Gender Norms Affect Teen Cancer Risk Teenage girls who see themselves as the most feminine and teenage boys who perceive themselves as the most masculine may be more likely to behave in ways that increase their risk of cancer
of which are associated with cancer risk and other serious health issues such as indoor tanning cigar smoking tobacco-chewing cigarette smoking
and lung cancer research continues to identify more diseases that are caused directly by smoking. Now liver and colorectal cancers have been added to the list of cancers for
which there's sufficient data to infer smoking is linked not merely to but actually can cause the diseases according to the newest Surgeon general's report released today (Jan 17).
Cigarette smoke contains thousands of compounds including 69 known to be carcinogens chemicals that are involved directly in causing cancer.
Smoking is responsible for more than 90 percent of lung cancers. But traces of tobacco carcinogens have been found in other organs as well.
In colorectal cancer tumors often originate in the glands and the cells that cover the inside of the bowel.
Reviewing large previous studies the researchers found an increased risk of colon and rectal cancer particularly after smoking for two or more decades.
In some studies smokers were up to twice as likely to develop colorectal cancer as nonsmokers.
The report authors also looked at other cancers such as prostate cancer and concluded that smoking is not a cause for this type of cancer
although it increases risks of dying for those diagnosed with prostate cancer. Examining breast cancer the researchers concluded the evidence suggests smoking can cause the disease.
Even a finding that is'suggestive'is a pretty strong finding Glantz told Livescience. If I give a glass filled with clear liquid
and say this might give you breast cancer but I'm not absolutely positive I don't think you want to drink the liquid.
Other new entries in the official list of smoking-caused diseases include Type 2 diabetes rheumatoid arthritis erectile dysfunction macular degeneration that can blind older people and cleft palate birth defects.
and are now equal to those of men for lung cancer and pulmonary and heart diseases. Since the landmark 1964 report nearly 21 million people have died prematurely because of smoking or exposure to secondhand smoke according to the report.
When people think about smoking they usually just think cancer. Most people don't really appreciate how big the risks of heart diseases are said Glantz.
A randomised clinical trial of tobacco smoking and lung cancer was carried never out in humans to prove#that smoking causes lung cancer
for the prevention of both cancer and cardiovascular disease. The BMJ Open study is another contribution to the bulk of supportive evidence suggesting though not proving a plausible connection between the reduction in salt intake achieved in the last eight years in the UK with a national programme (1. 4g less salt per day) and the reduction
and chooses endpoints to suit so-called#surrogates like blood test results weight CVD cancer and total mortality.#
and eventually bladder cancer while in Africa the flatworm typically infects the bowels where it causes bleeding and anemia as well.
#7 Things You Need To Know About Cancer This article was published originally at The Conversation.
and progress in cancer care-a collaboration with the UICC (global cancer body) and Globalrt (a group that aims to increase global access to radiotherapy).
and challenges of global cancer care in low and middle-income nations as well as bring attention to the need for further investment in the prevention and treatment of this group of diseases.
I wanted to share some key facts and myths around cancer with you. Debunk some pervasive perennial misunderstandings on cancer globally
#When people think of cancer they usually think of rich people in rich nations. Actually the reality is that 70%of all cancer cases worldwide occur in low and middle-income nations posing an enormous public health and economic burden.
Now of course this is also where a majority of the world s population lives but the reality is still that millions of cases of cancer occur in healthcare systems least prepared to treat them
(and some would argue find them) and in communities and families least able to cope with the health and financial consequences.
A misunderstanding that not only affects local but also global prioritisation and funding for these conditions in development budgets philanthropic responses aid and national health expenditures.
Because although the rates (age standardised per 100000 people) of cancer are still higher in the richest nations the types of cancer are different
For example worldwide the leading cause of cancer deaths in women is breast cancer but in many poorer nations it s cancer of the cervix.
A classic myth when it comes to cancer and particularly bowel cancer is that these are diseases of laziness.
Actually there are a myriad of causes -and many we still don t know or understand. Things like diet tobacco and alcohol;
-or noncommunicable diseases-some cancers are caused actually by infections. In fact about one-fifth of all cancers worldwide are caused this way-including cervical and liver cancers
which are paricularly common in poorer nations. The good news though is that the two viruses that cause these cancers are largely preventable by vaccine-Hepatitis b
and human pappiloma virus. Plain and simple tobacco is bad. Causing 22%of all cancer deaths worldwide the good fight against tobacco tobacco advertising
and the big corporations that make this carcinogen continues. Some good news many cancers can be prevented. 30%of cancers are preventable through not using tobacco having a healthy diet being physically active limiting alcohol use
and being vaccinated for the most common cancer-causing infections. These are largely the focuses of public health policies for cancer for
which prevention is better than cure#will always be a core mantra. Building on prevention early detection and early access to treatment is of paramount complementary importance-with treatments falling into three broad groups:
surgery chemotherapy and radiotherapy#Breast cervical and colorectal cancers for example can often be cured if found and treated in the early stages of disease
and are far less costly (in terms of health economic and social costs) if identified quickly. These challenges are magnified in a context of weaker health systems
Although a large number of cancers are preventable or curable through appropriate policies lifestyles screening and treatments-many are not.
For this reason it is also crucial that every person has access to pain relief and palliative care when dying of cancer.
But for now take a moment to reflect on the myths-and realities-of cancer globally.
After all it is only through knowledge that we will inspire collective action on cancer a pressing global health challenge.
-This article is based on the World health organization s cancer fact sheet. For more on global health and to connect with Sandro on Twitter click here.
which in turn can potentially lead to liver cancer Murray said. I emphasize'can'it's not even clear to the best scientists
But while early studies showed some evidence linking marijuana to lung cancer subsequent studies have debunked that association.
and researchers understand their effects on the body then they could be put in clinical trials for use in cancer multiple sclerosis diabetes glaucoma
which has been linked to cancers cardiovascular disease and diabetes. In March 2009 a 10-year National Cancer Institute review of studies that followed half a million Americans found that those who ate 4 ounces of red meat
or more daily increased their overall risk of premature death 30 percent compared with those who consumed less.
Sea snake Dehydrates for Months</a p><p>A 3000-year-old skeleton from a conquered territory of ancient Egypt is now the earliest known complete example of a person with malignant cancer spreading from an organ findings
</p><p>Cancer is one of the world's leading causes of death today with numbers more than doubling over the past 30 years.
However direct evidence of cancer from ancient human remains is compared very rare with that from other medical conditions.
<a href=http://www. livescience. com/44269-oldest-metastatic-cancer-skeleton. html target=blank>Earliest Invasive Cancer Found in 3000-Year-Old Skeleton
Recent research has found that radiation therapy can cause severe complications in cancer patients by reducing the populations of helpful bacteria in the intestines.
Very early studies indicate whey protein may have a role in the body's cancer-fighting abilities.
People with HIV liver disease diabetes and various cancers can all develop low glutathione levels in the body.
#It Takes A lot More than Carrots to Beat Cancer (Op-Ed) This article was published originally at The Conversation.
Another story about how some food holds the cure for cancer is making headlines in the Daily Express.
In March the Daily mail claimed that eating carrots is a way to avoid prostate cancer.
and vegetables is associated with a reduced risk of a variety of cancers. But the charity organisation Cancer Research UK stresses the link between diet
and cancer is complex and difficult to unravel#.#That is an important caveat. There is little chance that the key to preventing one of the world s deadliest diseases has been on our dinner plates the whole time.
The lead researcher of the new study Dr. Kirsten Brandt at Newcastle University has been studying naturally occurring chemicals found in certain vegetables called polyacetylenes for many years.
which has a genetic mutation that increases the chances of developing intestinal cancer. Mice fed a diet where a fifth of the food was powdered carrot had fewer and smaller tumours than mice who were fed a normal diet.
This if successful will have to be followed up by even larger scale trials before carrots can be considered beneficial in cancer prevention.
and biomarkers related to intestinal cancer#she said. All cancers are a result of damaged DNA.
So commonly consumed foods that reduce this damage could be a significant step in preventing cancer especially in individuals who have a genetic predisposition to the disease.
But the current results do not imply that they hold the key to beating cancer#.
#What is perhaps more interesting is that the preparation of the carrots influences how much polyacetylene actually gets from the food into our bodies.
Sarah hopes that contrasting these two varieties of carrots may allow the research team to pinpoint the chemicals that are responsible for their early cancer-protective findings
and it may lead to great advances in the fight against cancer the researchers are not making that claim just yet.
and prevent cancer. These stories erode the public s trust in health journalism. When reporting such stories it would be better to focus on the scientific method
The American Institute for Cancer Research recommends eating lots of fruits and vegetables including apples. The antioxidant content of apples ranks among the highest for fruits and research shows that antioxidants help prevent cancer.
Lung cancer risk can especially be lowered through apples'antioxidants according to Flores. A study in Hawaii found that people who regularly eat apples onions
and white grapefruit cut their lung cancer risk in half. Eating apples in excess will not cause many side effects said Flores.
But as with anything eaten in excess apples may contribute to weight gain. Furthermore apples are acidic
By her 2011 death from ovarian cancer she was not only a Nobel laureate but also a former parliament member with honorary doctoral degrees from Williams College and Yale university.
The study published in the journal Cancer Prevention Research made headlines earlier this month. People in the study who drank the mixture who lived in a rapidly industrializing
and polluted region in China more quickly excreted the cancer-causing chemical benzene from their bodies through their urine.
Broccoli sprouts are rich in a cancer-fighting phytochemical called glucoraphanin which Johns Hopkins researchers including Dr. Paul Talalay who participated in this latest study with Kensler discovered in the early 1990s.
however whether the speed of benzene excretion seen in the study would have any effect on preventing cancer or heart disease.
and Bifidobacteria may regulate cancer growth and even promote cancer cell death according to a 2008 study in the journal Cellular Microbiology.
Cancer The phytochemicals in avocados may help prevent certain cancers especially prostate mouth and skin cancers.
The oleic acid in avocados may help prevent breast cancer. Excessive inflammation is a cancer risk so avocados anti-inflammatory properties can help with that.
Furthermore a 2007 study found that the phytochemicals in avocados encourage cancer cells to stop growing and die.
Some evidence suggests that moderate consumption of bananas may be protective against kidney cancer. A 2005 Swedish study found that women who ate more than 75 servings of fruits
and vegetables cut their risk of kidney cancer by 40 percent and that bananas were especially effective.
Women eating four to six bananas a week halved their risk of developing kidney cancer.
Bananas may be helpful in preventing kidney cancer because of their high levels of antioxidant phenolic compounds.
#Cancer-Fighting Diet: 6 Tips to Reduce Your Risk Following six diet guidelines can reduce your cancer risk researchers say.
The advice is a combination of what foods to limit or avoid and which ones to eat.
and help consumers avoid the cancer-causing substances found in animal products. PCRM's recommendations are similar to those offered by cancer research organizations such as the American Cancer Society although arguably more extreme in terms of
what they say to avoid. It's never a bad idea to cut back on red meat
or alcohol as the PCRM recommends said Colleen Doyle a registered dietician and director for nutrition and physical activity for the American Cancer Society.
or vegetarian to significantly reduce your cancer risk she added. The recommendations 1. Eat more fruits
and vegetables especially leafy greens to help reduce overall cancer risk. Most doctors agree. It is an incontrovertible fact that a plant-based diet lowers your risk of cancer
and heart disease said Dr. Paul Talalay a distinguished service professor at Johns hopkins university in Baltimore who was involved not in this study.
The reason fruits and vegetables help lower cancer risk is that they contain protective compounds such as the phytochemicals that Talalay discovered in broccoli in the 1990s that reduce the risk of several cancers
and as reported this June the toxic effects of the pollutant benzene. 2. Eat soy products to reduce both the risk and recurrence of breast cancer.
and other chemicals that promote cancer and heart disease. 3. Limit or avoid dairy products to reduce the risk of prostate cancer.
Studies have linked dairy to prostate cancer but the culprit might be calcium. Yet other studies suggest that consuming dairy products might prevent colorectal cancer.
Dolye said men should consider limiting dairy if they have a family history of prostate cancer. 4. Limit
or avoid alcohol to reduce the risk of cancers of the mouth pharynx larynx esophagus colon rectum and breast.
The PCRM reports that one drink per week increases the risk of mouth pharynx and larynx cancers by 24 percent;
two to three drinks per day increase the risk of colorectal cancer by 21 percent.
As with the dairy recommendation the dangers depend on which studies you read. Mouth pharynx and larynx cancers are rare in nonsmokers
so a 24-percent risk increase isn't something to fret over. Also a drink a day seems to promote heart health.
The American Cancer Society recommends that people limit their alcohol intake to no more than two drinks per day for men and one per day for women (in part because of women's smaller average body size.
5. Avoid red and processed meats to reduce the risk of cancers of the colon and rectum.
Following this advice may help prevent heart disease stroke and diabetes. Large studies from the Harvard School of Public health revealed that regular consumption of red meat particularly processed meats such as sausages
and family history. 6. Avoid grilled fried and broiled meats to reduce the risk of cancers of the colon rectum breast prostate kidney and pancreas.
The reason is that cancer-causing chemicals called heterocyclic amines (HCAS) are created when creatine and amino acids in skeletal muscle aka meat are cooked at high temperatures.
Cancer risk reduction doesn't guarantee cancer avoidance. According to the World health organization up to 30 percent of all cancers might be caused by a poor diet.
The rest are attributed to smoking pollution and genetics which may affect you no matter what you eat.
And like most nuts cashews are also a good source of Vitamin e and cancer-fighting phytochemicals.
Top 10 Cancer-Fighting Foods And in addition to the cashew's known nutritional benefits researchers have explored also the possibility of using the toxic oil found in the nut's shell as an antibiotic.
Oranges may additionally help reduce the risk of respiratory diseases certain cancers rheumatoid arthritis ulcers and kidney stones.
Free radicals may lead to chronic conditions such as cancer and heart disease. Not only may oranges help reduce the risk of chronic conditions
which can lead to other diseases such as heart disease cancer diabetes high blood pressure and stroke Flores told Live Science.
The Vitamin c in oranges is associated with a reduced risk of colon cancer due to preventing DNA mutations from taking place Flores said.
Studies have shown that about 10 to 15 percent of colon cancers have a mutation in a gene called BRAF.
and beta-carotene has been linked to anti-aging benefits cancer prevention and helping maintain good eyesight. While the orange variety is the most common in the United states sweet potatoes also come in white yellow pink and purple varieties.
Cancer prevention The NIH reports that some studies have suggested that beta-carotene may reduce the risk of breast cancer in premenopausal women ovarian cancer in postmenopausal women.
and Regenerative Medicine Congress Asia. http://www. terrapinn. com/2009/stemcellsasia 8-11 october The American Association for Cancer Research holds its'Frontiers in basic cancer research'conference in Boston,
Obama toured a National Cancer Institute lab, where he was treated to video images of healthy and cancer-riddled brains,
and praised the research made possible by the agency's spending of $5 billion out of the $10. 4 billion it got in economic stimulus funds.
Brooke Magnanti, now a cancer epidemiologist at the Bristol Initiative for Research of Child Health, UK, reveals that she was the anonymous sex worker and blogger Belle de Jour.
Pollution and other environmental issues in China have caused widespread health problems such as cancer and birth defects and have led to much social unrest.
Biologist Axel Ullrich took the medicine prize for his research in cancer (he co-developed trastuzumab,
or Herceptin, used to treat breast cancer); and geneticist and plant scientist David Baulcombe got the agriculture prize for his discovery of small interfering RNA in plants,
The Clinical Trials Cooperative Group Program, funded by the National Cancer Institute, enrols 25,000 patients in cancer trials run by 14,000 researchers at 3, 100 institutions each year.
Phones and cancer: There is no clear link between mobile-phone use and the risk of brain cancer,
according to a major study published this week (The INTERPHONE Study Group Int. J. Epidemiol. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyq079;
) The study, run by the World health organization's International Agency for Research on Cancer in Lyon, France, interviewed thousands of adults with and without cancer in 13 countries about their mobile-phone usage.
See go. nature. com/uzph7a for more. India defence research: India's largest military technology research body is set for a management revamp under government measures announced on 13 may.
Cancer acquisition: Astellas Pharma, headquartered in Tokyo, Japan, said on 16 may that it had agreed to pay US$4 billion to purchase OSI Pharmaceuticals,
Nobel laureate Harold Varmus is to be the next director of the US National Cancer Institute at the National institutes of health (NIH), replacing John Niederhuber.
The $5. 1-billion cancer institute is the largest of the NIH's 27 institutes and centres.
and then became president of the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New york, before advising Barack Obama during his run for the presidency.
and it could cause cancer, nerve damage or fetal-development problems among workers and people living near fumigated fields.
including one used to treat thyroid cancer. But there was also good news for the beleaguered company:
and men experiencing the side effects of prostate-cancer treatment. Last year, a US Food and Drug Administration committee recommended that the drug be approved for certain patients,
and liver cancer, affects about 3%of the world's population. Currently, half of the patients with HCV are cured by a course of an immune-boosting protein and a general antiviral,
Cancer-gene testing ramps up: Nature Newsin an approach that many doctors and scientists hope will form the medical care of the future,
and a half been offering people with cancer a novel diagnostic test. Instead of assessing tumours for a single mutation that will indicate
whether a drug is likely to work or not, the hospital tests patients for some 150 mutations in more than a dozen cancer-causing genes,
Plans were unveiled this week to deploy broad genetic testing for selected cancer patients in Britain's government-run health-care provider, the National Health Service (NHS.
who heads the programme for Cancer Research UK, the charity that is leading the effort. As the NHS treats millions of people each year,
000 NHS cancer patients over two years, beginning in early 2011. By contrast, Massachusetts General has tested about 1, 600 patients,
which will look for several dozen mutations in about a dozen genes linked to cancer, will be carried out on people with lung, breast, colorectal, prostate or ovarian cancers,
or metastatic melanoma, who are being treated at six NHS hospitals. Therapies that target specific tumour-causing mutations have already been approved,
By genotyping patients for a broad array of cancer-causing mutations, the new tests will make it easier to assign subjects to clinical trials,
a geneticist who helps lead the hospital's cancer testing programme. For example, its broad genetic test detects a mutation in a gene called BRAF that is already known to be mutated commonly in metastatic melanoma.
Finding such mutations in people with lung and colon cancer made it possible to put them in a trial of an experimental treatment targeting that gene,
says Andy Futreal, a cancer geneticist at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute in Hinxton, UK,
Peach hopes that the first phase of the cancer programme will pave the way for expanding genetic testing to more patients and other conditions, such as diabetes, AIDS and even psychiatric disorders.
Cancer offers a good testing ground for personalized medicine, because numerous targeted therapies already exist, but there's no reason why this should be restricted to cancer,
says Peach. Fabrice Andrã, who runs a similar cancer diagnostic programme that has so far been offered to about 100 patients at the Gustave Roussy Institute in Villejuif
France, says the NHS programme could point the way to implementing personalized medicine across an entire population. It can really change the landscape of how molecular testing is being done for cancer,
he says. If they succeed, then it's going to be a major step forward.
GM maize offers windfall for conventional farms: Nature Newsgenetically modified (GM CROPS can save farmers using conventional seeds even more money than those using the transgenic varieties,
He also examined a scientist just home from years in Myanmar who was told that he had lung cancer.
but harmless Asian worm that imitates lung cancer by triggering an immune reaction that produces tumour-like growths.
Sure enough, on closer inspection, the scientist has now been found to be cancer-free. It's one of the most valuable things
against several conditions, including multiple myeloma. But GSK, of London, has scuttled development of SRT501, it confirmed to the patient website Myeloma Beacon last week.
Instead, the company is focusing on other chemicals thought to activate the same biological pathway as resveratrol.
and poses cancer risks. Tuna quotas Fisheries regulators are showing little mercy to the Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus),
Arrivals include Nobel laureate Timothy Hunt (pictured), a biologist at the London Research Institute of Cancer Research UK.
Trend watch Even without the more expensive treatments for cancer that are to be adopted soon,
A team from the US National Cancer Institute in Bethesda, Maryland, modelled predicted changes to US population, cancer incidence and survival rates for the initial,
Coming up 3 6 march The American Association for Cancer Research hosts a conference in Vancouver,
and cancer. go. nature. com/5lwqim 7 11 march Preliminary analysis of dust picked up from a distant asteroid last year by the Hayabusa spacecraft will be among highlights of the 42nd Lunar and Planetary Science
focusing on regions important for freshwater resources and where pollution has had a negative impact on health such as villages with high rates of cancer or endemic diseases.
The chief executive of the nongovernmental cancer-control organization Cancer Council Australia, Ian Olver, says that the fact that the tobacco industry is opposed vehemently to the legislation is a good indication that the industry's market research has shown also that plain packaging will reduce its customer base.
and a 2009 report3 by the Western Australian Cancer Council estimated that tobacco use cost Australia more than $31 billion in 2004-05.
treatments for melanoma and lung cancer that were approved along with diagnostic tests to identify the patients that they are most likely to help.
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