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and contain all 92 naturally occurring elements like our sun. Astronomers now have strong evidence from exoplanet research that virtually all stars form planetary systems as a natural part of their own formation
Astronomers have yet to see a solar system that is neatly ordered like our own with a nice rocky planet located in the sweet spot for liquid water and life.</
. and co-author of the study citing Galileo galilei and Johannes Kepler as two of the luminaries mystified by the problem.
There have been some incredible esoteric even bizarre explanations; some people believed the bees had an uncanny ability to measure angles.
></p><p>Just two decades after first spotting planets orbiting a star other than our own sun astronomers have notched a big milestone the 1000th alien planet.</
along with observations of dust grains change our understanding of planet formation astronomers said. Observations of the system revealed a dust trap of millimeter-size grains on one side of the star with smaller micrometer-size particles spread evenly throughout the disc.
The particles astronomers said could eventually clump into a comet factory producing kilometer-size rocks such as those found in the Kuiper Belt outside Neptune's orbit.
So far however astronomers can see only the object's effects on the system; there's no direct evidence that it physically exists.
however that has persisted among astronomers for a generation. Within the disc surrounding the star there is higher pressure closer to the star
In the case of Oph IRS 48 the astronomers think that an object with a mass 10 times that of Jupiter is forming vortices at the edge of the system creating an area of high pressure that balances out the high pressure near the star.
-and-egg problem that is bothering some astronomers: How did that massive mysterious object in Oph IRS 48 form?
but few astronomers suspected it would be so obvious in an image. To be so large that you can directly observe that is quite a surprise Armitage said.
><p>The idea that our universe may be just one among many out there has intrigued modern cosmologists for some time.
Astronomers have yet to see a solar system that is neatly ordered like our own with a nice rocky planet located in the sweet spot for liquid water and life.
#Capturing a Comet-Galaxy Conjunction Victor Rogus is an amateur astronomer and this is the eighth in his series of exclusive Space. com posts about amateur astronomy.
and some amateur astronomers suggested that the celestial pair in conjunction could not be seen from there as they would be too low on either horizon.
During these wars Seleucid ruler Antiochus III the Great fought against Ptolemy IV Philopator the fourth ruler of the Ptolemaic Dynasty in Egypt
but Ptolemy didn't. Instead he set up outposts in what is now modern-day Eritrea to get African elephants.
Ptolemy however was able to recover due to missteps by Antiochus and eventually won the battle.
African elephants In reality Asian elephants are smaller than African elephants so some historians speculated that perhaps the Ptolemies were using African forest elephants
</p><p>Astronomers have found the first direct evidence of cosmic inflation the theorized dramatic expansion of the universe that put the bang in the Big bang 13.8 billion years ago new research suggests.</
#My Time With Comet Lovejoy (Op-Ed) Victor Rogus is an amateur astronomer and this is the sixth in his series of exclusive Space. com posts about amateur astronomy.
and noticed a recurring theme in comments made by amateur astronomers. Observers stated that they had seen a strange sparking in and around the comet's tail.
Astronomers have struggled to fully account for the carbon shortfall in Earth's mantle and in meteorites.
Satellites smash debris threatens Hubble An active communications satellite owned by Iridium Satellite of Bethesda, Maryland, slammed into a defunct Russian military communications satellite 800 kilometres above Siberia on 10 february 2009.
The collision sent hundreds of pieces of debris flying at high speed across low-Earth orbit, threatening other satellites and increasing the risk to a NASA shuttle mission to fix the Hubble Space Telescope
(see'Kaputnik chaos could kill Hubble'and'Collision debris increases risk to Earth-observing satellites'.
'In the end, the Hubble mission went off without a hitch, and other satellites have yet to be influenced by the shrapnel from the collision.
when Dutch astronomer Piet van de Kamp used astrometry to claim that two planets were orbiting Barnard's Star a finding disproved a decade later.
Astronomers expect astrometry to work much better above the distorting effects of the atmosphere. Two space missions in the works the European space agency's GAIA, due to launch in 2012,
Bean admits that astronomers might one day find a planet around VB10 if they scrutinize the star long and hard enough The main lesson from VB10,
Astronomers witness biggest star explosion: Nature Newsastronomers have watched the violent death of what was probably the most massive star ever detected.
One supernova in particular was very unusual, recalls Avishay Gal-Yam, an astronomer at the Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot, Israel
Some astronomers have suggested that stars might not be able to grow larger than about 150 solar masses,
Astronomers think that the Universe was composed almost entirely of hydrogen and helium shortly after the Big bang. Those elements are thought to have formed giant stars that burned briefly and brightly before exploding,
The week ahead 24 april The Hubble Space Telescope was launched 20 years ago on this day.
slideshow and stories from our archive. www. nature. com/hubble 24-28 april About 13,000 scientists are expected at Experimental Biology 2010 in Anaheim, California.
a team of astronomers declared last week that they had discovered two gargantuan'bubbles'of ray-emitting particles extending north and south of our Galaxy's centre (M. Su et al.
Satellite sacking The chief executive of a leading German space company has been suspended as from 17 january for allegedly criticizing the European satellite navigation system Galileo,
and publicized in the Norwegian newspaper Aftenposten, claim that Smutny said the Galileo project is a stupid idea and a waste of money.
The deal 墉 subject to parliamentary ratification 墉 gives Brazilian astronomers access to telescopes at three sites in Chile operated by ESO,
and includes the latest results from the Kepler mission's hunt for exoplanets. aas. org/meetings/aas217 10 14 january Researchers meet in Paris to discuss the status of the Planck mission,
borrowing a concept from US astronomers and astrophysicists, who survey their field once a decade to identify scientific priorities and rank potential projects.
Although the decadal surveys of the astronomers take years to pull together, Stacey and organizers at the American Society of Plant Biologists hope to issue a report by early 2012,
California. sites. agu. org/fallmeeting5-9 december The first conference on the scientific results from the Kepler exoplanet mission takes place at the NASA Ames Research Park, Moffett Field,
astronomers geared up this week for a fantastic view of an asteroid called 2005 YU55.
NASA science head John Grunsfeld, an astrophysicist and astronaut who carried out repairs on the Hubble Space Telescope
A twin Earth NASA's Kepler telescope has reached one of its major mission milestones: discovering another Earth-sized planet.
(which astronomers can measure by looking at the absorption features of the light from distant stars).
Such a cloud might also prevent any remnants of the proposed supernova being seen by modern astronomers.
an astronomer at Chicago's Adler Planetarium in Illinois, who has used the Anglo-saxon Chronicle to investigate past astronomical events,
Plenty of supernovae now known to astronomers are simply missing in the historical record, says Gyuk.
The low-cost mission is one of only a few available to X-ray astronomers. See go. nature. com/dcye8k for more.
D. PARKER/SPLBERNARD Lovell dies Physicist and radio astronomer Bernard Lovell who founded the Jodrell Bank Observatory at the University of Manchester,
including microbiologist Sarkis Mazmanian, astronomer Olivier Guyon and marine ecologist Nancy Rabalais. The awards, popularly known as genius grants, come with no strings attached as to how the money is spent. see go. nature. com/ru2vgy for more.
and from the Kepler mission searching for extrasolar planets, are announced at the meeting of the American Astronomical Society's Division for Planetary Sciences in Reno, Nevada. www. psi. edu/dps12
and three deformable mirrors, allowing astronomers to correct for atmospheric distortions over an exceptionally large field of view.
On 9 Â January, at a meeting of the American Astronomical Society in Long beach, California, astronomers unveiled the telescope s ultra-sharp portrait of the bullets of gas seen in the Orion Nebula.
Astronomers have hailed the legacy of the observatory, which over three years has helped them to revise theories about the birth
Skeletons show rickets struck the Medici familyas the wealthy rulers of Tuscany and patrons of Leonardo Da vinci and Galileo,
NASA/ESA/M. Kornmessertrue blue planet Using the Hubble Space Telescope astronomers have discovered the deep blue hue of exoplanet HD Â 189733 Â b (pictured in an artist s impression) the first planet beyond the Solar system to have its colour directly measured.
Discovered in 2005, the planet orbits a star about 19 Â parsecs away in the Vulpecula,
At Hubble s optical resolution, light from the planet and its star typically blend together.
NASA ponders Kepler s futurenasa just can t quit Kepler. On 15  August, the agency ann  ounced that it would stop trying to revive the failed reaction wheels that gave the planet-hunting telescope its precise pointing ability.
two weeks earlier, it had asked astronomers to submit ideas by 3 Â September on how the hobbled spacecraft might still perform good science.
Kepler scientists will sort through the proposals and decide by 1 Â November which ones,
To secure funding from the space agency, the Kepler team will have to show that the studies could not be done by other telescopes.
This will be no easy task especially given that engineers are not sure how well Kepler can perform with just two of its four spinning reaction wheels,
"We re in a real quandary, says Kepler principal investigator Bill Borucki at NASA s Ames Research center in Moffett Field, California."
"We just don t know what Kepler can do. With three working wheels (a fourth was a spare),
Kepler was able to exactly counter  balance the persistent push of sunlight, locking on to targets with such precision that light from a particular star always fell on the same tiny fraction of an individual pixel.
a different telescope, says Kepler scientist William Welsh of San diego State university in California. Kepler s drift could be minimized by keeping it pointed in the same plane in which the craft orbits the Sun. But that presents a complication.
Some of the best science is expected to come from follow-up observations of the field of about 150,000 stars that Kepler has been focused on,
and that star field does not lie in the plane. In one proposal offered up by Welsh and his colleagues,
when they pass in front of their parent star they produce a dip in light that can be detected by Kepler even in its compromised state.
which Kepler has recorded only a few transits those that take more than a year to orbit their star.
but Welsh suggests that it might also be possible for Kepler to add statistical significance to Earth-sized candidates for
And David Hogg, an astronomer at New york University, believes that, over the course of many months,
Kepler s drift could be used to map out the different light responses of the pixels. That calibration,
if detailed enough, could be enough for Kepler to resume its hunt for Earth analogues,
We just don t know what Kepler can do. Daniel Fabrycky, an astronomer at the University of Chicago in Illinois, has an alternative follow-up study in mind.
He and his colleagues have proposed looking at planetary systems in which densely packed planets are affected by one another s gravitational pulls creating periodic cycles in
Like Welsh, Fabrycky wants Kepler to zero in on planetary systems with long orbits, for which the full cycle of these transit-timing variations has not yet been seen.
But Andrew Gould, an astronomer at Ohio State university in Columbus, says that he is sceptical about using the craft to simply follow up on its original tasks
putting Kepler to work not as a planet hunter, but as a sentinel for near-Earth objects, including asteroids several hundred metres in diameter that might be on a collision course with Earth.
A survey of space rocks would take advantage of Kepler s large field of view. And at least part of the study could be completed with Kepler looking for targets within its orbital plane,
so as to optimize its pointing. Gould has proposed another scheme, in which Kepler would survey stars towards the Milky way s central bulge for signs of planets,
using a technique known as microlensing. Microlensing relies on a prediction of Einstein s theory of general relativity:
By observing microlens planets using Kepler and ground-based telescopes at the same time, differences in transit duration and brightness emerge that can yield the planets mass.
If any of the proposals recommended by the Kepler team seems worthwhile to NASA, they will be examined early next year by a review panel of external scientists.
At that stage, a repurposed Kepler would face its biggest hurdle a competition for the limited pot of funds against nine other astrophysics missions,
including the Hubble Space Telescope and the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope. On receiving recommendations from the review panel
Not everyone is rooting for Kepler. Doug Finkbeiner, an astronomer at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in Cambridge, Massachusetts, wants NASA to support missions that are still healthy.
He has used Fermi to discover two galaxy-sized bubbles of ionized gas blowing from the centre of the Milky way,
I hope we let Kepler die, he says
Forest management plans in a tanglein the middle of metropolitan San francisco stands an army and many Bay Area residents want it to stay garrisoned there.
Adam Block/Mount Lemmon Skycenter/Univ. Arizonasupernova seen in nearby galaxy Astronomers have spotted one of the closest supernovae in years in the galaxy M82, about 3. 5 Â megaparsecs
Other astronomers quickly combed through archive data, unearthing earlier, fainter images of the event. Designated SN Â 2014j
NASA/ESA/J. Lotz, M. Mountain, A. Koekemoer & the HFF Team (STSCI) Super-distant galaxies glimpsed Astronomers unveiled pictures of the deepest galaxy cluster ever imaged at the annual meeting
The images from NASA s Hubble Space Telescope are part of the Frontier Fields programme which harnesses the phenomenon of gravitational lensing (see Nature 497,554-556;
Satnav success Europe s fledgling satellite navigation system, Galileo, is working well, the European space agency announced on 10 Â February.
Everything about it would be bad says Mark Hammergren an astronomer at Adler Planetarium in Chicago beginning with your attempt to scoop it up.
#Hubble Catches The Comet ISON Hurtling Toward The Sunfourth of July is the perfect time to watch fiery masses streak across the sky.
This five-second loop of video is a compression of images taken by the Hubble Space Telescope over a period of 43 minutes in May during
Fathers and Mothers take your children to a STAR PARTY its a gathering of Astronomers some amateur some new to it
People from all over Earth come to the Islands many of them Astronomers. Astronomers from around the world at Dillingham Air field in Hawaii All are welcome to Hawaiian Astronomical Society Star Party to Look to the Heavens Above.
With Many of us that fly in them. Father like son both Archimedes and his Father Phidias the Astronomer were well know to all wise men of their day that studied the Heavens Above.
Long ago Wicked men dried to wipe out Archimedes and his Father Phidias from the History Books.
and well know Astronomer. Robert H. Mcnaught discovered over 50 Comets and very many hundreds of Asteroids.
Astronomers often use GRBS to find the supernova from which they emitted; the GRB is so bright that it's a useful way to pinpoint where a supernova may have happened.
when Edward Hubble discoverd that the universe was in fact expanding due to some mysterious energy that can't be seen.
A Spanish dental surgeon and amateur astronomer named Jaime Nomen first spotted 2012 DA14 last year âÂ# hence the 2012 in its name âÂ
Though amateur and professional astronomers On earth have spotted the NEOS that we do know about there are limits to
Professors Scientist World Leaders Ham Radio Operators and Every Astronomer will have its eyes on This Event
The reason they would assume the event to be recorded is most likely because of the chinese astronomers.
The fact that we have four appendages is an accident of evolution says Seth Shostak senior astronomer at the SETI Institute in Mountain view California.
But like biologists reading tree rings astronomers can read the rings in a galaxy's disk to unravel its past.
In 1859 a solar superstorm known as the Carrington Event after The british astronomer who was the first to observe a massive flare on the sun created auroras that were so bright that people could read by their light
The dust astronomers believe is a key phase in the life cycle of stars which are formed in dusty nurseries throughout the cosmos.
Now an international team of astronomers reports key observations that confirm a theory devised by University of Wisconsin-Madison astrophysicist Alexandre Lazarian and Wisconsin graduate student Thiem Hoang.
but promises a new ability for astronomers to use polarized visible and near infrared light to reliably probe the strength
research showsit might be easier than previously thought for a planet to overheat into the scorchingly uninhabitable runaway greenhouse stage according to new research by astronomers at the University of Washington and the University of Victoria published July 28 in the journal Nature Geoscience.
Revisiting this classic planetary science scenario with new computer modeling the astronomers found a lower thermal radiation threshold for the runaway greenhouse process meaning that stage may be easier to initiate than had been thought previously.
Subsequent research the astronomers say is needed in part because their computer modeling was done in a single-column clear-sky model
Still it inspired the astronomers to write As the solar constant increases with time Earth's future is analogous to Venus's past.
Astronomers use polarized light in a number of ways and there are a number of applications for polarimetry in communications and the military.
Cosmologists have mapped only half of one percent of the observable universe and the path ahead in environmental genomics is similarly daunting.
Rather than finding all of the glowing dust in a doughnut-shaped torus around the black hole as expected the astronomers find that much of it is located above and below the torus.
Over the last twenty years astronomers have found that almost all galaxies have a huge black hole at their centre.
But new observations of a nearby active galaxy called NGC 3783 harnessing the power of the Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLTI) at ESO's Paranal Observatory in Chile 2 have given a team of astronomers a surprise.
In order to investigate the central regions of NGC 3783 the astronomers needed to use the combined power of the Unit Telescopes of ESO's Very Large Telescope.
#Green pea galaxies could help astronomers understand early universethe rare Green pea galaxies discovered by the general public in 2007 could help confirm astronomers'understanding of reionization a pivotal stage in the evolution of the early universe
and in this case they helped the astronomers understand the relationship between the stars and gas in these galaxies.
Jaskot says the Green peas are exciting candidates to help astronomers understand a major milestone in the development of the cosmos 13 billion years ago.
#Hunt for distant planets intensifieswhen astronomers discovered planet GJ 1214b circling a star more than 47 light-years from Earth in 2009 their data presented two possibilities.
Bean has received a 60-orbit allocation on the Hubble Space Telescope to continue his observations on GJ 1214b a sign of the work s importance.
#oeit s interesting to note that all the instruments astronomers have used to study exoplanet atmospheres so far were designed never for that#Bean said.#
One major push along that front was the $600-million Kepler mission launched in 2009.
#A Kepler research veteran Fabrycky began his UCHICAGO faculty appointment last October. Fabrycky precisely measures the timing of transits the mini eclipses that planets cause as they pass in front of their stars.
So far Kepler has confirmed 105 planet discoveries to its credit and has identified 2740 planet candidates.
As a postdoctoral scientist at the University of California Santa cruz two years ago Fabrycky was a member of a team that discovered six planets orbiting a single star called Kepler-11.#
Bean and his colleagues have made the best observations of planetary atmospheres so far using the Hubble Telescope the Spitzer Space Telescope and in Chile the Very Large Telescope array and the twin Magellan Telescopes.
The discovery by astronomers at the University of California Berkeley and Clarion University in Pennsylvania of six likely comets around distant stars suggests that comets--dubbed exocomets--are just as common in other stellar systems with planets.
and dust#a signature of exoplanets--makes it highly likely they all do said Barry Welsh a research astronomer at UC Berkeley's Space sciences Laboratory.
In 2009 astronomers found a large planet around Î-Pic about 10 times larger than Jupiter.
Astronomers using the National Science Foundation's (NSF) Green Bank Telescope (GBT) have discovered that filaments of star-forming gas near the Orion Nebula may be brimming with pebble-size particles--planetary building blocks 100
The large dust grains seen by the GBT would suggest that at least some protostars may arise in a more nurturing environment for planets said Scott Schnee an astronomer with the National Radio astronomy Observatory (NRAO) in Charlottesville Virginia.
Astronomers speculate that in the next 100000 to 1 million years this area will likely evolve into a new star cluster.
Based on earlier maps of this region made with the IRAM 30 meter radio telescope in Spain the astronomers expected to find a certain brightness to the dust emission
Rather than typical interstellar dust these researchers appear to have detected vast streamers of gravel--essentially a long and winding road in space said NRAO astronomer Jay Lockman who was involved not in these observations.
and there could be other explanations for the bright signature we detected in the emission from the Orion Molecular Cloud concluded Brian Mason an astronomer at the NRAO
Since it contains one of the highest concentrations of protostars of any nearby molecular cloud it will continue to excite the curiosity of astronomers.
Called the Hypatia Catalog after one of the first female astronomers who lived 350 AD in Alexandria the work is critical to understanding the properties of stars how they form
Since it is not possible to physically sample a star to determine its composition astronomers study of the light from the object.
and it is one of the most important tools that an astronomer has for studying the universe.
The most obvious one for astronomers is looking at stars who host extrasolar planets or exoplanets.
Since Galileo's time Givnish says people have wondered what determines maximum tree height:''Where are the tallest trees
How the cosmic dust is formed has long been a mystery to astronomers. The elements themselves are formed out of the glowing hydrogen gas in stars.
#Astronomers complete cosmic dust censusan international team of astronomers has completed a benchmark study of more than 300 galaxies producing the largest census of dust in the local Universe the Herschel Reference Survey.
The two cameras on board the Herschel satellite SPIRE and PACS allowed astronomers to probe different frequencies of dust emission
will help astronomers to further unveil the mystery of cosmic dust in galaxies in the years to come.
and the geologic earthquake evidence coincides with written accounts describing local earthquake damage including damage to Spanish missions in 1838 and in a USGS publication of earthquakes in 1890 catalogued by an astronomer from Lick Observatory.
The Battle took place in 217 B c. between Ptolemy IV the King of Egypt and Antiochus III the Great the King of the Seleucid kingdom that reached from modern-day Turkey to Pakistan.
According to historical records Antiochus's ancestor traded vast areas of land for 500 Asian elephants whereas Ptolemy established trading posts for war elephants in what is now Eritrea a country with the northernmost population of elephants
In the Battle of Raphia Ptolemy had 73 African war elephants and Antiochus had 102 Asian war elephants according to Polybius a Greek historian who described the battle at least 70 years later.
A few of Ptolemy's elephants ventured too close with those of the enemy and now the men in the towers on the back of these beasts made a gallant fight of it striking with their pikes at close quarters
Ptolemy's elephants however declined the combat as is the habit of African elephants; for unable to stand the smell
In 1948 Sir William Gowers reasoned that Ptolemy must have fought with forest elephants that fled from larger Asian elephants as Polybius described.
Did Ptolemy employ African savanna elephants (Loxodonta africana) or African forest elephants (Loxodonta cyclotis) in the Battle or Raphia?
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