The findings were detailed online April 26 in the journal Clinical Infectious diseases. Raw milk is riskier than most foods said Douglas Powell a professor of food safety at Kansas State university.
or 17 percent of raw milk consumers actually became ill during the study period after consuming raw milk according to the study published today (Dec 11) in the journal Emerging Infectious diseases a public health journal of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
Raw milk can cause many infectious diseases and foodborne illnesses because it can contain harmful bacteria that are killed not during pasteurization.
if an accident or infectious disease doesn't kill you first. A traditional animal-based diet eaten by natives of Siberia is
#What Is Anthrax? Anthrax is caused an infectious disease by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. The bacteria live in soil
and usually infect wild and domestic animals such as goats cattle and sheep. Anthrax outbreaks are fairly common worldwide and mostly affect agricultural workers.
Humans become sick with the disease by handling animal products such as wool hide or bone from animals infected with the anthrax bacterium.
The most common form of the disease cutaneous anthrax is contracted when bacteria spores enter the body through a cut or scrape on the skin.
Of the three forms of the disease cutaneous pulmonary and gastrointestinal cutaneous anthrax is the easiest to treat with antibiotics.
Anthrax can also be inhaled into the human respiratory tract this pulmonary method of infection is most common among those who process wool
and animal hides according to the U s. National Library of Medicine. Those with pulmonary anthrax are at risk of respiratory collapse
and suffer the highest mortality rate of any anthrax victims with 92 percent of cases resulting in death.
The third form of the disease gastrointestinal anthrax can occur when a person consumes the meat of an anthrax-infected animal.
This is the rarest form of anthrax in the United states but it can be deadly: Between 20 and 60 percent of all gastrointestinal-anthrax cases result in death according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC.
Anthrax and bioterrorism Anthrax can be created easily in a lab and is incredibly durable: Spores of anthrax bacteria can lie dormant for years before entering a living host where they reactivate
and multiply. These characteristics make anthrax an extremely dangerous bioterrorism weapon. Anthrax has been used in bioterrorism
and warfare since World war i when Scandinavia deployed anthrax against the Imperial Russian Army. It was used also by The british army during WORLD WAR II to weaken German livestock.
More recently anthrax has been used in bioterrorism attacks in both Japan and the United states. In 1993 a religious cult in Japan deployed anthrax against civilians in Tokyo
but the attack yielded no injuries or fatalities. In 2001 letters containing anthrax spores were mailed to several news-media offices
and two U s. senators resulting in the deaths of five people and the infection of 17 others.
Follow Elizabeth Palermo on Twitter@techepalermo. Follow Livescience@livescience. We're also on Facebook & Google+G
#What Is bonded Leather? If you've purchased a relatively cheap leather sofa leather-bound books
or an inexpensive belt you might own a bonded-leather item. But what is bonded leather?
Bonded leather consists of scraps from real leather hides that are mixed with polyurethane a type of plastic.
The material should include from 60 to 100 percent real natural leather such as cowhide according to manufacturing standards.
People who have cholera dehydration or kidney problems should avoid coconut oil she said. And people with high cholesterol should use it cautiously.
There is a high demand for sleep aids especially in the U s. The National Health Interview Survey done in 2002
and again in 2007 found 1. 6 million US adults were using complementary and alternative sleep aids for insomnia.
Berries are one part of a diverse food source that aids bear survival and reproduction and at certain times of the year can be more than half their diet in many places in North america.
With no evidence of infectious diseases or deadly toxins in whale tissue samples scientists are scrambling to determine a cause of death.
Broccoli also aids in digestion by helping to keep your stomach lining healthy. The sulforaphane in broccoli helps keep the stomach bacteria Helicobacter pylori from becoming overgrown
#In Africa, Anthrax Lures Animals to Their Death Areas contaminated with anthrax germs lure grazing animals like zebras
and intensity of anthrax outbreaks in order to better predict them. The anthrax bacterium Bacillus anthracis can cause symptoms ranging from itchy sores on the skin to breathing problems
and fever and can be fatal. About 95 percent of known anthrax infections in people are passed to humans through skin contact with livestock.
Grazing animals on the other hand are thought to get anthrax by ingesting the microbe. Scientists investigated zebra carcasses over a 115-square-mile 300 square kilometers) area at Etosha National park in Namibia from 2010 to 2013.
The anthrax bacterium is widespread in Namibia and is considered part of the park's natural ecosystem.
Most anthrax cases seen in Etosha are in zebras; the disease can kill grazing herbivores within days after the animal is exposed to a lethal dose.
See Images of the Namibia Zebras and the Carcass Sites I revisited a carcass site in 2007 from a zebra that
I had found dead of anthrax one year previously and saw a patch of lush green grass growing up through the skeleton in an area that was
This got me questioning the role of carcass sites for anthrax transmission. Would these areas be attractive to herbivores searching for high-quality food?
Watching the grazers For this study the researchers analyzed 35 sites that tested positive for anthrax
The researchers also used motion-triggered cameras at 13 anthrax-affected carcass sites and 13 sites without carcasses to monitor the grazing activity of herbivores such as elephants wildebeest and zebras.
Zebra like anthrax grasses The scientists found that the soil fertilized by the carcasses they studied was rich with nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen.
The scientists also discovered that anthrax spores were found on grasses up to two years after the zebras had died.
This research has important implications for our understanding of anthrax in grazing wildlife and livestock Turner said.
We know a lot about weather cues associated with anthrax outbreaks and there are a lot of hypotheses about how animal behavior may contribute to differences in anthrax incidence among species
and among age and sex classes within a species . However this is the first study to look for the pathogen on grasses
and to determine how different grazing animals respond to these infectious anthrax carcass sites. It remains uncertain
whether anthrax carcass sites are more attractive to herbivores than regular carcass sites are. Because anthrax prevents blood from clotting the researchers suspect that the anthrax-ridden carcasses might release more nutrients into the soil than regular carcasses do
thus making them more attractive to herbivores. It's possible Turner said. Whether it would be easy to detect
and intensity of anthrax and to find out if the locations and timing of these outbreaks can be predicted.
because there really weren't any data available about how these sites may contribute to anthrax transmission over time Turner said.
and anthrax mortality records in this system. In addition Turner noted she would like to conduct a parallel study in the United states to see how North american herbivores respond to carcass sites.
In the U s. in addition to the anthrax bacterium this would include transmission of the prion causing chronic wasting disease.
which can transmit Lyme disease and other illnesses. However while subzero weather might reduce the populations of invasive pests it's unlikely to completely eradicate them experts caution.
Each year about 300000 people in the U s. catch Lyme disease which is caused by bacteria from a tick bite the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates.
Permethrin the insecticide found in antimalarial bed nets kills adult ticks as well as those in their larval stage called nymphs which are the likeliest to harbor Lyme disease.
People who are in the habit of showering immediately after outdoor activities are less likely to get Lyme disease perhaps
After biting ticks can take several hours to transmit Lyme disease said Laura Kramer the director of the Arbovirus Laboratory at the New york state Department of health's Wadsworth Center. 10.
because infected ones can transmit rabies. The vast majority of bats do not carry the rabies virus Jemison said.
The most common way rabies is transmitted is through the bite from an infected animal and as long as you don't try to catch
#oezinc deficiency can cause child mortality from infectious diseases because the immune system is not functioning properly
and reductions in IQ and work productivity and increased mortality from infectious diseases#said the study's first author Samuel Myers a researcher at the Harvard School of Public health in Boston.
Into this river 66 tons of human feces and 250000 gallons of urine were discharged every day from Rosario where typhoid was common.
At its end 503 had been admitted to hospital with typhoid 403 with bacteriological confirmation. Among those affected there was a significant over-representation of women aged 15 to 25 living in the more prosperous west end of the city.
Nobody died from typhoid in the outbreak thanks to antibiotics so in that regard it was modern.
Typhoid is still common in countries whose drinking water is contaminated regularly with human feces the 2004/2005 outbreak in Kinshasa affected 42564
albeit not dysentry spreading from person-to-person or tuberculosis in milk). The Ministry of Health for England and Wales recorded 59 food poisoning incidents during the years 1931-1935 compared to more than 73000 in 2012 itself a gross underestimate
But within a year or two farmers saw a devastating increase in pestilence and water shortages.
and blueberry muffin rash is a sign of congenital rubella while the shape of a red blood cell is referred to as doughnut.
Sometimes references include an entire dish for example a skin condition called tinea versicolor is characteristic by its spaghetti and meatball appearance.
For many years people thought that eating potatoes would cause leprosy. Potatoes arrived in The british colonies in 1621
and you have not had shot a tetanus you should seek medical attention because the corn snake s mouth may contain bacteria that can lead to infection f
cow urine as a treatment for numerous diseases including cancer diabetes and tuberculosis. But not any old cow urine will do according to the followers of the hardline Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) sect only the urine collected from a female virgin cow will suffice
While invoking not-so-delightful images food references in medical vernacular are useful aids in helping doctors identify many different ailments.
How Off-road Tech Aids Conservation Google earth and Google street view have made it possible for anyone with an Internet connection to explore some of the world's most spectacular destinations right from their computer tablet or smartphone.
but while a few studies have shown it aids in lactose digestion the research is limited. Follow Michael Dhar@michaeldhar. Follow Livescience@livescience. We're also on Facebook & Google
However several studies conducted in recent years in other areas of the world including Africa suggest that certain species of head lice are capable of carrying infectious disease.
One study outlined in the May 2013 issue of the journal Emerging Infectious disease found that head lice in the Democratic republic of the congo could spread plague.
And another study outlined in the same journal in May 2014 found that human body lice carrying a pathogen that can cause trench fever among other diseases can also inhabit human hair.
A new genetic analysis of bony nodules found in a 700-year-old skeleton from Italy reveal that the man had brucellosis a bacterial infection caught from livestock
This medieval Italian man joins many other long-dead people in getting a postmortem diagnosis of brucellosis.
In 2009 researchers reported possible signs of brucellosis in a specimen of the human ancestor Australopithecus africanus who lived more than 2 million years ago. 10 Deadly Diseases That Hopped Across Species Disease hunters
The brucellosis-infected Italian came from Sardinia. He was buried in a medieval village called Geridu
Such nodules are often a sign of tuberculosis a lung infection caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Tuberculosis is the most common culprit in cases of calcified nodules study leader Mark Pallen a microbial genomist at Warwick Medical school in England said in a statement.
Instead of searching for a particular DNA signature shotgun metagenomics takes the approach of simply sampling all the DNA present just to see what turns Up to the researchers'surprise the man did not have tuberculosis.
Instead the bony nodule held the DNA signature of the bacterium Brucella melitensis the microbe that causes brucellosis.
Animal malady Brucellosis can be transmitted from livestock to humans in several ways. One possibility is that the man caught the disease from direct contact with animals perhaps
Brucellosis is called also Mediterranean fever. It still affects more than 500000 people around the world yearly though livestock vaccination
Today antibiotics are used to treat people with brucellosis and no more than 2 percent of infected people die from the disease according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
The method of diagnosing the medieval man's brucellosis could be used to uncover other ancient diseases the researchers said.
Supplement makers also say Vitamin b12 supplements can help treat conditions such as Lyme disease gum disease some skin infections liver disease and kidney disease.
if Vitamin b12 has an effect on Lyme disease signs of aging fatigue or chronic fatigue syndrome according to the National Library of Medicine.
and the cholera epidemic in the 19th century the long-lasting denial of the harm of tobacco smoking in the 20th century global warming and climate change in the 21st century) when the translation of science into practice clashes with vested interests.
while a small number of fungi can cause disease in humans such as ringworm trichosporonosis or aspergillosis.
The findings were published today (June 19) in the journal Lancet Infectious diseases. Follow Tia Ghose on Twitterand Google+.
#The Odd Way Tuberculosis Was brought to America When European explorers landed in The americas they brought tuberculosis (TB) and a wave of other deadly diseases with them.
However some strains of TB may have already been lurking in South america a new study finds.
A new analysis of three ancient Peruvian human skeletons that date to between A d. 1028 and 1280 well before Europeans landed on American shores shows evidence of tuberculosis including skeletal lesions
and curved spines. 8 Grisly Archaeological Discoveries It looked as though tuberculosis was present in the New world before European contact based on these skeletons said Kirsten Bos the study's lead researcher and a postdoctoral fellow
However when the researchers reconstructed the genomes of the tuberculosis samples they found the strains didn't fit into any branches of the disease that are associated commonly with human infection.
The new study also suggests that the common ancestor of the M. tuberculosis complex is just 6000 years old
A popular theory suggests that tuberculosis started in Africa tens of thousands of years ago
Sebastien Gagneux an expert on modern tuberculosis at The swiss Tropical and Public health Institute suggested that the three Peruvians caught the disease from seals that had lived once in Africa
But with only three human skeletons it's unclear whether the seal strains of tuberculosis infected many people or just an isolated few.
What's more the 6000-year-old birth date of tuberculosis needs further scrutiny researchers said.
Regardless of their age the marine tuberculosis strains appear to have been replaced completely by European strains following contact Bos said.
Lyme disease Deer ticks (also called blacklegged ticks) which carry the bacteria that cause Lyme disease are most active during the spring early summer and fall.
They live in shady and humid environments and are often found at ground level clinging to grass.
The risk of Lyme disease is greatest for people living in New england the Mid-atlantic states and the upper Midwest according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
and Lyme disease avoid walking in places where ticks are likely to live. The CDC recommends using insect repellents with DEET on the skin or clothing or permethrin on clothing.
Flu The flu season is not over yet. National data from the first weeks of April show that
although seasonal influenza activity is declining flu viruses continue to circulate and cause illness in parts of the U s. For example in New york state the numbers from the second week of April show influenza is still widespread with more than 2500 lab-confirmed cases.
To avoid getting the flu people should get the flu shot and take everyday preventive actions to stop the virus'spread the CDC says.
These include washing hands limiting contact with sick people and avoiding touching your eyes nose and mouth.
*More people die every year from smoking than from murder AIDS suicide drugs car crashes and alcohol combined.
which can transmit Lyme disease and other illnesses. Sorry no rat Armageddon The population of Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) whose numbers are almost wholly dependent on humans for food may drop somewhat this year as a result of wintry blasts.
People with HIV liver disease diabetes and various cancers can all develop low glutathione levels in the body.
and Kings Canyon National parks. Sequoias are normally resistant to most diseases that plague California's forests.
Maathai's writings and activism on poverty sustainable livelihoods climate change corruption and HIV/AIDS (and the connections she has made among these topics) drew the ire of powerful people.
and became a naturalized citizen of the United states. Life in America would prove difficult for Houckgeest as he lost three of his children to typhoid
which aids digestion and helps keep you regular. Fresh avocados contain important carotenoid antioxidants lycopene and beta-carotene the highest concentration
and reemerging infectious diseases the researchers said in their mbio study. What is becoming clear the U s
Magnesium is recommended occasionally to ease altitude sickness hay fever Lyme disease asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD. Magnesium applied directly to the skin is said to treat skin infections
whether magnesium supplements could help anxiety ADHD hay fever Lyme disease or multiple sclerosis according to the NIH. Studies are less promising on magnesium's ability to boost athletic performance.
According to the researchers using cashew oil isn't an entirely new idea as the acid was used at one time in Brazil to treat leprosy.
Oranges are high in fiber which aids in digestion by keeping you regular. It is also good for weight loss.
which aids in maintaining a healthy digestive tract and helps keep you regular. Cancer prevention The NIH reports that some studies have suggested that beta-carotene may reduce the risk of breast cancer in premenopausal women ovarian cancer in postmenopausal women.
being unprepared to contain an infectious disease may even turn the health care setting into a hub for further spread of the disease he said.
Nature Newsa plague of crop-eating caterpillars has struck Liberia and a second wave could spread across West Africa in the next few weeks,
as the avian influenza virus is thought to have done. And we still don't know what it might do to someone who is immunocompromised by HIV or by drugs,
Rollin adds. But there seems to be little threat to human health from the current form of the virus. It is destroyed by cooking,
Zinc-finger nucleases have recently been used to create human immune cells that are resistant to HIV (see'Designer protein tackles HIV'.
Swine flu: Nature Newsa new strain of swine flu-influenza A (H1n1)- is spreading around the globe.
This timeline will be updated continually with key dates, drawing on authoritative information from the World health organization (WHO), the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and other sources.
For more on the situation see the Nature News swine flu special, and read updates on The Great Beyond blog.
The influenza pandemic policies and responses recommended and taken by WHO were influenced not improperly by the pharmaceutical industry,
and (Tamiflu) for preventing influenza complications. An accompanying editorial says, The review and a linked investigation undertaken jointly by the BMJ
Ministry of Health of Ukraine 1103/en/index. html>reports it has recorded over 250,000 cases of influenza-like illness, with 70 deaths.
Australia begins mass swine flu vaccinations. 25 september 2009: European Medicines Agency recommends approval of two H1n1 vaccines, from Novartis and Glaxosmithkline.
Healthy victims of swine flu should not routinely be given antiviral drugs, the World health organization useantivirals 20090820/en/index. html>warns.
Two Australian companies say they have started human trials of their swine flu vaccines. 16 july 2009: WHO changes reporting requirements for H1n1
The UK moves its swine flu response from'containment'to'treatment'.'Our national focus should be on treating the increasing numbers affected by swine flu,
says health minister Andy Burnham. 29 june 2009: The first case of Tamiflu resistant swine flu has been reported in Denmark 24 june 2009:
Argentinian authorities report that a pig at a pig farm in Buenos aires province has tested positive for the novel H1n1 strain,
South africa confirms its first case of swine flu-offically marking the disease's spread into Sub-saharan africa.
The first swine flu death in Europe has been reported. A woman in Scotland who died with H1n1 had underlying health conditions, according to the Scottish government.
The world is in a full-blown influenza pandemic for the first time in 41 years. 9 june 2009: THE WHO reports that Inuit communities in Canada may be particularly hard-hit.
THE WHO has 0511/en/index. html>confirmed swine flu deaths in Canada and Costa rica, bringing the total number of countries where fatalities have occurred to four.
A modeling study in Science suggests that the virus spreads at a rate comparable to that of previous influenza pandemics.
WHO 0506d/en/index. html>confirms swine flu cases in Sweden and Guatemala. 5 may 2009: Mexico's H1n1 shutdown should begin to ease tomorrow,
The agency also announces it will refer to the virus not as swine flu but as influenza A (H1n1.
First swine-flu death outside Mexico reported as a baby dies in Texas. 161/nn200120/DE/Content/Service/Presse/Pressemitteilungen/2009/082009. html>Germany joins European countries with H1n1
and confirms three swine flu cases. THE WHO confirms 7 more cases in Canada, bringing the total number there to 13.28 April 2009:
Seven countries are now reporting 0428/en/index. html>confirmed cases of H1n1 swine flu: the United states, Mexico, Canada, New zealand, the United kingdom, Israel and Spain.
Canada reports six cases of swine flu and Spain reports one. In the United states 40 people have confirmed flu.
In Mexico 26 cases are confirmed, with 7 deaths resulting. Estimates for the true number of deaths hover around 80.
WHO director-general, Margaret Chan calls the flu problem a public health emergency of 0425/en/index. html>international concern.
Earliest onset date of swine flu reaching the United states, according to the CDC. 18 march 2009: Federal district of Mexico 0424/en/index. html>begins to pick up cases of swine flu.
California in clean-fuel drive: Nature Newsthe state of California has adopted regulations to curb greenhouse-gas emissions from transportation fuels,
In the past, work on cattle led to the development of the smallpox vaccine and in vitro fertilization techniques.
Patchy pig monitoring may hide flu threat: Nature Newspublic-health experts are warning that a lack of surveillance may be allowing the 2009 pandemic H1n1 flu virus to go undetected in pigs.
This raises the risk that the virus could circulate freely between humans and pigs, making it more likely to reassort into a deadlier strain,
Within minutes of the World health organization (WHO) announcement on 11 june that swine flu had become a pandemic, Bernard Vallat, director-general of an intergovernmental trade body,
But some experts say that is an artefact of patchy to nonexistent flu surveillance in pigs.
2009), Gavin Smith, a flu geneticist at the University of Hong kong, and his colleagues concluded that the lack of systematic swine surveillance allowed for the undetected persistence and evolution of this potentially pandemic strain for many years.
The virus originated from a mixture of swine flu strains, and pigs are an obvious part of the epidemiology of the new virus,
Yet the number of swine-flu sequences in the international Genbank database is about a tenth of that for avian flu viruses.
and a member of the organization's flu task force. It is highly likely that more pigs are infected in more places.
concedes Steve Edwards, chairman of the OIE-FAO Network of Expertise on Animal Influenza (OFFLU),
which coordinates work done by animal-flu surveillance labs worldwide, and former chief executive of the Veterinary Laboratories Agency.
Whereas flu surveillance has improved over the past six years in poultry and wild birds, pigs have been below the radar,
says Ilaria Capua, an animal-flu expert at the Experimental Animal health Care Institute of Venice in Legnaro, Italy.
The avian H5n1 flu virus leads to serious disease in poultry and causes huge economic losses,
flu viruses, although common, tend to cause only mild disease, so there is no obligation to report cases of swine flu,
much less take samples for genetic and antigenic analysis. The OIE has asked, however its member states to voluntarily report any occurrences of the 2009 pandemic virus in pigs.
Surveillance for swine flu is not something that has been high on the agenda of government services,
Most flu surveillance in pigs is passive, relying on farmers or vets sending material to government labs. Active targeted surveillance with diagnostic tests is rarer,
OFFLU has called on labs worldwide to share what information they have on swine flu, and to sequence any samples they have obtained recently.
and THE WHO on 21 may the conclusions of which were made public last week recommended scaling up flu surveillance efforts in pigs,
The European Surveillance Network for Influenza in Pigs, which was created in 2001, comprises nine European labs and one in Hong kong.
Although pigs can be infected with many subtypes of flu, the three most common endemic strains are H1n1, H1n2 and H3n2.
Capua showed that serum samples from people vaccinated against seasonal flu strains showed little or no cross reactivity against H1,
This shows that the world needs a comprehensive surveillance system of all influenza subtypes and their evolution across many animal species, says Capua:
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