unpleasant sour and vinegar-like taste. A batch of bad corks can ruin entire cases of wine Teixeira said.
and salt content down to 6560 feet (2000 meters). These worldwide floats reached their most comprehensive levels beginning about 2005.
#The Surprising Reason Hummingbirds Love Sweets Nectar-slurping hummingbirds clearly have a taste for sweets
However new research reveals why hummingbirds feast freely on nectar: At some point in their evolution the birds transformed a taste receptor that's typically used to detect savory
or umami flavors into one that's used to taste sweets instead. Hummingbirds are constantly wavering between a sugar rush and starvation.
Their metabolisms are hyperactive their hearts can beat 20 times a second and they often need to eat more than their body weight in food each day to stay alive.
but they largely subsist on nectar from flowers which is not a typical source of food for most other birds.
Scientists have been puzzled by the fact that hummingbirds maintain such a sugary diet without a sweet-taste receptor.
For most mammals the sweet-taste receptor that responds to sugars in plant-based carbohydrates is made up of two proteins:
The taste receptor that detects savory or umami flavors found in meat and mushrooms is made up of the proteins T1r1 and T1r3.
But after the chicken genome was sequenced in 2004 researchers noticed the birds lacked the gene that encodes T1r2 a crucial component of the sweet-taste receptor.
despite their lack of the sweet-taste receptor Baldwin and colleagues cloned the genes for the T1r1-T1r3 taste receptors from omnivorous chickens insectivorous swifts and nectivorous hummingbirds.
For chickens and swifts the receptor had a strong reaction to the amino acids behind umami flavors.
and colleagues made taste-receptor hybrids using different parts of the chicken and hummingbird receptors.
but perhaps it was due to the loss of sweets in their diet. Birds are the descendants of carnivorous dinosaurs so maybe this gene was lost early on because of the diet of their ancestors Baldwin said.
That would be very cool but we're still not sure. The findings were detailed today (Aug 21) in the journal Science.
#Belly Up to the Bamboo Buffet: Pandas vs. Horses This Behind the Scenes article was provided to Live Science in partnership with the National Science Foundation. 2014 is the year of Year of the Horse in China.
Horses have been beating pandas to the bamboo buffet. Michigan State university (MSU) panda habitat experts revealed the oft-hidden yet significant conservation conflict between pandas and horses in a recent article in the Journal for Nature Conservation.
Watch a panda bellying up to the bamboo buffet here. China invests billions to protect its panda habitat and conserve the 1600 remaining endangered supported by this habitat.
Panda in Wolong Nature Reserve eating lunch from CSIS at MSU on Vimeo. For years timber harvesting has been the panda's biggest threat.
But conservation programs limiting timber harvesting have chalked up wins in preserving panda habitat. Vanessa Hull a doctoral student at MSU's Center for Systems Integration and Sustainability (CSIS) has been living off and on for seven years in the Wolong Nature Reserve most recently tracking pandas that she has outfitted with GPS collars.
Over the years she started noticing that uninvited guests had apparently been serving themselves at the bamboo buffet
Constipation is caused by many factors such as poor diet dehydration lack of exercise jet lag or diet change while traveling pregnancy and certain medications.
and eating a high-fiber diet of grains fruits and vegetables should remedy constipation. If not a paucity of bowel movements could point to (or lead to) a serious medical condition.
That fiber comes in whole grains beans vegetable and vegetable skins seeds and nuts features of an Asian diet.
High-fiber foods pack fewer calories per pound compared to low-fiber foods such as meat and processed foods hallmarks of a Western diet.
and modern changes in diet and lifestyle (for example overheated poorly ventilated homes). Some years are worse for hay fever sufferers than others.
and tentacles extended to filter-feed from the water below. The species dubbed Edwardsiella andrillae is the first-ever anemone known to live on ice.
Pastureland that feeds livestock has been affected severely and the stock ponds that provide them with water have dried up.
and feed for livestock and a bit more water may be added to reservoirs that are significantly below normal.
when you go too long between meals? Well it turns out there may be a scientific reason behind this phenomenon called feeling hangry (so hungry that you become angry.
If you must have bread choose breads with at least 3 grams of protein and 3 grams of fiber.
3. Eat a magnesium-rich diet. There is a significant association between magnesium intake and type 2 diabetes risk according to a 2011 review in the journal Diabetes Care.
Try adding a spinach salad with avocado for a super boost of magnesium to your diet. 4. Consider grapefruit for breakfast.
when people consume a half of a fresh grapefruit before meals according to a 2006 study in the Journal of Medicinal Food.
One surprise was the discovery that starving rats in New york city had attacked the trees in urban parks for sustenance.
It happens because the immune system recognizes a similarity between proteins in some pollens and those in fruits vegetables nuts and spices.
For example a person with a birch pollen allergy may develop oral allergy symptoms after eating an apple carrot peach almond or hazelnut.
Bee boxes wildflowers and unmowed pastures are but a few ways to improve healthy pollinator communities.
Ibex are related to antelopes buffalo bison cattle goats and sheep. Ibex are typically about 1 to 5. 5 feet (30 to 170 centimeters) from their hooves to withers the highest part of the shoulders at the base of the neck.
The low nutritional value of their diet means the ibex must spend much of the day eating.
For example Alpine ibex climb up the side of the Cingino Dam in the Italian Alps to lick salt and lichens from the stones.
They provided humans with meat to eat and hide to use as clothing. About 8000 to 10000 years ago in Southwest asia and the Middle east humans began domesticating wild goats according to the San diego Zoo.
#To Capture the Milky way, Capture the Landscape Mike Taylor is accomplished an landscape astrophotographer and an instructor for night photography and postprocessing.
While one of my cameras shot time-lapse footage of the Milky way moving across the sky behind the tree
I set up another camera to capture a 16-image panorama that features the full Milky way arc and covers 240 degrees of view from north (left) to south (right).
I purposely exposed each frame for the Milky way and the stars while I was out in the field.
Unconventional sources of salt brines such as beet juice potato and cheese byproducts are decreasing costs lowering environmental impacts
Rock salt Versus Salt Brines: What's Best for Road Safety? Is Winter Driving Safer With Four-Wheel All-Wheel Drive Vehicles?
and salt pre-wetting agent made from processed sugar beet molasses. When combined with the traditional deicing agent of salt the thick red beet juice freezes at a lower temperature than just a pure salt brine so it can be used in below-zero temperatures.
It also provides additional adhesive powers for the brine which allows the roadway to retain more even after rainfall.
Cheese Brines are being created from cheese in a predictable place-Wisconsin. The state already famous for its cheese is implementing the use of salty cheese by-products to treat their roadways.
Although it was used first in the state of Washington Wisconsin was a logical testing ground for this new brine.
The brine is simply a salt bath used in the final manufacturing process. The cheese brine was a waste product that the dairy had to pay $25000 annually to have treated off site said Steve Warndahl a highway commissioner in Polk County Wis.
The cheese brine can be used in temperatures as low as minus 21 degrees which is much lower than solid rock salt
which is ineffective at minus 15 degrees Fahrenheit. This works well for us and at cost savings to our taxpayers Warndahl said.
Potatoes In Tennessee a brine solution containing potato juice commercially named Magic Salt is helping keep roadways open
The potato juice is mixed with a traditional salt brine at varying ratios depending on the temperatures and weather conditions.
The potato juice is more environmentally friendly than rock salt. Hatcher said Agricultural brines are friendly to the environment
Experimenting with solutions beyond traditional rock salt and even salt brines will prove to have a tremendous impact on road safety environmental concerns and cost savings.
and nutrients from a culture medium underneath it delivering water and nutrients to the plants on top
and nutrients to pass through. And because there's no soil there's a lot less need to spray for pests.
If you think gelato is just the Italian equivalent of ice cream think again. The frozen treat contains less fat
and less air and is served at a higher temperature than conventional ice cream lending it a more intense concentrated flavor.
which differentiates the Italian dessert from its French counterpart sorbet which is made never with dairy.
The American version of sorbet sherbet is also water -and fruit-based but may contain up to 2-percent butterfat giving it a slightly more gelato-like creaminess.
While this beloved treat has an Italian name (gelato means ice cold or frozen in Italian it actually hails from the other side of the Mediterranean.
Eventually small amounts of cream and sugar were added to the mix as well creating a recipe that more closely resembles today's gelato.
and in 1565 the Florentine cook Bernardo Buontalenti brought the dessert into the mainstream when he served Catherine de'Medici the Italian noblewoman and eventual queen of France her very first cup of gelato.
Today gelato is served up with pride in Italian ice cream parlors (gelaterie) throughout the country as well as abroad.
In terms of diet vegans differ from vegetarians in that they not only don't eat meat but also don't consume anything derived from animals including eggs dairy honey and marshmallows
which contain gelatin a protein obtained from animal byproducts. Vegans also stay away from food items that were processed using animal products.
For example vegans often avoid white sugar because some refineries use bone char (incinerated animal bones) as a filter to whiten cane sugar.
In addition to maintaining a plant-based diet vegans abstain from purchasing or wearing various clothing items made with leather wool fur or silk.
or have related animal ingredients such as lard beeswax and lanolin (a waxy substance in sheep's wool).
but do not abstain from using animal products are sometimes known as dietary vegans or strict vegetarians. Follow Joseph Castro on Twitter.
#Vegetarian Diets Lower Blood pressure Best Scientists are reporting results today that might boil the blood of some people on the Atkin's and other low-carb diets:
Vegetarian diets rank as superior in reducing the risk of high blood pressure or hypertension and subsequent heart damage the study found.
The researchers found that people who avoid meat had consistently lower and healthier blood pressure levels.
Vegetarian diets were associated on average with a 6. 9-point drop in systolic blood pressure and a 4. 7-point drop in diastolic pressure.
10 Amazing Facts About Your Heart The full analysis led by Dr. Yoko Yokoyama of the National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center in Osaka Japan found that meat eaters with hypertension could gain the most by switching
to a diet with greater emphasis on fresh vegetables beans and whole grains. For some study participants plant-based diets lowered blood pressure better than did prescription hypertension medicine and without the medication's side effects.
Just a 5-point drop in systolic blood pressure applied on average across the United states would lead to a 9-percent drop in heart disease
The results are in accord with the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet which the USDA recommends for all Americans to lower the risk of many chronic diseases including obesity and diabetes.
but does emphasize a diet rich in vegetables and limited meat particularly red meats and luncheon meats.
Hypertension has long been associated with diets high in sodium (salt) and saturated fat and with obesity inactivity alcohol consumption and smoking.
Scientists theorize that plant-based diets are naturally lower in saturated fat and sodium and high in potassium
One shortfall of the analysis the researchers said was that it could not distinguish among the types of vegetarian diets from strict vegan with no animal products to liberal vegetarian diets that allow eggs and dairy and the different diets'respective effects on blood pressure.
A study published last June in JAMA which looked at 73000 people found vegetarians had a lower risk of dying over a six-year period compared to meat eaters but the benefits among vegetarians varied.
Those with the lowest risk of death were the pesco-vegetarians (who eat fish) followed by vegans (who eat no meat
or any other animal products) followed by lacto-ovo-vegetarians who eat milk and eggs. The researchers of the new analysis said they hope further studies could clarify
which types of vegetarian diets are best for lowering blood pressure. Nevertheless Barnard a well-known proponent of the vegan diet said that any movement toward a plant-centric diet would bring health benefits.
Follow Christopher Wanjek@wanjekfor daily tweets on health and science with a humorous edge. Wanjek is the author of Food At work and Bad Medicine.
The discovery of these bacteria also revealed clues to the dental hygiene and diets of these centuries-old humans according to the study detailed today (Feb 24) in the journal Nature Genetics. 5 Surprising Ways to Banish Bad
The DNA in food found in the plaque matched pigs sheep bread wheat and vegetables such as cabbage.
and many of them showed signs of gum disease and tooth decay. While a few individuals had surprisingly healthy teeth most of the older adults had lost most or all of their teeth due to wearing decay or dental disease.
Gum disease is caused most often by the species Porphyromonas gingivalis Tannerella forsythiatreponema denticola and Filifactor alocis and these microbes were all present on the teeth of the skeletons with dental disease.
Gum diseases are caused usually by infections or inflammation of the gums and surrounding bone. About 47 percent of adults ages 30 or older in the United states have some form of gum disease according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Nonhuman primates and other wild animals rarely get dental diseases Warinner said which raises the question What is it about humans that allows these pathogens to grow?
Scientists speculate that modern human diets and lifestyles may be to blame but Warinner's team plans to analyze more ancient populations from other time periods to find out.
Nutritionists and consumer advocates have voiced their desires for improvements such as a more prominent display of the number of calories or the inclusion of the level of added sugars.
If you walk around the perimeter of most grocery markets (or shop at a farmers'market) you will see the foods that don't have labels
unless it is sold in the center of the grocery market in a can (where ingredients usually include salt sugar
and various preservatives) or in a bag frozen (where ingredients often include the aforementioned sugar
and preservatives and some gooey cheese to entice the kids). And then there are milk and eggs.
No one expects to find labeling on these natural products because nothing is added. Yogurt shouldn't require a label
And for fish poultry beef and pork minimal labeling is needed. Anyone unaware that generous daily servings of fatty beef and pork are unhealthy has been living in a cave.
Bread used to be made of wheat water salt and yeast. When you buy real bread you'll notice there is no nutrition label.
What comes in bags with twist ties isn't bread but rather a wheat-based product.
We should face the facts and understand that many foods sold in boxes or bags and produced in a factory by the food industry are unhealthy.
The new food labels should delineate the degree to which these products are unhealthy (how much fat sugar and salt what
Some of the so-called healthy foods it creates instant oatmeal energy bars multigrain breads are essentially candy
But if you look at the foods that got the check mark you might find chocolate ice pops which earned a check by virtue of being low fat and sugary breakfast cereals
because it is made from oats a whole grain regardless of the fact that it is reportedly magically delicious from copious marshmallows (second ingredient) containing sugar corn starch
and corn syrup followed by more sugar (third ingredient) more corn syrup (fifth ingredient) and more corn starch (sixth ingredient).
The healthy elements of this product such as its low fat or sugar content do not make this product healthy.
Whey protein is a popular diet supplement among people of all ages. Baby formulas include it as do nutrition shakes for the elderly.
when milk is turned to cheese. The protein in whey is one of the two main proteins in milk the other is called a protein casein.
When an acidic substance such as vinegar is mixed into milk these two proteins will separate--the casein proteins glob together to form solids called curds leaving the whey as a liquid.
Whey protein may show up in your favorite baked goods or ice cream as a way to replace the consistency of fat without the actual fat.
Like all proteins whey protein is made of building blocks called amino acids. Protein in the body is used primarily for muscle growth
Whey protein supplements can certainly provide high-quality protein in the diet. But most health organizations including the Centers for Disease Control
Meat poultry fish legumes tofu eggs nuts seeds and milk are all good sources of the essential amino acids people need.
Over the course of a nine-month training regimen researchers found that those taking whey protein gained several more kilograms of muscle mass than people taking the other supplements according to the 2013 article published in the Journal of the American
A study of 14 people with type 2 diabetes found that combining whey protein with a high-sugar meal increased people's insulin production
and quelled the expected blood sugar spike following the meal. The study was published i 2005 in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.
Some research shows high-protein diets are correlated with more fractures but other research has found people with high-protein diets have increased bone density according to the Harvard School of Public health.
Athletes can safely eat more protein than people who are not physically active. In fact an athlete who does not get enough protein will sustain some muscle damage
This translates to about 50 to 65 grams of protein a day or roughly 4 ounces of meat and 1 cup of cottage cheese.
and lambs quarters surrounded the city. More than 200 earthen mounds rose from the city many of which still loom over the landscape today.
But the charity organisation Cancer Research UK stresses the link between diet and cancer is complex and difficult to unravel#.
Mice fed a diet where a fifth of the food was powdered carrot had fewer and smaller tumours than mice who were fed a normal diet.
will purified polyacetylene tablets be the next health food trend raved about in celebrity magazines? Probably not because polyacetylenes are quite toxic in high concentrations.
But in their desperation to sensationalise headlines newspapers such as the Daily mail and the Daily Express end up running stories that contradict each other sometimes the same foodstuff can apparently cause
Just knowing about the extra sugar would deprive me of the pleasure of literally feeding my addiction.
Those changes can in turn have economic and health consequences such as altering the crop yields in agricultural markets or providing a more conducive environment for the spread of malaria.
which means that they can eat both meat and vegetation. Most parrots eat a diet that contains nuts flowers fruit buds seeds and insects.
Seeds are their favorite food. They have strong jaws that allow them to snap open nutshells to get to the seed that's inside.
Keas use their longer beaks to dig insects out of the ground for a meal
and lay eggs in a nest. Some species though lay their eggs in tree holesground tunnels rock cavities and termite mounds.
Parrots typically lay two to eight eggs at one time. A parrot's egg needs 18 to 30 days of incubation before it can hatch so the parents take turns sitting on the eggs.
A parrot chick is born with only a thin layer of thin wispy feathers called down.
Parrot chicks are blind for the first two weeks of their lives. At three weeks they start to grow their adult feathers.
During my teen years I was involved in the agricultural program at the school working with chickens goats lizards and other animals.
Only Zookeepers Get to Feed the Penguins (Op-Ed) Just the fact that my career is not a regular office job that every day is different and exciting makes me love what
Bring Buffalo Home, Heal the Prairie (Op-Ed) Leroy Little bear is Professor Emeritus at the University of Lethbridge and Tribal Elder for the Blood Tribe;
Ervin Carlson is the Blackfeet Nation Bison Program manager and President of the Intertribal Buffalo Council (ITBC;
For tens of thousands of years buffalo fundamentally shaped Native american cultures and engineered the ecology of prairie ecosystems.
and recycled nutrients created habitat variability that benefited grassland birds insects and small mammals and provided abundant food resources for grizzly bears wolves and humans.
More than any other species the buffalo American bison or iiniiwa in Blackfoot linked native people to the land provided food
Following the great slaughter of the 19th century the buffalo has been missing from most of these lands and our cultures.
There is growing recognition that the absence of buffalo has led to deterioration of the ecological integrity of grasslands diminished the health of our people and led to an incalculable cultural loss.
The Buffalo Treaty represents an important step by native people to practice conservation while preserving our cultures.
We propose that this historic buffalo treaty will be but a first step begun by native people to create a national agenda to bring buffalo home
and enable an important healing for the egregious treatment buffalo received at the turn of the 19th century.
Collapse of the Great plains With the arrival and expansion of European Americans across North america the northern Great plains region has undergone more than a century of fragmentation
This fragmentation has had its greatest impact on highly migratory species like buffalo that require large intact landscapes.
Once numbering in the tens of millions buffalo came to the very brink of extinction due to unsustainable harvest and habitat destruction during the late 1800s.
In what was the first wildlife restoration effort in the world buffalo were saved through the persistent efforts of early conservation champions like Theodore Roosevelt William Hornaday Ernest Thompson Seton
Although these champions did preserve buffalo through their monumental efforts it was primarily on small fenced landscapes.
Ecological restoration will require extensive native prairies that can support free-roaming buffalo that can fulfill their natural ecological role
Remembering Teddy Roosevelt Disappearance of wild buffalo in the Great plains has led to cultural disruption among native people who associate the loss with a national movement to subjugate them.
and wildlife but unfortunately are no longer able to fully express that relationship because of the absence of buffalo.
and cultural relationship with buffalo could inspire a new future for the prairie grasslands and its people.
Native peoples of the northern Great plains are disposed culturally to protecting their homelands connecting with free-roaming buffalo
and influence to achieve this grand vision of buffalo restoration. However our combined voice and expressed political unity will help us achieve broader support for ecological restoration
and the enrichment of tribal cultures In addition as individual tribal buffalo programs emerge it can inspire a national agenda to attempt
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