A first step in tackling this growing global problem is establishing a common vocabulary because the current jumble of terms fosters confusion among scientists in academia industry and government.
The ability of living organisms to reflect wavelengths of different portions of the color spectrum results in diverse displays like that of the grocery produce section.
but the quick release of nutrients heat and compounds found in ash and smoke play an important role in the life cycle of the native flora.
me and said things like'It's great that you're desensitizing children to their peanut
or milk allergies but my daughter is allergic to wheat cashews eggs and almonds. What can you do about that?'
'Bystander effect'We saw this'bystander effect'in about 60 percent of patients where for example we gave someone pecan powder
and the person became desensitized to walnut too said Nadeau who is also a member of the Children's Health Research Institute at Stanford.
Consumer concerns about bacterial resistance to antibiotics have prompted the swine industry to seek additional methods to protect the health of pigs including special feed additives.
The researchers conducted two experiments to test the beneficial effects of adding plant extracts to pig diets to combat PRRS and E coli.
In both experiments researchers used four diets in weanling pigs including a control diet and three additional diets that included garlic botanical extracted from garlic turmeric oleoresin extracted from ginger or capsicum
oleoresin from pepper. In both experiments half of the pigs in each dietary treatment were challenged with either E coli
or PRRS virus while the other half of the pigs were challenged non. We've known for a long time that plant extracts also called essential oils
E coli is especially dangerous post-weaning as pigs adapt to new feed and new environments Pettigrew said.
The pigs fed plant extracts were more efficient (40 percent) in feed use than the pigs fed the control diet in the E coli-challenged group
and started on all solid feed the extracts could also be used to reduce its occurrence she said.
and it diverts nutrients away from growth to the immune system Pettigrew said If we can bring that quickly back down to normal after a challenge then that helps in production.
Although previous studies have looked at using plant extracts in pig diets Pettigrew said Liu's study which looked at the effects of three different extracts on two different diseases had not been done previously.
For example most of the country's pork products come from Iowa and North carolina and most of the lettuce is grown in California's Salinas Valley Looking ahead there is the potential for climate change to disrupt food production in those key areas.
and almost 40%of that is corn most of it used for animal feed. A small proportion of that acreage produces foods that people eat such apples
Griffin and colleagues found regional self-reliance to be highest for animal-based products particularly milk and eggs.
The region produces about as much fluid milk as it consumes and about 70%of the amount of eggs consumed.
For seafood the region produces 45%of the amount of shellfish it consumes and 23%of fish.
Just under 30%of the amount of chicken consumed in the region is produced also there.
and limits their ability to absorb essential nitrogen and other nutrients in the spring. This leads to greater run off of nitrogen into ground water and nearby streams
and very large orange spots suggest the female is swollen with eggs and no longer interested in mating.
#Bison ready for new pastures? Protocol used to demonstrate brucellosis-free bison from infected herdsa new study from the USDA Animal
They're beating the pandas to the bamboo buffet. A paper by Michigan State university panda habitat experts published in this week's Journal for Nature Conservation explores an oft-hidden yet significant conflict in conservation.
bactericides plant defense response and plant nutrients he said. We are trying to alleviate the disease symptoms on tubers
The third and last approach he is studying is using plant nutrients to offset the damage caused by the psyllid
We are adding micro-and macro-nutrients and other fertilizers he said. A macro-nutrient is something the plant readily needs like nitrogen
and phosphorus and a micro-nutrient is something the plant needs in small amounts like zinc or boron for plant functions.
In the past two years we actually had very good results with a combination of micro-and macro-nutrients that were applied biweekly after flowering on the potato French said.
We saw a 43 percent total yield increase in 2012 and a 45 percent increase in 2013 in comparison to the control or regular grower practices.
so the plan is to repeat these studies in 2014 with other nutrient and non-nutrient approaches.
and Dr. Dirk Hays Texas A&m associate professor of physiological and molecular genetics all in College Station. The goal of the study is to develop single nucleotide polymorphisms
because they are a high protein grain vegetable fodder and high nitrogen-fixing legume that can be intercropped with corn cotton
Farmers often keep calves in individual pens believing this helps to reduce the spread of disease.
Vaughn Bryant an anthropology professor at Texas A&m and a melissopalynologist â#someone who studies the pollen in honey â#tested honey samples from grocery
what nectar sources are dominant. This means that with no traces of pollen honey sellers can take cheap honey
what nectar sources were used. There are about 350000 different species of plants and each species produces a unique pollen type the professor explains.
One of the bill's provisions will require that appropriate U s. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) agency resources exist to address concerns that honey as well as contraband archaeological
and suck nutrients from the plant said Michelle Peiffer research support assistant. During this process stink bugs also deposit saliva onto the plant.
Wheat one of the world's most important crops for human food is milled for use in bread breakfast cereals cakes pizzas confectionery soups and many other foodstuffs.
#Fish tacos: A nutritional lunchrob Handler harvested his research but it wasn't the usual kale onions
It was the key ingredient for fish tacos which were served then at a residence hall on campus. We were growing tilapia Handler said.
Once the aquaponics project was completed the tilapia were turned over to Michigan Tech Dining Services and wound up on the lunch tables at Wadsworth Hall.
The fish tacos were a resounding success combined with coleslaw made of carrots and cabbage from the residence hall's organic garden.
#Rapeseed-based animal feed cuts greenhouse gases by up to 13 per centthe use of rapeseed cake in the production of livestock feed cuts methane
%The introduction of this oilseed preparation into the diet of ruminants also improves efficiency in the use of digestible organic matter by between 4. 4%and 10.1
%and cuts the fermentation of the diet by between 6. 2%and 11 8%without adversely affecting its digestibility for this reason.
Rapeseed cake also known as'oil cake'is obtained a by-product after pressing the plant to extract its oil.
A waste product in this process is used at the same time to produce animal feed with the resulting cost-cutting for farmers and greater efficiency in the emission of greenhouse gases.
which they added 500 g of strawberries to the daily diets of 23 healthy volunteers over a month.
Silman Messinger and Marcus Wright a chemistry lab manger and key developer of Wake Forest's environmental drone program are also applying their drone technology to explore climate change in the Peruvian Amazon.
and most strategies for combating the spread of the disease focus on control of mosquito populations using insecticides.
The spread of resistance genes could hold back efforts to prevent the disease. The authors say that knowing how resistance works will help to develop tests
and deforestation caused by expansion of agriculture as well as methane released by the animals themselves with a lesser amount coming from manure management and feed production.
There is a lot of discussion about reduction of meat in the diets as a way to reduce emissions says IIASA researcher Petr Havlã k who led the study
as well as higher quality feed--rather than in pure grass-based systems. This development would lead to a 23%reduction of emissions from land use change in the next two decades without any explicit climate mitigation policy.
and produce more milk when they eat energy-rich diets that include grain supplements or improved forages.
This means that more livestock can be raised on less land and with fewer emissions per pound of meat or milk produced.
Such diets are efficient not only from the perspective of greenhouse gas reduction but also from farm profit maximization and food production.
#In the eye of a chicken, a new state of matter comes into viewalong with eggs soup
and rubber toys the list of the chicken's most lasting legacies may eventually include advanced materials such as self-organizing colloids
The unusual arrangement of cells in a chicken's eye constitutes the first known biological occurrence of a potentially new state of matter known as disordered hyperuniformity according to researchers from Princeton university
The researchers studied the light-sensitive cells known as cones that are in the eyes of chickens and most other birds active in daytime.
The lab of co-corresponding author Joseph Corbo an associate professor of pathology and immunology and genetics at Washington University in St louis studies how the chicken's unusual visual layout evolved.
Yet birds with the arrangement studied here--including chickens--have impeccable vision Corbo said. These findings are significant
There are on the market various patented enzymes that can do the job and break down cellulose into sugar
and sorghum--two of the most productive crop plants known--into even more productive oil-generating plants.
Sugarcane and sorghum are exceptionally productive plants and if you could make them accumulate oil in their stems instead of sugar this would give you much more oil per acre he said.
and sorghum by 30 percent Long said. And to boost cold tolerance researchers are crossing sugarcane with Miscanthus a related perennial grass that can grow as far north as Canada.
and roads but the earth split open and swallowed sections of the forests and bamboo groves that shelter and feed pandas and other endangered wildlife.
#Family meals do more than put food on the table: Benefits of cooking, eating as a familymake mealtime a family time.
If you can get together for meals even a few times a week family meals mean healthier eating--and more.
For National Nutrition Monthâ the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics encourages all families to make a commitment to eating more meals together
Research shows that family meals promote healthier eating--more fruits vegetables and fiber; less fried food;
And family meals do much more than put healthy food on the table. Beyond preparing the meal itself we sometimes forget that mealtimes offer time to talk listen
and build family relationships. And it's a chance for parents to be good role models for healthful eating Ginn says.
Ginn offers ideas for adding more family meals to any family's routine: â#¢Start slowly.
However many meals you eat as a family now add one more to your weekly schedule.
If school nights are too hectic for a family dinner make it a leisurely weekend breakfast or lunch.
After a few weeks add another family meal to your schedule Ginn says. â#¢Plan tasty menus together.
Putting together a family meal does not have to be complicated or time-consuming. Let every member of the family choose a favorite item and build simple delicious meals around them.
Even small children can pick a main dish like tacos or pasta a vegetable like a green salad or cooked carrots and sliced apples or fruit salad for dessert Ginn says. â#¢Set the right mood.
Food is just one important part of mealtime. Your table setting can improve the mealtime mood with very little expense:
a candle colored napkins and wipe-clean plastic tablemats for children Ginn says. â#¢Talk!
Nutrient-rich foods and beverages provide vitamins minerals protein carbohydrates and other essential nutrients that offer health benefits with relatively few calories.
When your daily eating plans include foods like vegetables fruits whole grains lean meats poultry fish eggs fat-free
or low-fat dairy beans nuts and seeds in the appropriate amounts you are able to get many of the nutrients your body needs all with relatively low amounts of calories says registered dietitian nutritionist and Academy spokesperson
Beauvais offers practical ways to add nutrient-rich foods and beverages to your daily diet:
Achieving balance and building a healthier diet can be simple and stress-free. Selecting nutrient-rich foods
Beauvais also recommends limiting added sugars and reducing the major sources of solid fats. Drink few regular sodas fruit drinks
and cut back on cakes cookies ice cream cheese and fatty meats like sausages hot dogs and bacon she says.
You don't have to give up these foods entirely but find ways to enjoy small amounts occasionally Beauvais says Visit the Academy's website to view a library of recipes designed to help you Enjoy the Taste of Eating Right at http://www. eatright. org/Public/list. aspx?
#Fruit-loving lemurs score higher on spatial memory testsfood-finding tests in five lemur species show that fruit-eaters may have better spatial memory than lemurs with a more varied diet.
The results support the idea that relying on foods that are seasonally available and far-flung gives a competitive edge to individuals with certain cognitive abilities--such as remembering where the goodies are.
and Kerri Rodriguez and Brian Hare of Duke compared spatial memory skills across five species of lemurs living in captivity at the Duke Lemur Center--fruit-eating red-ruffed
and mongoose lemurs that eat a mix of fruit leaves seeds flowers nectar and insects.
or just remembering the turns they took along the way First the lemurs learned how to find a piece of food hidden in one wing of a symmetrical cross-shaped maze.
In their native Madagascar ruffed lemurs'diets can exceed 90%fruit--especially figs. Remembering when and where to find food from one season to the next requires keen spatial skills and good powers of recall.
and sugar-sweetened beverages the real prices of restaurant meals and fruits and vegetables have increased.
and food insecurity meaning families forced by a lack of money to skip meals cut portions
The down leaching of nitrates under intensive organic farming is due to nutrient release from the compost to the soil during the early stages of the growing season.
of healthy food brought by children as well as decreases in untargeted foods such as sugar-sweetened beverages and salty snacks.
or reduced lunch researchers noted increases of 12%for fresh fruit 11%for vegetables and 14%for water brought on average from baseline to posttest.
The tree's nutrients flow at a constant speed regardless of its size. With these variables the team calculated the relationship between the mass of different tree species
the speed at which nutrients are carried throughout the animals'bodies and heat is carried away. So the team members calculated the rate at
Animals need to adjust the flow of nutrients and heat as their mass changes to maintain the greatest possible energy efficiency.
which the analyses also reveal to be the closest relative to the avian virus. Interestingly a previous research paper analyzing old newspaper records reported that in the days following the horse flu outbreak there were repeated outbreaks described at the time as influenza killing chickens
and eggs may be substantially shaping the diversity of these viruses in the wild over time spans of decades.
Using a network of natural grassland research sites around the world called the Nutrient Network the study represents the first time such a large experiment has been conducted using naturally occurring sites.
and stability and the similarities to data collected from artificial grasslands as part of a research effort called Biodepth indicating that the results from natural grasslands of the Nutrient Network could be predicted from the results of artificial grasslands.
Fertilizers are used intentionally in grassland to increase livestock fodder. Fertilizer addition is also occurring unintentionally in many places around the world
when we have more nutrients coming into that system says Borer. This the researchers found was synchronized due to more growth of plants eliminating the portfolio effect.
This study was made possible due to the formation of the Nutrient Network also known as Nutnet. Borer and Seabloom led a small group of scientists who created Nutnet to standardize the way that ecology research is conducted.
Diets for most people around the world are becoming increasingly limited in biological and nutritional diversity.
Small farmers by contrast in many places continue to grow a range of species and multiple varieties that form the basis of their diet and nutrition.
Use of a range of wild species of fruit vegetables condiments and medicines as well as wild animal-sourced foods increase the likelihood that subsistence farmers with access to natural ecosystems meet their nutrition and health needs.
Products of biodiversity within culturally-based diets provide essential micronutrients and lower prevalence of diet-related chronic disease.
Carbohydrates--mainly cereals sugars potatoes and other tubers--and vegetable oils produced efficiently by large-scale agriculture
but environmentally and socioeconomically threatened areas--and creating ways to protect these areas and conserve these crops.
and uses--floury soup making or freeze drying said Zimmerer. Interestingly the culinary uses correspond to the elevations where the potatoes grow--soup potatoes have the lowest elevation floury potatoes in mid elevation
Vitamin c is found in fruits and vegetables such as oranges papaya peppers broccoli and strawberries. Hemorrhagic stroke is less common than ischemic stroke
The study reports estimated county-level energy and GHG intensity of grain corn stover and cob production in Ontario from 2006-2011.
and below the iron in a sandwich-like shape (see image)--exhibited little shift or polarization of valence electrons.
Cobalt doping pushed the orbital electrons in the arsenic outward concentrating the negative charge on the outside of the'sandwich
study showsepidemiological data integrated with climate data taken from tree-ring estimates of soil moisture levels demonstrate that drought contributed to the spread of typhus in Mexico from 1655 to 1918 according to a new study by researchers
and leaves before they develop eggs they can lay. The researchers found that when the proper ratio and amount of pheromone is produced by females
because these behaviors increase the likelihood that her eggs will be said fertile Melody Keena research entomologist U s. Department of agriculture Forest Service Northern Research Station.
In contrast a male benefit from ensuring that only his sperm is used to fertilize the female's eggs thereby passing only his genes on to the next generation.
Chocolate 101here's a brief look at where chocolate comes from nutritional information how it's made
and combined with other ingredients such as sugar and milk to create chocolate bars and candy. Dark chocolate is at least 35 percent cocoa liquor;
and milk chocolate 10 percent. White chocolate has cocoa butter but no chocolate liquor. Chocolate contains protein magnesium and flavanols (antioxidants.
Dark chocolate has caffeine; white chocolate does not. Dairy-based chocolate provides calcium. Chocolate Safetythe roasting process kills bacteria on the cocoa seeds.
Because of the high fat low moisture content chocolate generally does not spoil. A white coating called chocolate bloom may appear on the surface of a chocolate bar.
This is either the cocoa butter or sugar rising to the top of the chocolate often due to high temperatures
or sun. The presence of chocolate bloom does not mean that the chocolate is unsafe to eat.
Chocolate for Heathantioxidants like the flavonols found in chocolate may boost the body's immune system.
There is still a lot more research that needs to be done but exciting emerging research shows that chocolate may be good for both cardiovascular health and even memory.
The sweetness in chocolate certainly makes it taste good but chocolate should always be consumed in moderation due to sugar and fat content.
Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by Institute of Food Technologists (IFT. Note:
Materials may be edited for content and length h
#Foods and moods: Considering the future may help people make better food choicesemotional eating is something we're all familiar with.
Maybe you had had a rough week at work and all you want on Friday night is to plop down
and watch a movie with a giant bowl of buttery popcorn. Maybe you're a student stressed about a big exam
and you're munching on candy as you study. Or maybe your child's birthday party is coming up
and you've bought an ice cream cake to serve a small army to celebrate. Happy or sad up or down there's a plethora of media in the world that tells us our moods often dictate the foods we choose to eat.
More recent studies though have shown that negative moods and positive moods may actually lead to preferences for different kinds of foods.
For example if given the choice between grapes or chocolate candies someone in a good mood may be inclined more to choose the former
while someone in a bad mood may be more likely to choose the latter. But what if we could make better choices in any emotional state?
and health foods by examining 211 individuals from local parent-teacher associations (PTAS). The findings indicated individuals in a positive mood compared to control group participants in a relatively neutral mood evaluated healthy foods more favorably than indulgent foods.
Using raisins as health food and M&m's as indulgent food Gardner said they altered participants'focus on the present versus the future along with their mood and measured how much of each food they consumed.
The research team has uncovered how one group of gut bacteria known as Bacteroidetes digest complex sugars known as xyloglucans.
Despite our omnivorous diet humans aren't well equipped to eat complex plant matter; for this we rely on our gut bacteria.
A look around the local grocery store might show images of consumers reading meat labels or checking the expiration date on a gallon of milk.
and safety were the most important values consumers placed on buying popular livestock products--milk ground beef beef steak and chicken breast.
The popular products they chose to examine included milk ground beef beef steak and chicken breast. The 11 food values they chose to examine included freshness health hormone-free/antibiotic-free animal welfare taste price safety convenience nutrition origin and environmental impact.
and it was either first or second most important for milk ground beef beef steak and chicken breast.
Other clues to ancient diets lie within human bones themselves explored by the Cardiff group led by Dr Jacqui Mulville The sea passes on a unique chemical signature to the skeletons of those eating seafood;
It certainly stacks up with the skeletal isotope evidence to provide a clear picture that seafood was of little importance in the diets of the Neolithic farmers of the region.
Viewed together the findings show that Early British hunters feasted on venison and wild boar and ate large quantities of sea food including seals and shellfish.
and people adopted a new diet based around dairying. Dr Cramp continued: Amazingly it was another 4000 years before sea food remains appeared in pots again during the Iron age
and it was only with the arrival of the Vikings that fish became a significant part of our diet.
Whilst we like to think of ourselves as a nation of fish eaters with fish and chips as our national dish it seems that early British farmers preferred beef mutton and milk.
Why people changed so abruptly from a seafood to farming diet remains a mystery. Professor Evershed said:
The pink-orange of many salt lakes containing Dunaliella is intensified by the presence of archaea fellow single-celled organisms.**
Ensilage--a method traditionally used by farmers to turn grass into hay for winter animal feed--has potential to stop the seaweed rotting.
#Black raspberry candies find the sweet spot for cancer prevention studywhether it's a plate or pyramid healthy eating guidelines always give fruits
they contain critical nutrients that the human body needs and that experts think may help prevent illnesses like cancer diabetes and heart disease.
The result was two different formulations--gummy candies and a concentrated fruit juice (nectar)--each roughly equal to a cup of fresh berries.
which helped preserve the essential nutrients and then grinding the whole berry--fiber seeds and fuzz--into a fine powder.
if the black raspberry preparations coupled with different types of diets can improve post-surgery outcomes versus a control group of men with diet interventions only.
The black raspberry gummy confections were packed with phytonutrients that the men truly enjoyed. Most of the participants inquired about ordering the gummies after they had completed their prescribed dose. said Roberts whose interest in gastrointestinal health absorption
At one point she enlisted a local chocolatier to place a candy coating on the gummy
Vodovotz is currently working with researchers at Ohio State to test the ability of other functional foods including soy-enriched breads
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