Particle

Accelerator (85)

Synopsis: Particle:

and when the electrons flow from one material to another, energy is released. This was discovered by Luigi Galvani in 1780

reducing resistance and allowing for freer movement of electrons oe thus producing more energy. They also increased the energy output by slicing the potato into four or five pieces,

The decades long assertion that our solar system would soon enter an electrically charged life altering photon belt around the Sirius star system has been dismissed regularly as pseudo sciencenasa speak for conspiracy theory#.

Until now New Discoveries Confirming Old Assertions Although they re still not making any direct connections to the photon belt assertions,

a plant s molecular machinery generates more electrons than the Rubisco carbohydrate-producing engine can handle.

A lot of those electrons get thrown away, #she said. In this sense, photosynthesis is like a badly connected electrical grid,

Photosystem I contains chlorophyll, the protein that actually converts photons into a flow of electrons.

Electron-Based Information Storage Yes, Moore s Law is still in effect, but we are still a long ways from using electrons as the basis for our storage medium.

This one will undoubtedly be an exhibitor s nightmare because nano-sized technology is tough to display.

#The oldest joke in the automotive world is the one about the loose nut between the gas pedal and the steering wheel.

I ramp that whisper up to the sound of a 747 at full throttle takeoff. I can have the sound all the way from very benign up to pretty irritating.

Electron-Based Information Storage Yes, Moore s Law is still in effect, but we are still a long ways from using electrons as the basis for our storage medium.

How long will it be before this happens and how will achieving this milestone for ultra tiny storage particle change the tech industry?

s because the electrons that spin around the nucleus of a mercury atom have just weak links

because they challenged the faith<a href=http://www. economist. com/node/15543906>as recounted by The Economist</a p><a href=http://news. discovery. com/history/ancient-egypt/dead-sea-scrolls-protons

>When the universe was about 380000 years old it had cooled to about 3000 K cool enough for electrons to attach to nuclei and form atomic matter in highly excited states.

This produced a massive flux of photons near the visible range (typical of excited atoms) that filled the early universe.

In fact physicists have been able to send tiny particles called muons which are similar to electrons forward in time by manipulating the gravity around them.

Ancient Mars Could Have supported Primitive Life NASA Says</a p><p></p><p>A newfound particle discovered at the world's largest atom smasher last year is indeed a Higgs boson the particle thought to explain how other

</p><p>Physicists announced on July 4 2012 that with more than 99 percent certainty they had found a new elementary particle weighing about 126 times the mass of the proton that was likely the long-sought Higgs boson.

Newfound Particle Is a Higgs Boson</a p><p></p><p>A medieval headstone and skeleton have been found underneath a parking lot in Scotland

and confirm that the Earth formed from materials from the sun.</p><p>The wacky particles are called geoneutrinos or the antimatter partners of neutrinos (exotic fundamental particles that can pass right through Earth) that form deep within the Earth

</a p><p></p><p>Creating microscopic black holes using particle accelerators requires less energy than previously thought researchers say.</

Roughly speaking plasmons are ripples of electrons on an electrically conducting surface. Light shines on a metal and its plasmons can reradiate specific colors.

He measured the ratio of carbon isotopes (atoms of the same element with a different number of neutrons)

Isotopes are versions of elements that have differing numbers of neutrons in their nuclei. Knowing the age of elephant tusks is important

Isotopes are atoms of an element with different numbers of neutrons and are incorporated into the body from food.

sulfur isotopes (variations of an element with a different number of neutrons) pointed to pollution

The team then dated the structure using levels of radioactivity in minerals and the ratio of carbon isotopes or molecules of carbon with different numbers of neutrons from charcoal and grains of sand.

Carbon isotopes differ in how many neutrons they possess in their atomic nuclei carbon-12 has six neutrons

Both have six protons. The kinds of grasses that dominate northern Australia today have adapted to warmer dryer conditions

Earth-based experiments can't simulate all of those conditions particularly the heavy particle radiation he said.

</p><p>The so-called zebra stripes form when the electric field around Earth generated by the planet's rotation previously thought to be too weak to impact the fast-moving particles creates a striped pattern in the inner electron belt.</

<a href=http://www. livescience. com/44539-multiverse-concept-middle-ages-grosseteste. html target=blank>How a Medieval Philosopher Dreamed Up the'Multiverse'</a p><p>The Higgs boson

</p><p>However it will take the upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) the world's most powerful particle accelerator

or the next generation of colliders to spot these Higgs components saidthomas Ryttov a particle physicist at the University of Southern Denmark.</

<a href=http://www. livescience. com/44559-techni-quarks-may-lurk-inside-higgs-boson. html target=blank>Weird'Techni-Quarks'May Lurk Inside Higgs Boson

when the universe was about 380000 years old it had cooled to about 3000 Kelvin (4940 degrees Fahrenheit) cool enough for electrons to attach to nuclei and form neutral atomic matter in highly excited states.

(which contain an extra neutron). When living things take in carbon (as CO2) they have a preference for carbon-12

Ligands in a cationic grip Using a number of techniques including the X ray crystallography beam at the Synchrotron in Melbourne they were able to describe the structure of the active component which only worked

Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. Rocks On earth's surface are bombarded by cosmic rays from outer space that create beryllium-10 isotopes at a steady rate.

Deuterium is an isotope of hydrogen its atoms each possess a single proton like regular hydrogen

but they differ in that each also possesses a neutron. Water molecules are made from hydrogen and oxygen.

leading particle colliders scientists have determined the mass of the heaviest elementary particle the top quark.</</p><p>The measurement was made using the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN in Geneva Switzerland and the Tevatron at Fermilab in Batavia Ill.

Four separate experiments found a joint value for the top quark of 173.34(+/0. 76) gigaelectronvolts divided by the speed of light squared scientists announced Wednesday (March 19) at a physics conference in Italy.</

Mass of World's Heaviest Elementary particle Found</a p><p>Interested in current trends in American pornography?

& the Press News maker Large Hadron Collider Physicists last week injected particles into the accelerator for the first time

Photons generated within the star exert an outward pressure that keeps these giants from collapsing at least until the star fades as it ages.

Once the star contracts the temperature inside rises, making photons convert into pairs of electrons and positrons (the antiparticles of electrons.

These new particles don't exert the same outward pressure on the star as their photon parents,

2001 papers announcing the draft sequence of the human genome. 1, 968 Number of authors on 2010 paper of initial results from the Compact Muon Solenoid detector at the Large Hadron Collider.

Modern methods for tracking the origins of processed foods use isotopes atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons.

Of the most common naturally occurring isotopes of carbon carbon-12, with six neutrons, and carbon-13, with seven the heavier carbon-13 isotope is rarer.

which seeks to nail down the mass of neutrinos. See go. nature. com/Ftvahs for more.

Synchrotrons and ships: The UK government has approved an earmarked £97. 4 million (US$148 million) to expand the country's Diamond synchrotron in Harwell, Oxfordshire;

the facility will get 10 extra beamlines by 2017, taking its total to 32. In addition, on 30 march the country's Natural Environment Research Council announced that it had commissioned a £75-million replacement vessel for its ageing research ship, the RSS Discovery.

Events Large Hadron Collider ends data drought Physicists have started to gather experimental data from the world's most powerful particle accelerator.

On 30 march, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), located outside Geneva, Switzerland, began colliding protons at energies of 7 teraelectronvolts more than three times the power of the Tevatron in Batavia

Researchers hope that the data will provide evidence of the Higgs boson a key part of the mechanism that creates mass among other discoveries.

but Tans and other researchers have turned recently to accelerator mass spectrometry, which is faster and easier to scale up.

Dahl's team looked at the concentration of molybdenum and the ratios of its isotopes atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons and different masses in oceanic rocks for clues to the concentration of oxygen in the seas

so that they could be sent abroad to a particle-accelerator facility for dating. Boaretto is currently shopping for a particle accelerator for her lab at Weizmann.

The machine, expected to cost about $2 million, should be ready for radiocarbon dating work in 12-18 months.

Having an accelerator near to local excavation sites will help to yield results much more quickly,

and her team will be able to supervise samples at every stage from the dig to the accelerator,

Higgs hunt extended A 15-month shutdown to upgrade the Large Hadron Collider is set to be delayed by a year to the end of 2012.

to hunt for the elusive Higgs particle at the collider's current collision energies. The plan is likely to be agreed by CERN's management and council in January.

Synchrotron cuts Under pressure from the nations that fund it, the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) in Grenoble

whether to extend the run of the Large Hadron Collider to the end of 2012 in search of the Higgs boson. go. nature. com/udrnvx 24 jan 4 feb The ninth session of the United nations Forum on Forests Â

Tevatron shutdown The Tevatron proton antiproton collider at Fermilab near Batavia Illinois, will continue to run until 30 september,

The US Department of energy had said in January that it would not fund the collider into 2012,

Research Watching neutrinos change flavour Some muon neutrinos that had been fired as a beam across the width of Japan changed into electron neutrinos on the way,

) Previous experiments had found that neutrinos 墉 almost massless fundamental particles 墉 of one type

But the observations at the Super-Kamiokande detector (pictured) near Hida, Japan, are the strongest evidence yet that they reappear as neutrinos of a different flavour.

by comparing neutrino oscillations with those of antineutrinos. See go. nature. com/ty8t3i for more.

Smashing data The Large Hadron Collider has passed a key data milestone as it increases its rate of particle-smashing.

On 17 june, the proton collider, located at CERN, Europe's particle-physics lab near Geneva, Switzerland, had delivered exactly one inverse femtobarn of collisions to its detectors.

The Tevatron, a rival collider at Fermilab in Batavia, Illinois, has gathered already 11 inverse femtobarns of data,

People SLAC head leaves Persis Drell is stepping down as the director of the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory in Menlo Park

The company said that its $149, 000 Ion Proton sequencer, the latest version of the Ion Personal Genome Machine that it launched late in 2010 (see Nature 475,278;

LHC schedule On 13 february, operators of the world's most powerful particle accelerator announced their plan for its 2012 run,

The new schedule calls for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), located near Geneva, Switzerland, to smash protons together at an energy of 8 teraelectronvolts (Tev), an increase of 1 Tev over the previous year,

but still well short of the 14-Tev collision energy that the collider was designed originally to reach.

The team expects the LHC to produce around 1 600 trillion proton-proton collisions this year, a threefold increase over 2011.

See go. nature. com/xivplh for more. Denisovan genome The complete genetic sequence of an extinct relative of humans the Denisovan was posted online (see go. nature. com/vvtcfi) on 6 february,

PEOPLE China science prize Chinese physicist Xie Jialin, who pioneered the building of China's first high-energy linear particle accelerator in 1964,

and helped to develop its first free-electron laser in 1993, has won his nation's top science and technology award, worth 5 million renminbi (US$794, 000).

Higgs papers Researchers at ATLAS and the CMS, the two main physics experiments at the Large Hadron Collider near Geneva, Switzerland, posted their papers describing a new Higgs-boson-like

Fermilab change Pier Oddone, the director of the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory in Batavia, Illinois, announced on 2 august that he would step down from his post in July 2013.

Oddone has overseen the final years of the lab s Tevatron particle collider and a shift in focus to experiments involving neutrinos and high-intensity (rather than high-energy) collisions.

See go. nature. com/2dn9hu for more. Cold fusion death Electrochemist Martin Fleischmann who claimed to have discovered cold fusion,

Ref. 1a transmission electron micrograph of the fruit's cell walls shows the layered fine structure that gives rise to the brilliant colours.

which acts against the electrostatic repulsion that pushes protons apart. But calculating the interplay of these forces from first principles is complex,

and his colleagues fired a high-energy proton beam at a piece of uranium carbide in the ISOLDE isotope mass separator facility at CERN, Europe's particle-physics laboratory near Geneva, Switzerland."

when you splat protons onto the target, says Butler. The team isolated two species, radium 224 and radon 220,

ESA s choice of a more cost-effective design was influenced by competition from rockets abroad, notably the Russian Proton launcher.

Members of the Atomic Spectroscopy And Collisions Using Slow Antiprotons experiment at CERN, Europe s high-energy physics laboratory near Geneva in Switzerland, reported on 21 Â January detecting 80 of the antiatoms 2. 7 Â metres from their source (N. Â Kuroda

Synchrotron to shut A light source at the University of Wisconsin-Madison will close on 7 Â March

The Synchrotron Radiation Center has provided researchers with infrared, ultraviolet and X-ray photons for experiments including semiconductor research and biological imaging since 1986.

The NSF cut support in 2011 because of budget constraints (see Nature 471,278; 2011). ) The centre was unable to raise alternative funding to save itself from closure;

the synchrotron costs US$5 Â million per year to run. Nuclear leak The US Department of energy confirmed on 20 Â February that radiation has escaped from a facility storing nuclear waste.

14 20 february 2014neutrino study An experiment run by the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory in Batavia, Illinois, has detected neutrinos beamed from an unprecedented distance of 800 kilometres,

according to a report released on 11 Â February. The further that the subatomic particles travel, the more researchers can learn about them.

The Numi Off-Axis Electron Neutrino Appearance (NOVA) experiment also hopes to shed light on why the Universe has more matter than antimatter.

Photoshotpoliticians vow to get tough on poaching A major political meeting in London has agreed to ramp up the fight against illegal wildlife trafficking

The oldest joke in the automotive world is the one about the loose nut between the gas pedal and the steering wheel.

and electrons added by the magnetic storm. The 1%cited here is the net sum and the sign (direction of the added field today southward) suggests the added ions

and electrons have a dominating effect. And that is just at the surface of the Earth.

and 68 years later we are still keeping ourselves busy with extreme nuclear research building particle accelerators with ever increasing luminosity...

He then got wind from a another scientist of a chain reaction caused by neutrons that would indeed turn that fissile material into the enormous power his equation claimed.

Neutrinos as hope: The same neutrinos that start the chain reaction in fissile material can also be used to reduce the radioactive cores in nukes to something that would not go critical.

It could be done silently and done over time. The detonation of a nuke is a 2 step process. 1.)Implode the core of fissile material. 2.)Send neutrons in at the same time to begin a chain reaction that causes the material to go critical.

Neutrinos pass through the Earth and most things undeterred. However neutrinos do react with radioactive material.

A powerful enough neutrino beam would start to strip neutrons off of fissile material without causing the material to go critical.

If this beam does not exist in some country probably the USA then I would be surprised very.

Unlike the Sun whos neutrinos are coming from a source that is very far away a neutrino beam that originated On earth could easily produce billions+/sq inch. of Neutrinos that could Easily make this a reality.

Perhaps satellites that could simply concentrate solar neutrinos via grazing incidence would be a more viable source of neutrinos than man-made ones.

And yes it is now possible to use grazing incidence to reflect neutrinos. This same technology could be used to weaken nuclear waste.

Do not try and bend the spoon. That is impossible. Only try and realize the truth-there is no spoon.

@Chelle12linking particle accelerators to nuclear bombs just demonstrates your ignorance on the subject. Your credibility is about zero now.

The treat nuclear weapons represent for humanity isn't coming from particle accelerators and associated research which have nothing to do with a nuclear weapons.

To fully analyze the fragile fossil researchers collaborated with the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility in Grenoble France.

Using a high-intensity X-ray beam the Synchrotron scanned the fossil producing high-resolution data. This data was rendered then into 3-D versions to be analyzed

In the case of a GRB this would measure the total energy contained in the photons received from the event per second

but it might just be an interpretation of the relative energy of gamma light photons vs visible light photons

(ie the GRB is 35 billion times brighter than an event releasing an identical quantity of photons in the visible spectrum).

Our most powerful collider is the Large Hadron Collider capable of smashing subatomic particles yet we cant take the same periodic table

Light is a collection of little packets of energy called photons that whiz through the air.

Photons come in all different colors and when these colors are all together we see white light (like sunlight or light from a light bulb).

But photons of different colors act differently when they enter biological tissue. You can think of a photon as a drunk person walking through a forest.

The drunk person enters the forest and walks into a tree D'oh! changes direction (scatters)

When photons enter the skin it is just like the drunk person walking in the forest.

Photons bounce off collagen fibers (instead of trees) and emerge from the skin at a random place.

Before it gets detected by your eye a single photon that penetrates a biological tissue (like skin) will randomly scatter within the tissue many times.

and this affects how photons scatter. This added complexity is the secret to the blue monkey butt.

To understand how photons move through a complex tissue like skin lets compare a red photon with a blue photon as it hits two tissue layers.

and B were both white (like milk) they would reflect red and blue photons equally

because melanin absorbs light killing any photons that encounter it! In the picture above both the red and blue photons bounce (scatter) 4 times

while they are penetrating the skin. But because the red photons travel a longer distance in between scattering events they manage to penetrate both layers of skin.

The melanin in Tissue B absorbs the red photon so it can't leave the skin

and reach your eye. In contrast the blue photons take very short steps in between their scattering events

and they don't penetrate very deep. They do not make it past Tissue A before they emerge

so that blue photons are reflected and all of the other photons (like the red ones are absorbed. Only the blue light makes it out

and gets into our eyes. This is why we see we see blue monkey butts! So now you will never look at a monkey's butt the same way:

if this topic ever comes up on a first dateã¢Â# More about photons: Another demonstration of optical diffusion can be found HERE.

Milk is chock full of a structure known as micelles Dr. Ricky writes which form a framework that holds and transports lots of calcium to mammal offspring.

and the goal of the current study was to encapsulate EGCG in casein (milk protein) molecular aggregates known as micelles to maintain

This study showed that the binding of EGCG to the casein micelles did not affect the bioefficacy of EGCG and cell uptake at concentrations higher than 0. 03 mg of EGCG/ml of skim milk.

Plasmons are free electrons on the surface of metals like gold silver or even aluminum nanoparticles that when triggered by a laser

and lead author Vikram Kulkarni a Rice graduate student found electrons gained the capability to tunnel from one layer to another in the nanoparticle.

They used the power of Rice's Bluebiou supercomputer to track a massive number of electrons.

and accelerators such as GPUS (graphic processing units) become more prevalent the skills required to make these elements work synchronously are critical to advancing scientific research and discovery.

Using CSIRO's Maia detector for x-ray elemental imaging at the Australian Synchrotron the research team was able to locate

The Synchrotron produced images depicting the gold which would otherwise have been untraceable. Our advanced x-ray imaging enabled the researchers to examine the leaves

and produce clear images of the traces of gold and other metals nestled within their structure principal scientist at the Australian Synchrotron Dr David Paterson said.

what's happening deep inside the sun. Flowing streams of electrons and protons are what create the magnetic fields deep in the sun's interior.

Those surging fields generate sunspots which can sometimes erupt and release vast amounts of energy in the form of solar flares or hiccups of material known as coronal mass ejections.

#Understanding soil nitrogen management using synchrotron technologyas food security becomes an increasingly important global issue scientists are looking for the best way to maintain the organic matter in soils using different methods of fertilization and crop rotation.

Under the theory grains are spun propeller-like by photons. Their alignment is modified by magnetic fields which orients them with respect to the field telling an observer its direction.

Neutral particles from space travel through the electrons and ions in the solar boundary and swap electrons with the plasma inside the boundary to generate another highly energized hydrogen atom called an energetic neutral atom (ENA.

Both Voyager 1 and 2 have ultraviolet spectrometers that have been measuring the Lyman-alpha photons that come directly from the neutral hydrogen atoms.

When the interaction of metals was analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy it revealed the creation of a more supportive substrate for the forests to root in.

Researchers using the cutting-edge X-ray technology at the U s. Department of energy's Advanced Photon Source (APS) were able to take an inside look at several insects gathering results that go beyond learning about insect physiology and biology.

But the synchrotron analysis at the APS allows us to do this Yarger said. They found that at the molecular level caddisfly silk differs greatly from other terrestrial spun silks such as those from spiders or silkworms.

The researchers used advanced technologies of light scanning electron and polarizing microscopy to develop a more detailed picture of the Archaeanthus flowers fruits and seeds and compare them with the flowers fruits and seeds of contemporary plants.

They can also be modified for use with MRI positron emission tomography and electron paramagnetic resonance imaging systems.

In the new study Huang and Rice graduate student Tzu-Lin Sun partnered with colleagues Ming-Tao Lee at the National Synchrotron Radiation Research center (NSRRC) in Hsinchu Taiwan

#New Large Hadron Collider discovery: Measurement of predicted particle decay with implications for dark matter searcha discovery facilitated by Rice university's contribution to the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) will impact scientists'search for dark matter in the universe.

CERN the European Organization for Nuclear Research announced in Switzerland this morning that researchers on two separate LHC experiments have succeeded in measuring one of the rarest measurable processes in physics the decay of B

-subscript-s mesons into two muons. The evidence which scientists have been seeking for 25 years matches predictions made using the Standard model of Particle physics.

That match with only a 1-in-100000 chance of being caused by a statistical error virtually eliminates any possibility that B-sub-s meson decay is related to interaction with particles predicted by dark matter theories as some physicists have suspected.

The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) an LHC component that played a role in last year's discovery of the Higgs boson is one of the two experiments that captured the new data.

The news is that the Standard model has predicted that this B-sub-s meson will decay to two muons very very rarely and that is

when protons are smashed together at near-light speed in the world's largest collider. Electronics invented at Rice help sort useful data about subparticles produced by the collisions from background noise.

or so are expected to decay into two muons heavier cousins of the electron. That expectation is confirmed by the new data.

It's extremely rare that it should decay this way Padley said of the B-sub-s meson.

So the theoretical particle physics community has been interested extremely to see what the two-muon decay rate is for this type of meson Padley said.

I worked on building the muon trigger and as a postdoc working for us she studied it he said.

To measure (the data) you have to understand how efficiently the triggering captures these muons.

when updates to the collider--including CMS improvements provided by Rice--are complete in 2015.

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