Methane produced when ethanol ferments is degraded often by methanotrophic bacteria which also require oxygen. But fuel blends of 20 to 95 percent ethanol
We want the bacterial activity to eat these vapors before they reach us Alvarez said.
The bacteria will be there but they're not going to do you much good if they run out of oxygen.
The problem is bacteria that eat the methane use up all the oxygen and the ones you want to degrade benzene can't do their job
Alvarez said the paper's lead author Rice graduate student Jie Ma has done extensive work to characterize bacterial activity at spill sites.
Gabriel said by having that roadmap of the bacteria genome they will be certain there are no surprises in the Brazilian species
It is spread by a tiny insect called the Asian citrus psyllid that feeds on the trees leaving bacteria that starve the tree of nutrients.
To map the bacteria's DNA genome Gabriel's Brazilian colleagues first diced up and crushed tissue from the veins of infected citrus trees where the organism was concentrated most highly.
The team had to separate the tree DNA from that of the bacterium. DNA comprises four nucleotides
The Pandey lab also showed that G proteins function in soybean roots to affect formation of nitrogen-fixing nodules through a symbiotic relationship with certain beneficial bacteria.
As regards residues of the Type 3 the pesticide was decomposed by bacteria and the carbon contained therein was transported into the microbial biomass.
In the Kafue area a high incidence of Mycobacterium bovis in both cattle and the Kafue lechwe antilope has been detected.
This bacterium can infect humans and has been found in humans in the studied region of Namwala.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis which is the main cause of human tuberculosis has also been detected in cattle in this region.
Human tuberculosis is caused by bacteria belonging to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Sidney Malama's doctoral research shows that Mycobacterium tuberculosis which is the most prevalent tuberculosis bacterium in humans also occurs in cattle in Namwala.
In other words this bacterium is zoonotic. Malama has detected a large degree of genetic variation amongst M. tuberculosis in humans in this area of Zambia
and has also found that M. tuberculosis bacteria isolated from humans and cattle respectively are related.
The fact that this bacterium is found in cattle means that these animals can be a reservoir for human tuberculosis
and that humans can become infected with both M. bovis and M. tuberculosis by drinking unpasteurised milk
because some loci recommended by the European Reference Laboratory (EURL) for M. bovis are not suitable for genotyping the bacterium in Zambia.
and cattle and of M. bovis in humans cattle and Kafue lechwe in Namwala indicate that the same tuberculosis bacteria are circulating between humans and animals.
and this may suggest that the bacterium is transmitted between people and not just between cattle and humans.
#Perfect storm needed for salmonella to spread in postharvest tomatoesuniversity of Florida researchers have gained new insight into produce-associated salmonella that they hope will eventually reduce the number and severity of the illness-causing outbreaks.
what the researchers call a perfect storm for salmonella to proliferate in harvested tomatoes a new study shows.
It remains unclear how much each contributes to salmonella's spread but scientists say understanding the process is key to eventually curbing produce-associated outbreaks.
During the past decade fruits and vegetables have been among the foods most often linked to gastroenteritis outbreaks caused by E coli
and non-typhoidal salmonella the study said. Those outbreaks resulted in public illness and multimillion-dollar losses for the food-crop industry.
Since 2006 at least 16 salmonella outbreaks have been linked to tomatoes cantaloupes sprouts cucumbers mangoes peanut butter and peppers in addition to frozen foods containing plant products.
But UF/IFAS scientists emphasize that less than 1 percent of supermarket produce contains salmonella or E coli and the contamination becomes a problem only when it contaminates other food
or is consumed raw. Gastrointestinal illnesses caused by pathogens such as E coli and salmonella pathogens have been sporadic with scientists struggling to pinpoint exact causes
and their random nature argues for a perfect storm scenario the study said. It is now clear that salmonella
and other human pathogens can contaminate produce at any stage of the production cycle from farm to fork the UF/IFAS study said.
Marvasi said the tomato industry follows strict protocols to prevent microbial food hazards in fresh fruits and vegetables.
Faculty members Max Teplitski George Hochmuth Jerry Bartz and Marvasi all of UF's Institute of food and agricultural sciences wanted to find out which crop production factors are associated with tomato salmonella outbreaks.
and crop and pathogen genotypes affect salmonella's ability to multiply in the fruit. They grew three types of tomatoes--Bonny Best Florida-47 and Solar Fire during three production seasons over two years in Live oak and Citra.
and injected with seven strains of salmonella Marvasi said. Researchers chose those three varieties because in preliminary greenhouse experiments they showed varying degrees of salmonella resistance said Max Teplitski a UF associate professor of soil and water science.
Bonny Best is an heirloom variety often used as a control variety in plant pathogen experiments he said.
The study published by the journal PLOS One showed that particular cultivars combined with drier sunnier conditions work together to increase the chances that salmonella will spread.
Changing irrigation patterns caused little change in the potential for salmonella researchers found. Tomato maturity and cultivar particular strains of salmonella and seasonal differences were the strongest factors affecting proliferation.
And ripe tomatoes were more vulnerable than green tomatoes. Salmonella infection ranks among the most common foodborne illnesses often spread by raw
or undercooked meat poultry or eggs but sometimes results from eating contaminated produce. Symptoms can include abdominal pain fever nausea and vomiting.
In 2008 federal health officials erroneously blamed a salmonella outbreak on domestically grown tomatoes but later said imported contaminated peppers were responsible.
However in an article in the Journal of Economic Entomology called Evaluation of Tolerance to Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins Among Laboratory-Reared Western Bean Cutworm (Lepidoptera:
which is controlled not by commercial transgenic hybrids that express Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry1ab but partial control has been observed by corn varieties that express Cry1 F toxins.
In addition to causing direct injury to the plant feeding can also provide the opportunity for infection by rot-inducing bacteria and fungi.
Known as Bt corn because the proteins are derived from a bacterium called Bacillus thuringiensis these plants have been grown widely by farmers.
and bacteria be sequenced to inform research on perennial plant growth ecosystem function and plant microbe interactions.
and turmeric root (a spice used in Indian curry) before settling upon six#Curcumin known as tumeric Isoflavone from soybeans Indo-3-Carbinol from cruciferous plants C-phycocyanin from spirulina Reservatrol from grapes and Quercetin
#New vaccine against lung diseases in goats and sheepan intranasal spray was developed using local isolated bacterium in Malaysia
and it was found to provide better protection against infections by Mannheimia haemolytica bacterium than imported vaccines.
or respiratory diseases of goats and sheep caused by bacteria. It was developed and produced using sophisticated recombinant technology
which unlike the imported vaccines has been demonstrated to provide protection against bacterium infection in the small ruminants like goats and sheep.
Therefore STVAC7 was developed using local isolated bacterium that was found to be able to provide protection against infections by Mannheimia haemolytica bacterium A2 A7 and A9.
Prof Zamri said the pneumonic diseases brought about by the bacterium usually caused a mortality rate of 30%during the rainy season
#Poultry probiotics coat clues to ability to battle bugsifr researchers have characterized the coat of a potential poultry probiotic giving the first clues of how it may be used to exclude pathogenic bacteria from chickens.
Lactobacillus johnsonii has previously been shown to exclude Clostridium perfringens from the guts of poultry opening the door to it being developed as a way of reducing necrotic enteritis in poultry and food poisoning in humans.
and Biological sciences Research Council found that the bacteria make coats for themselves that play important roles in colonization in this strain.
and help in the development of these bacteria as a way of combatting C. perfringens.
which are long sugar-containing molecules that many bacteria use to encapsulate themselves. This capsule may help the bacteria to cope with environmental stress or aid colonisation and adhesion.
Different bacterial strains have different EPS structures and understanding this is important as they represent a key way bacteria interact with the world around them.'
'Characterising the EPS structures in the L. johnsonii strain is the first step to explaining how it might outcompete C. perfringens.'
'said Dr Arjan Narbad. Previous studies had identified potential genes in L. johnsonii for producing EPS giving the researchers tools to probe how the bacteria synthesise these molecules.
Knocking out the whole cluster of EPS genes meant the bacteria produced no capsule. Further analysis of the genes by IFR Phd student Enes Dertli uncovered their potential roles in the capsule biosynthesis process
but more research is needed to fully understand the system and also how it is regulated. The structures of these two EPS molecules appear to be unique to this strain.
Structural features such as the phosphorylation patterns are likely to be a major influence on how well bacteria adhere.
Other structural modifications such as acetylation are thought to help protect the EPS from the enzymes produced by gut bacteria.
This strain of Lactobacillus johnsonii is now being taken through farm-scale trials to assess its potential use to combat pathogenic infections of poultry by bacteria such as C. perfringens.
#Probiotics reduce piglet pathogenspiglets fed probiotic Enterococcus faecium showed reduced numbers of potentially pathogenic Escherichia coli strains in their intestines according to a team of German researchers.
We found a clear reduction of E coli strains possessing typical genes for extra-intestinal pathogenic E coli (Expec) says Bednorz.
but reduced infections by Chlamydia spp. and pathogenic E coli according to the report. In the study Bednorz and her collaborators compared piglets fed with E. faecium to those in a control group.
They collected more than 1400 samples of E coli from piglets of different ages and from different parts of the intestine.
While a number of strains of E coli are pathogenic non-pathogenic E coli contributes to the maintenance of the microbial gut balance according to the report.
which did not influence the overall intestinal E coli diversity corroborating previous data according to the report.
Thus the researchers conclude the results suggest that E. faecium inhibits pathogenic E coli from becoming attached to the intestinal mucosa.
Weakens the immune systemtick-bites in sheep may result in the disease tick-borne fever (TBF) induced by the bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum (A. ph). TBF causes high fever
It is estimated that approximately 300000 lambs are exposed to this bacteria each year However they do not necessarily die from the infection says tick researcher Lise Grã¸va at Bioforsk Organic at Tingvoll in Norway.
The direct cause of death due to TBF is often an acute pasteurella infection--a bacterial disease
It prevents new bacteria from entering the bloodstream. Bacteria can survive in the body for a long time
and can attack and cause disease if the immune system is weakened. There are no exact figures as to how many lives ticks take compared to predators.
Could infect humansthe A. ph bacteria can also infect humans through tick bites. However there is little knowledge of the occurrence and the consequences of this.
The bacterium is absorbed not through the gut and it will not survive freezing treatment or boiling.
Instead the hardy Norsemen and early inhabitants of Russia and Canada have called microorganisms cyanobacteria to mostly thank for abundant grasses that attracted game to hunt
Discovering that cyanobacteria in the floodplains were responsible for nitrogen fixation--that is taking it from the atmosphere
whether farmers today might reduce fertilizer use by taking advantage of cyanobacteria that occur not just in the floodplains studied
In these uplands feather mosses create a microhabitat for cyanobacteria which fix a modest amount of nitrogen that mostly stays on site in soils trees and shrubs.
On the floodplains high rates of nitrogen fixation occur in thick slimy black mats of cyanobacteria growing in seasonably submerged sediments and coating the exposed roots and stems of willows and sedges.
'because there are almost impenetrable tangles of willow tree roots in places like a micro version of the tropical and subtropical mangroves that are known to harbor highly active colonies of cyanobacteria Deluca said.
in spite of the dark cold snowy winters of Northern Sweden the cyanobacteria there fix nitrogen at rates similar to those living the life in the toasty sun-warmed Florida Everglades.
The amount of nitrogen provided by the cyanobacteria to unharvested willows and sedges is perhaps a quarter of
Meanwhile cyanobacteria naturally occurring in farm soils aren't fixing nitrogen at all in the presence of all that fertilizer they just don't expend the energy
Although modest in comparison to modern fertilization the observation that cyanobacteria could drive the productivity of these boreal floodplain systems so effectively for so long makes one question
whether cyanobacteria could be used to maintain the productivity of agricultural systems without large synthetic nitrogen fertilizer inputs he said.
Cultivating soil continuously for too long destroys the bacteria which convert the organic matter into nutrients says Mary Scholes who is a Professor in the School of Animal Plant and Environmental sciences at Wits University.
The results showed that a poorly understood phylum of bacteria Verrucomicrobia dominated the microbial communities in the soil.
which causes blood vessels to constrict during bacterial infections. At the same time mammals have evolved immune responses to venom which in some cases escalate into maladaptive allergic reactions.
#Buying breast milk online is likely to cause illness in infantsresults from a study led by researchers at Nationwide Children's Hospital found more than three-fourths of breast milk samples purchased over the Internet contained bacteria that can cause illness
We were surprised so many samples had such high bacterial counts and even fecal contamination in the milk most likely from poor hand hygiene.
We were surprised also a few samples contained salmonella said Sarah A. Keim Phd principal investigator in the Center for Biobehavioral Health.
Other harmful bacteria may have come from the use of either unclean containers or unsanitary breast milk pump parts.
Because the milk banks pasteurize their milk harmful bacteria are killed before the milk reaches an infant unlike milk purchased online.
Even before pasteurization the milk bank samples were less likely to contain several types of bacteria
and had lower bacterial growth in many instances. Shipping practices also played a role in the levels of bacteria in the milk purchased online.
The longer the shipping time the more contaminated the milk. Nineteen percent of sellers did not include dry ice
Researchers found particularly high levels of one or more types of bacteria in 17 percent of the samples.
but the types of bacteria found in the online samples contained bacteria that could cause illnesses known to be linked to contaminated breast milk.
and the milk is pasteurized limiting the risk of bacterial illness said Dr. Keim. Human breast milk can help strengthen the immune system
Milk sold online and contaminated with bacteria that causes illness can be particularly harmful for premature infants
life-threatening illnesstreating premature infants with probiotics the dietary supplements containing live bacteria that many adults take to help maintain their natural intestinal balance may be effective for preventing a common
The products tested in the study were two genetically different strains of bifidobacteria normal inhabitants of the gastroentestinal tract that inhibit the growth of harmful pathogens and bacteria:
Bifidobacterium longum subspecies infantis (B. infantis) and Bifidobacterium animalis lactis (B. lactis. Laboratory analysis of bacteria of fecal samples from the infants found that B. infantis was more effective at colonizing bifidobacteria the healthy bacteria in the newborns'gastrointestinal tracts than B. lactis.
The highest fecal levels of bifidobacteria were found in the infants who were fed breastmilk and received the B. infantis probiotic Underwood said.
In addition the harmful bacteria known as Î-Proteobacteria decreased in the breast milk-fed babies who received B. infantis.
and B. lactis did not experience a decline in the Î-Proteobacteria which typically increases at the onset of NEC and can cause serious tissue-damaging infections in the gastrointestinal system lungs and other organs of the body.
#Salt-tolerant bacteria improve crop yieldsuzbek microbiologist Dilfuza Egamberdieva hopes to apply her new agricultural technique soon in Uzbekistan to boost the yield of economically important crops such as wheat cotton tomato and cucumber.
Egamberdieva group leader at the National University of Uzbekistan at Tashkent has isolated salt-tolerant bacterial strains that live in salt-degraded soils where they help the rooting process in plants.
After the selection of potentially root-colonizing bacteria she has tested them in experimental settings on plants'roots obtaining 10-15%yields increase.
and specific bacteria convert the atmospheric nitrogen absorbed by plants into a more usable form (ammonia).
Egamberdieva has been studying soil bacterial communities for more than 10 years. She has noticed that salty soils discourage bacterial growth
and stress plants at the same time. In addition as she has repeatedly proven salty soils often host bacteria that are noxious for humans.
In her investigation Egamberdieva has spotted beneficial soil salt-resistant bacteria that help plants grow better causing no harm to men.
These bacteria are found around the roots of plants. We found that bacteria from the Pseudomonas family in particular Pseudomonas extremorientalis are salt-resistant
and grow close to the roots where they compete with other bacteria for colonization. On the contrary pathogenic bacteria cannot actively colonize the plants'roots.
Here Pseudomonas produce antibiotics that plants use to defend themselves against fungi trigger the rooting process
and produce nodulation-promoting factors thus giving the vegetation better chances to fix nitrogen and grow bigger.
As an exchange for these favours plants secrete exudates useful for the bacteria. To better exploit these useful bacterial strains the Uzbek microbiologist has come up with a technique that allows the selective enrichment of Pseudomonas strains.
Using her technique which has already been patented Egamberdieva is able to isolate from the soil only beneficial root-stimulating bacteria.
We have completed already some experiments both in protected greenhouses and in open fields working in close contact with local farmers said Egamberdieva who is engaged also in promotion campaigns with the government and in outreach campaigns among farmers.
Crops treated with the bacterial fertilizers give yields 12-15%higher than normal when bacteria are administered to tomatoes and cucumber.
Soon Egamberdieva hopes she will be given the green light to test her findings on real fields
thus helping farmers achieve better products. Her research has been supported mostly by international organizations and funding agencies.
Egamberdieva has been invited to present her results at the TWAS's 24th General Meeting in Buenos aires where she has been awarded one of the TWAS Prizes.
This insects alongside some fungi bacteria and viruses cause annual loses of between four and ten percent of all the stored grains worldwide mainly corn wheat sorghum rice and beans.
Many bacterial fungal and oomycete pathogens deliver protein effectors--molecules the pathogens secrete--into the cells of hosts to manipulate
and bacteria can help break down the rest but adds nitrogen shifts the ability of bacteria to compete
so we are hoping to find out more about the role of fungi in the decomposition of organic matter in soil.
and cell biology at Rice to make use of two tailored forms of E coli bacteria created by Rice graduate student Chen Ye.
Unlike the fungi that use this communication method in soil the E coli could be grown in clear agar gels in a petri dish
which meant the E coli on that side had trouble hearing the sender Silberg said. That upheld our hypothesis which was that biochar could interfere with cell signaling most likely by binding with the fatty-acid molecules that the speakers were using to broadcast their message.
when confronted with an invasive but beneficial bacteria known as rhizobia bacteria. When the bacteria interact correctly with a crop the bacteria receive some food from the plant and simultaneously produce nitrogen that most plants need.
In his study Stacey found that many other crops recognize the bacteria but do not attempt to interact closely with them.
The problem is that corn tomatoes and other crops have a different response and don't support an intimate interaction with the rhizobia
since these other plants recognize the bacteria. It's a good first step. When legumes like soybeans sense a signal from the bacteria they create nodules where the bacteria gather
and produce atmospheric nitrogen that the plants can then use to stimulate their growth. This reaction doesn't happen in other plants.
Meanwhile corn tomatoes and other crops are still trying to defend themselves against this bacteria.
when exposed to the chemical signal from the rhizobia bacteria. They found that the plants did receive the signal and like legumes inhibited the normal plant immune system.
However soybeans corn and these other plants don't complete the extra step of forming nodules to allow the bacteria to thrive.
The important finding was that these other plants didn't just ignore the rhizobia bacteria Stacey said.
and get them to activate a different mechanism that will produce the nodules that attract the bacteria instead of trying to fight them.
Clearly both native and exotic plants form intimate relationships with bacteria in the soil that facilitate the extraction and conversion of elements to biologically usable forms.
Since changes in the soil nitrogen cycle are driven by microbes could bacteria associated with invasive species not only be observed responsible for the changes in soil nutrient concentrations
Subsequent literature searches led to the discovery that sugar cane an agriculturally important crop is a nitrogen fixer that contains bacterial endophytes
whether the differences in soil nutrient concentrations found in an invaded prairie could be due to metabolic processes of the bacterial microbiome associated with the invasive grass
By isolating five bacterial strains of endophytes found inside S. halepense rhizomes (subterranean stems used for storage
By acquiring soil bacteria S. halepense increases the bioavailable nitrogen and phosphorus in the soil and has increased rhizome production and aboveground biomass
and ecosystem functions like nutrient cycling are connected more intimately to micro-scale influences than we might expect summarizes Rout Rout's fascination with bacterial endophytes continues;
The new findings indicate that the bacterial disease interferes with starch and sugar metabolism in young
and the bacteria are resistant to being grown in the laboratory the only option for halting transmission of citrus greening has been to apply chemical pesticides to control the insect that spreads the bacteria Dandekar said.
It is caused by three species of the Candidatus Liberibacter bacteria including Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus which is known by the acronym Calas.
These bacteria are carried from tree to tree by two species of the citrus psyllid a winged insect that is about one-eighth inch long
As the citrus psyllid feeds on a leaf it can pick up the bacteria from a diseased tree
and introduce the bacteria to a non-infected tree. These disease-causing bacteria reside in the tree's phloem--the vascular tissue that carries vital nutrients throughout the tree.
The disease affects most citrus species causing yellowing of shoots blotchy and mottled leaves lopsided and poorly colored fruit and loss of viable seeds.
However the citrus psyllid that transmits the bacteria was first found in California in 2008
Earlier sequencing of the Calas bacteria genome showed that there were no toxins or enzymes that would destroy plant cell walls
The researchers anticipate that these discoveries will lead the way to new tests for detecting the bacteria and thus the presence of HLB in orchard trees.
#Model to study human response to bacteria that cause peptic ulcers developedresearchers at the Virginia Bioinformatics Institute at Virginia Tech have developed a new large animal model to study how the immune system interacts with the stomach bacterium Helicobacter pylori the leading
Although the bacterium is found in more than half the world s population most people do not develop diseases.
In addition to its role as a pathogen the bacteria have beneficial effects preventing certain chronic inflammatory and metabolic diseases including Type 2 diabetes and obesity.
When bacteria reside within host cells the immune system typically recruits a type of white blood cell called T cells#in this case CD8+cytotoxic T cells#to destroy the infected cells.
Bt maize and resistance developmentgenetically engineered maize is created by introducing a gene into the plant genome that expresses a toxic protein from a bacterium i e.
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt. Both the leaves and stems of Bt maize produce this toxin which destroys the gut of any moth larvae eating the plant.
#More and more Danes infected with MRSA bacteriain 2012 1556 Danes were found positive with methicillin-resistant staphylococci--MRSA.
MRSA bacteria are resistant to antimicrobial agents that are essential for treatment of treating life-threatening infections in humans.
The problem with people who are carrying MRSA is that the bacteria can spread at hospitals if not discovered in time.
FACTSMRSA bacteria MRSA is short for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. When bacteria are exposed to antimicrobial agents they protect themselves by developing resistance.
They do so by altering their DNA--either through mutation or by transferring resistance genes between bacteria.
It is therefore important to only use antimicrobial agents as required to prevent overuse. Staphylococci are bacteria found in humans animals and in our surrounding environment.
Staphylococcus aureus is part of the normal nasal and skin flora in approx. 50%of the population.
Staphylococcus aureus can cause a wide range of infections ranging from superficial wounds and abscesses to serious infections such as Osteitis and Endocarditis.
In hospitals Staphylococcus aureus is the most frequent cause of post-surgery infections. In 2012 MRSA was identified in 1556 people.
This represents an increase of 20%on 2011 when 1292 people were infected. Only 67 people were infected at hospitals
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