when bacteria living in the mouth digest carbohydrate debris left on the teeth after you eat.
When digesting these carbohydrates bacteria in your mouth produce an acid that combines with saliva to form that nasty stuff your dentist warned you about:
Eventually the acid and bacteria in plaque can eat through the other layers of your teeth as well from the softer layer of teeth under the enamel known as dentin to the third layer (the pulp)
because the acid created by mouth bacteria sticks around for 30 minutes after you eat or drink.
First the levels of sulforaphane precursors which are the compounds that are converted into active sulforaphane by the bacteria within the gut are highly variable in different varieties of broccoli.
or bacteria-like and thrived on carbon dioxide (CO2). But photosynthesizing bacteria used up CO2 and produced poisonous to those bacteria oxygen (O2) that eventually filled the atmosphere.
To make matters worse the drop in atmospheric CO2 plunged the Earth into a massive deep freeze that has come to be called the Snowball Earth Event.
To make yogurt you simply use bacteria while kefir calls for both bacteria and yeast.
In both yogurt and kefir bacteria ferments the lactose found in milk into lactic acid giving these products a tangy flavor.
Additionally the yeast in kefir transforms lactose into carbon dioxide (with a small amount of alcohol.
It has three times the probiotic content the healthy bacteria that block harmful bacteria from living in your gut that yogurt has.
and food particles that team up with bacteria to form plaque. Plaque produces acid that damages tooth enamel causes cavities and sets the stage for periodontal or gum disease.</
and green teas slow the growth of bacteria associated with cavities and gum disease. Researchers at the University of Illinois at Chicago found that people who rinsed their mouths with<a href=http://www. livescience. com/10053-bottled-brewed-study-reveals-healthiest-teas. html>black tea</a>for one minute 10 times
</p><p>Tea undermines the ability of some bacteria to clump together with other bacteria the researchers said.<
Polyphenols suppress the genes of bacteria that control the production of smelly compounds in the mouth"
Like a river saliva washes out some of the bacteria in the mouth" she said.</
Sugar helps bacteria stick to the tooth surface letting them produce plaque Wu said. Raisins are also a source of phytochemicals
which may kill cavity-causing plaque bacteria. Some compounds in raisins also affect the growth of bacteria associated with gum disease Wu has found.</
</p><p>It takes serious chewing to break down foods such as carrots apples and cucumbers. But all that crunching isn'
and settling on teeth bacteria get cleared away.</</p><p>Foods containing calcium — such as cheese almonds and leafy greens —
Chewing boosts saliva secretion clearing away some bacteria Wu said. The keyword here is "
Bacteria rely on sucrose to produce plaque Wu said.</</p><p>In a study published in the Journal of the American Dental Association in July Wu
Nowadays buttermilk is cultured by adding live lactic acid bacteria generally Lactococcus lactis or Lactobacillus bulgaricus to low-fat milk.
Like kefir yogurt probiotics and other products containing live bacterial cultures buttermilk reportedly has numerous health benefits as proponents claim.
Though it won't contain any live bacterial cultures a tangy version of buttermilk can be made by adding a teaspoon of vinegar
The researchers from the University of Copenhagen in Denmarkspeculated that the difference in diabetes risk may be related to gut bacteria.
The mothers and pups in the gluten-free group had increased levels of certain gut bacteria compared with those on the regular diet.
Gut bacteria are known to play a role in the immune system's development the researchers said
which the immune system attacks the cells of the pancreas that produce insulin. 5 Ways Gut Bacteria Affect Your Health
Lactic acid-producing bacteria had colonized Lyuba's body essentially pickling her and making her unappetizing to would-be scavengers Fisher said.
Such sores are likely the result of bacteria from the person's own body infecting an opening in the skin made by scratching according to the CDC.
A new genetic analysis of bony nodules found in a 700-year-old skeleton from Italy reveal that the man had brucellosis a bacterial infection caught from livestock
Such nodules are often a sign of tuberculosis a lung infection caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Instead the bony nodule held the DNA signature of the bacterium Brucella melitensis the microbe that causes brucellosis.
Low levels of stomach acid can also lead to overgrowth of bacteria in the small intestine These bacteria in turn leach Vitamin b12 from the body.
and drought better than maize and pulque could have provided vital calories most essential nutrients and probiotic bacteria.
They focused on residues of the alcohol-making bacterium Zymomonas mobilis which gives pulque its punch.
Some foods may increase a pregnant woman's risk for other types of food poisoning including illness caused by salmonella and E coli bacteria.
#Livestock Workers May Carry Staph Bacteria from Pigs Workers who handle livestock may carry antibiotic-resistant bacteria in their noses after they leave the farm.
A small study of hog workers in North carolina found that many carried staph bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus)
This is not done to fight bacterial infections but rather to promote the animals'health and speed up their growth.
However the increasing use of antibiotics has encouraged the evolution of drug-resistant strains of bacteria.
There is now even a livestock-associated strain of MRSA a bacterial strain that in humans can cause debilitating sometimes deadly infections
When the bacteria do cause an infection it usually isn't life-threatening. Staph infections can become more serious problems
Some of the workers still had the bacteria in their noses even after they spent four days off work and away from the hog farm.
The bacteria may have a greater chance of spreading to the workers'families communities and even into hospitals if the bacteria linger in the workers'noses after they leave the hog operation the researchers said.
Previous research has shown that people who persistently carry Staphylococcus aureus have increased an risk of infection in clinical settings.
To do that we need to learn more not just about how long workers carry bacteria in their noses
The oldest things in the Oldest Living things are bacteria that are half a million years old.
The bacteria perform photosynthesis which in essence gives us the origin story of our atmosphere paving the way for the rest of life to Come in addition to reaching back to the beginning of life On earth
I want to look at this clonal desert organism and this coral and these bacteria. That's the benefit of coming at something from a different angle.
The team was looking for priobiotic bacteria that could be fermented with sausage and would survive the acidic digestive tract such as the bacteria found alive in human feces.
So they turned to dirty diapers: They collected priobiotic bacteria samples from the diapers of healthy infants who were up to 6 months old.
Ultimately they made a kind of Mediterranean fermented pork sausage called fuet which included a strain of bacteria from infant feces.
Pooperoni anyone? Follow Jeanna Bryner on Twitter and Google+.+Follow us@livescience Facebook & Google+.
These dates are worked out by measuring the amount of genetic diversity among all known strains of TB bacteria
Perhaps the bacteria that cause TB do not diversify at a constant rate but rather have a pattern that speeds
and nothing can kill the buzz of spring like an allergy or a bacterial infection.
which carry the bacteria that cause Lyme disease are most active during the spring early summer and fall.
Sloths have a four-part stomach that slowly digests the leaves with bacteria. It can take up to a month for a sloth to digest one meal.
Diarrhea or loose bowel movements also is caused by many factors most commonly by viruses bacteria or an allergic reaction.
Perhaps surprising passing gas from morning through the night is normal and healthy the natural byproduct of your gut bacteria digesting your food.
With each cleansing you are flushing away beneficial bacteria and electrolytes. Nearly 1000 species of bacteria reside in the colon
and aid in the final stages of digestion including water absorption and the fermentation of fibers and vitamin absorption particularly vitamins K B1 B2 B7 and B12.
Just as volcanic ash entombed the citizens of the ancient Roman city dental plaque preserved bacteria and food particles on the skeletons'teeth.
Researchers analyzed dental plaque from skeletons in a medieval cemetery in Germany and found that the mouths of these aged humans were home to many of the same bacterial invaders that cause gum disease in the mouths of modern humans.
The discovery of these bacteria also revealed clues to the dental hygiene and diets of these centuries-old humans according to the study detailed today (Feb 24) in the journal Nature Genetics. 5 Surprising Ways to Banish Bad
but it turns out to be a great time capsule for preserving the bacteria (or microbiome) and bits of food on the teeth of humans long after they die.
The sticky bacteria on teeth trapped particles of food and other debris and over time the calcium phosphate in saliva the same mineral found in bones
The team reconstructed the genome of a major bacterial pathogen and recovered some of the first evidence of food molecules from ancient dental plaque.
Radiation is known to have harmful effects on microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. Recent research has found that radiation therapy can cause severe complications in cancer patients by reducing the populations of helpful bacteria in the intestines.
Infographic: How Radiation Affects the Human body Mousseau and other researchers are concerned that the buildup of leaf litter on the forest floor presents a real danger.
which contains just milk and bacterial cultures. Anything else is created industry yogurt-based snack food. And for fish poultry beef and pork minimal labeling is needed.
#Bacteria in Wine May Bring Health Benefits There are bacteria in wine that may be beneficial for people's health new research finds.
In the study researchers in Spain isolated 11 strains of bacteria from wine including strains of Lactobacillus
and Pediococcus bacteria which are associated with the wine-making process. Up to now many studies have reported that the best foods to deliver probiotics are fermented dairy products
Consuming probiotics may be beneficial primarily for maintaining a healthy community of gut bacteria and bowel function she said adding that probiotics have also been reported to possibly have anticancer and cholesterol-lowering properties.
In the study the researchers examined the ability of the bacteria they isolated from wine to survive in conditions similar to those found in the human gastrointestinal system.
Bacteria in any food product must to be able to survive in the hostile environment of the gastrointestinal tract
whether the bacteria in wine could survive when exposed to simulated gastric juice bile and lysozyme an enzyme that is highly concentrated in human saliva that can damage bacterial cell walls.
They found that the bacteria could survive in such conditions and their survival was comparable to
or even better than the survival of several strains of bacteria known to be beneficial to human health.
The investigators also looked at how well the bacteria in wine might stick to the walls of the human intestine by growing human intestine cells in a lab dish.
They found the bacteria did stick and therefore the bacteria may provide beneficial effects such as the exclusion of pathogens
or harmful bacteria from the intestine they wrote in the study. In particular one strain of bacteria found in wine called P. pentosaceus CIAL-86 had an excellent ability to stick to the intestinal wall
and good activity against E coli the researchers said. The probiotic properties of the lactic-acid bacteria isolated from wine are similar to those of probiotics that come from foods like dairy products such as fermented milk
or yogurt and dry sausages and foods of plant origin such as sauerkraut and olives fruits cereals meat or fish she said.
The new findings do not mean however that drinking a couple glasses of wine a day will provide the same health benefits as eating a food like yogurt she said.
Even though the moderate consumption of wine which she defined as two glasses per day may confer certain health benefits wine does not currently provide a sufficient amount of probiotics to be beneficial
because many of the bacteria are eliminated during a process called sulfating which stabilizes wine she said.
#Food safety Returns To Nature (ISNS) Outbreaks of foodborne diseases carried by bacteria can be a nuisance at best and deadly at worst.
Bacteriophages are viruses that specifically attack bacteria. These phages as researchers call them have evolved alongside bacteria
and become very good at what they do. Scientists are interested most in lytic phages viruses that inject their DNA into a bacterium
and then hijack the cell s machinery to make new copies of the virus. The copies eventually burst through bacterium s membrane killing it
and attack neighboring cells. Recently a team of researchers at Purdue University in West Lafayette Indiana developed a cocktail of different phages that was extremely effective against Escherichia coli o157:
they only target bacteria. It s highly unlikely that they will ever evolve to cause diseases for humans or animals.
The bacteria on the other hand are highly virulent.##oe Phages are not human pathogens. The bacteria are the human pathogens#said Paul Ebner a professor of animal sciences at Purdue
and the lead author of the E coli study. Sulakvelidze added that phage bio-control products are an alternative to chemical washes
and irradiation two mechanisms commonly used to kill bacteria in ready-to-eat food products. Phages are much more specific usually one phage targets only one species of bacteria.
They kill the pathogenic bad#bacteria while leaving the naturally occurring good#bacteria intact making a more nutritious product.
Researchers are also looking into ways to treat bacterial infections in livestock using phages but Sulakvelidze said that results from these tests are inconclusive so far.
However if phages prove successful in this way it would greatly reduce the need for antibiotics in livestock
and potentially eliminate the need to treat food products with phages. Naturally there is also a push to find a use for phages in humans.
Antibiotic resistance in bacteria is a crisis. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention each year in the United states at least two million people become infected with bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics
and at least 23000 people die each year as a direct result of these infections.##Phages are a hopeful alternative.
But now that many bacteria are resistant to one or more antibiotics phages are making a comeback.
Bacteria can become resistant to phages as well. But one type of bacteria usually only develops resistance to one or two types of phages
which is why researchers use a cocktail. The probability that one type of bacteria can become resistant to multiple phages at once is extremely low according to both Gill and Ebner.
But numerous obstacles obstruct the path to phage therapy in humans in the U s. Regulations make phages difficult to patent.
or destroy the bacteria the fastest#said Ebner. Hope still abounds for phages though.##oethey re the most abundant organism you can find in nature.
and found that the chemical and bacterial composition matched the snacks buried with the mummies.
I remember thinking that bacteria was a bad word. It represented something that should be avoided at all costs.
In fact our intestines have more than 500 types of bacteria. Some are beneficial and some are not.
Our diet and lifestyle can help to keep the balance of good and bad bacteria in check.
One way to do this is to consume beneficial bacteria also known as probiotics. The World health organization defines probiotics as live microorganisms which
For example some research shows that two common types of beneficial bacteria Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria may regulate cancer growth
Here are three ways to increase your body's beneficial bacteria-load naturally. 1. Eat more yogurt.
You may be wondering how beneficial bacteria can survive in your body. How do these microorganisms eat?
whether you feed the good bacteria or the bad ones. Beneficial bacteria thrive on things like fiber
while harmful bacteria thrive on sugars and alcohols. So consume more fiber-packed foods such as leafy greens oatmeal and whole grains.
Healthy Bites appears weekly on Live Science. Deborah Herlax Enos is certified a nutritionist and a health coach
when there are research companies around the world spending millions to create products containing patented strains of probiotic bacteria for targeting specific ailments.
But it was reported recently that probiotic bacteria found in common fermented foods such as yogurt can reach the gut in high numbers increasing the likelihood of beneficial effects from consuming these foods.
Although all this doesn t prove that probiotics confer a health benefit the study authors speculate that probiotic bacteria
This helps prevent bacteria from building up. According to Dr. Margaret Culotta-Norton a dentist in Washington D c. and former president of the D c. Dental Society this also helps babies become used to having something in their mouths
Methane-producing bacteria in wetlands thrive when there's more water. Greenhouse Gases: The Biggest Emitters (Infographic) One mystery in the global methane record is why Asia's strong economic growth
One study by researchers at University of California Berkeley found that anarcardic acid is effective at killing the bacteria that causes acne as well as that which causes tooth decay and the erosion of tooth enamel.
A search of plant genome databases found them to contain no genes comparable to those of certain bacteria known to make the gas.
Those bacteria are needed to break down grass and other delicacies in her fibrous diet but could also pose an infection risk.
Insects can become resistant to individual insecticides in much the same way as bacteria develop resistance to antibiotics.
One of the most common'pyramided'crops on the market is cotton that produces two different'Bt'toxins made naturally by the bacterium Bacillus thuringensis.
Proprietary bacteria then ingest the gases and produce ethanol says chief marketing officer Wesley Bolsen.
and gasoline-producing bacterial reactors to new methods for making light-emitting diodes and synthetic enzymes for capturing carbon dioxide from industrial emissions.
Research has shown how dirty piglets obtain'friendly'bacteria that help them to develop healthy immune systems later in life.
They also indicate that manipulating gut bacteria early in life might reduce allergies and other autoimmune diseases, says Denise Kelly, a gut immunologist at the University of Aberdeen, UK and one of the study's authors.
The study found that 90%of bacteria in the guts of the outdoor piglets came from the phylum Firmicutes.
In contrast, the Firmicutes bacteria made up less than 70%and just more than 50%of the gut flora in indoor and isolated bred pigs respectively.
The pigs also had much smaller proportions of bacteria from the lactobacillaceae family. The team also found that the differences in gut microbial communities affected the expression of genes associated with the piglets'immune system.
according to research showing that dirty piglets pick up'friendly'bacteria that help them to develop robust immune systems later in life.
The study found that 90%of bacteria in the guts of the outdoor piglets came from the phylum Firmicutes.
a family of bacteria known for their ability to limit intestinal pathogens such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella species. By contrast,
Pigs from these cleaner environments also had much smaller proportions of bacteria from the Lactobacillaceae.
patients with Crohn's also have reduced overall bacterial diversity, similar to the outdoor pigs, suggesting that the results might not extrapolate directly to human disease.
researchers have engineered a bacterium that can convert a form of raw plant biomass directly into clean, road-ready diesel.
a modified Escherichia coli bacterium that can make biodiesel directly from sugars or hemicellulose, a component of plant fibre (see page 559).
The team then inserted genes from other bacteria to produce enzymes able to break down hemicellulose.
The crop carries a gene from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), and was developed by Mahyco-Monsanto Biotech, a joint venture between the Jalna-based Maharashtra Hybrid Seed Company and the US seed giant Monsanto,
Environmental groups and some countries have had longstanding concerns about the risk of genes spreading from crops to bacteria and increasing bacterial antibiotic resistance.
and concluded that the risk of transfer of antibiotic resistance from plants to bacteria was remote,
and that bacteria resistant to the antibiotics were already present in soil, animals and humans.
Q fever, caused by Coxiella burnetii bacteria, is harboured in mammals, birds and even insects. It can trigger abortions in goats and sheep and causes flu-like symptoms and sometimes pneumonia in humans.
cut down on the amount of bacteria in the goats'milk and afterbirth during lambing season the following year1.
whether one fast-spreading strain of the bacteria is causing human cases of the disease.
The french agricultural research institute, will start by looking at how the bacteria spreads in mice.
from understanding how the bacteria are distributed at such a large scale to correlating measurements of BACTERIAL DNA levels in bulk milk tank samples with infection rates.
Soil bacteria could yield drug to treat roundworm: Nature Newsa bacterial protein used in a common pesticide kills intestinal parasitic roundworms in mice
The new approach, published today in PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases1, uses crystal proteins from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt.
This bacterium is a natural soil predator of nematodes, says author Raffi Aroian from the University of California,
San diego. The bacterium can kill the worm, he adds, and it has a great track record for safety around vertebrates.
which are engineered to produce pest-killing toxins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis, use less insecticide. Increased planting of herbicide-tolerant crops may also have reduced the use of many herbicides that linger in soil and waterways
In 1997, the Chinese government approved the commercial cultivation of cotton plants genetically modified to produce a toxin from the bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) that is deadly to the bollworm Helicoverpa armigera.
The bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) is now the most commonly used microbicide to control mosquitoes worldwide
a variety of aubergine modified to produce a protein from the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) bacterium that is toxic to insect pests.
In ongoing experiments, Hawlena is getting intriguing results by looking at the different kinds of soil bacteria that thrive on stressed or unstressed grasshopper corpses.
whether the physiological effects of stress on grasshoppers scale up to plants, soil, bacteria and onwards,
Nature Newsscientists in Uganda will next week start field trials of a banana variety genetically engineered to resist a bacterial disease that has been decimating crops across Central africa.
The crops produce a toxin that is made naturally by the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis called Bt toxin.
coaxing digesting bacteria to work harder and longer and to produce new hydrocarbon products. It's not a lack of interest or a lack of feedstock or anything like that,
caused by the bacterium Coxiella burnetii, can trigger abortions in goats and sheep and cause flu-like symptoms and sometimes pneumonia in humans.
Nature Newsa slime mould long thought to hunt bacteria as prey turns out to have unexpected abilities: according to researchers in Texas, some of the amoebae are actually farmers,
husbanding their bacterial'crops'much as some ant species farm fungus. As social amoebae, slime moulds are bizarre creatures that live as individual singled-celled organisms while feeding,
But now, a selection of the soil-dwelling species Dictyostelium discoideum have been shown to husband their bacterial food source.
By prudently harvesting the bacteria and then migrating with them, the amoebae are seed able to a new food source at their destination.
shows that this'bacterial husbandry'is similar to the behaviour of other social animals, such as fungus-farming ants although compared to the ants,
It was thought previously that slime moulds were strictly predators of bacteria, forming the multicellular slug when scant food supplies prompted a move to new hunting grounds.
and noticed that some of these seemed to have bacteria in their reproductive structures, alongside their spores.
The team showed that the bacteria carried by the amoebae had the potential to initiate new populations in the lab,
The researchers dubbed the bacteria-carrying amoebae, which made up one-third of all clones in the wild population,'
If they then end up in an area that lacks sufficient edible bacteria, they can rely on their own supply to seed a new population for harvest.
Dictyostelium farmers seem sometimes to benefit from their husbandry skills even in natural soil that harbours a variety of bacteria,
because they can bring along bacteria of their choice, just as humans plant seeds in areas with naturally growing vegetation.
When the researchers compared the success of the farmers and non-farmers in areas of abundant edible bacteria
However, it would be interesting to know to what extent they allow the bacteria to proliferate at the new location.
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