The project will start with the laser data collected by planes flying out of Kinshasa (see Leaf by leaf.
A case in point is the whitefly Bemisia tabaci, an insect that feeds on plant vascular tissue called phloem.
and has wreaked havoc on vegetable and cotton production in all of China s provinces except Tibet.
separating individual seedlings to minimize pest spread, applying low levels of pesticides and implementing biological control with natural enemies means that"there haven t been major outbreaks since 2009,
and their symbiotic fungus Leptographium procerum is key to their personality change in China (J.  Sun et  al.
) Since its arrival,"the fungus has mutated into novel genotypes, says Sun. One of these induces trees to release large amounts of the compound 3-carene a strong attractant to the beetles that is not released in response to the north American fungal variant.
One of the key outcomes has been to develop terrestrial oilseeds that produce fish oils. We ve mobilized the genes from algae that make some of these oils and put them into oilseed crops.
And sure enough we ve been able to make oils that are as good as in some cases even better than fish oils.
a branch of the Department of energy that funds high-risk, high-payoff research. Currently on leave from the University of Maryland in College Park, Williams has been chief scientist for oil-and-gas giant BP since 2010.
Fungus discovery offers pine-wilt hopethe pine-wood nematode is a major pest in the forests of China.
Sun Jianghua and his colleagues at the Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Zoology in Beijing have identified a fungus that has a crucial role in the worm s life cycle,
In Asia, pine-wood nematodes spread with the help of Japanese pine sawyer beetles (in the Monochamus genus). The worms enter the respiratory system of hatching beetle pupae in the trunks of diseased trees
and their hollow trunks provide an ideal place for mature beetles to mate and lay eggs in.
In an eight-year survey, at six sites in southern China, Sun and his colleagues found that tree infestation was higher in the presence of a previously unknown species of tree fungus,
"Although we knew that pine-wood nematodes feed on not only the vascular tissue of pines but also tree fungi,
little is known about what the fungi do to either partner in this symbiotic relationship, says Sun. Â To examine the fungi s role in the relationship, the team fed nematodes and beetles with different types of fungus in a Petri dish.
The nematodes feeding on Sporothrix sp. 1 mated more, had more offspring and developed faster than those feeding on other species of fungi."
"The fungus also allowed the beetles to survive better and grow faster, says Sun. The researchers found that Sporothrix sp. 1 also increased the trees'production of diacetone alcohol,
which increases growth and reproduction in the beetles and nematodes. The key now, says Mota,
Shrub genome reveals secrets of flower powera shrub with cream-coloured flowers that is the closest living descendant of Earth s first flowering plants has had its genome decoded.
The sequence of Amborella trichopoda hints at the genetic adaptations that helped flowers to emerge
The plant s reproductive structures are encased in tepals a hybrid between petals and leaflike support structures called sepals.
Amborella is the only species in its genus, family and order.""Phylogenetically, it s really the equivalent of the duck-billed platypus and monotremes, says Claude depamphilis, a plant evolutionary biologist at Pennsylvania State university in University Park, who co-led researchers on the Amborella Genome Project.
Amborella s gives a glimpse at changes that helped flowering plants, or angiosperms, to diversify from a common ancestor with gymnosperms another major plant lineage,
which includes conifer trees such as spruces. Comparisons of the genomes of Amborella and those of other plants suggest that an early ancestor of flowering plants gained a duplicate copy of its genome
a feature known as polyploidy. Many angiosperms are known to be polyploid potatoes, for instance, have between two and six copies of each chromosome.
But the duplication in Amborella predates all the other polyploids, says depamphilis, who led a team in 2011 that inferred this ancient duplication from more limited genetic data4.
and expansion of flowering plants by providing an extra copy of each gene for evolution to play around with to yield new functions,
The origin of flowers the defining features of angiosperms might be explained by a collection of genes that appeared
when angiosperms split from gymnosperms, analysis of the Amborella genome reveals. About one-quarter of the genes involved in flowering lack obvious counterparts in the genomes of gymnosperms,
whereas the other three-quarters existed in the common ancestor of both plant lineages. His team s analysis also provides insight into the evolution of complex seeds, floral scents and other features of flowering plants.
Keith Adams, a plant molecular geneticist at the University of British columbia in Vancouver, Canada, thinks the idea that a genome duplication helped flowering plants to diversify is"an intriguing hypothesis
although it s impossible to prove. Botanists studying other plants should find the Amborella genome useful as a reference point to identify
Schierhorn s study estimates, using vegetation modelling, that 470 million tonnes of carbon which would equate to about one-third of US CO2 emissions in 2012
Cycles http://doi. org/qg8 (2013) Wild vegetation is taking up carbon at a rate three times greater than previously estimated by some researchers,
Fungus threatens top bananaa variant of a fungus that rots and kills the main variety of export banana has been found in plantations in Mozambique and Jordan,
and a region of Australia, has a particularly devastating effect on the popular Cavendish cultivar,
The disease is caused by strains of a soil fungus called Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc.
A strain of Foc previously wiped out the Gros Michel cultivar, which was exported the main banana variety from the nineteenth century until the 1950s.
if the fungus reaches Latin america, the world s leading banana exporter, says Rony  Swennen of the Catholic University of Leuven in Belgium,
Nobody is sure how the fungus arrived in Jordan or Mozambique. Migrant workers from Asia might inadvertently have brought contaminated soil with them.
Another possibility is the import of infected rhizomes the stems from which banana plants propagate.
The wild Asian banana Musa acuminata malaccensis the genome of which was published last year (A. Â D Hont Nature 488,213-217;
But exports of the cultivar account for only about 13%of the 150 Â million or so tonnes of bananas and cooking bananas (plantains) produced annually.
Industrial farms growing a single Cavendish cultivar are at a high risk of Foc-TR4 infestation,
but the fungus poses less of a threat to the bulk of the bananas that provide a staple for some 400 Â million people worldwide.
Hundreds of cultivars are farmed, and this biodiversity is an important rampart against disease. Researchers do not yet have a full picture of the susceptibility of these varieties,
but many cultivars are likely to be resistant to Foc-TR4 because they are biologically different to the Cavendish.
The company plans to sell a mixture of fungi for coating rice and maize (corn) seeds,
such as a symbiotic fungus. Conventional breeding has helped to create varieties with increased tolerance to drought
Although symbiotic plant-microbe relationships such as those of the nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in the roots of legumes have been known for many decades,
Only in the 1970s did researchers realize that a fungus living in symbiosis with tall fescue grass was responsible for making cattle grazing on infected pastures ill.
he found that all of them carried a symbiotic fungus. Although neither the plants nor the fungi could tolerate soil temperatures of 40 °C by themselves,
together they could (R.  S.  Redman et  al. Science 298,1581; 2002). ) Rodriguez and his colleagues later discovered that the fungi were easily transferable:
they could grow in anything from watermelons to maize and confer heat-and drought-tolerance on those crops."
) The result is a commercial mix of about half a dozen fungi that the team named Bioensure.
compared to untreated seeds, the product increased maize yields by 85%in Michigan during a 2012 drought, increased seed germination rates by two to five times during 5 °C cold snaps,
including soya beans, wheat, barley and sugar cane. But the question of whether Bioensure will work in commercial conditions is hard to answer:
and disease, including pathogens such as wheat rust, an area that Rodriguez says he is pursuing. But
sit at trophic level 3. Cod, a fish that eats other fish, claims level 4. Polar bears and orcas,
and Drug Administration to test therapies involving embryonic stem cells. See Nature http://doi. org/q8f (2014) for more.
A study in the humid rainforests of Belize shows that plant-killing fungi can help preserve diversity in such ecosystems.
and have begun identifying key fungi in the Belize test plots. Lewis notes that the work could be important for understanding how forests might react to climate change
because fungi are very sensitive to changes in humidity. Scott Mangan an ecologist at Washington University in St louis, Missouri, adds that the Belize study could inform forest-restoration efforts by highlighting the importance of fungi in the soil."
"Before we go into the region that we want to restore, we want to keep in mind that it s not just the trees that are in that area,
mountain pine beetles and blister rust fungus once thwarted by the cold, dry climate have devastated the trees,
including sugar cane and maize (corn). But most of the biomass produced in agriculture and forestry lies unused in more-complex chains of sugars, for example lignin and cellulose.
By adding a dash of dilute sulphuric acid to a colourless, herbal-smelling liquid called à Â-valerolactone (GVL),
branches and limbs throughout the canopy to calculate overall tree growth. Stephen Sillett, a botanist at Humboldt State university in Arcata
The results are consistent with the known reduction in growth at the leaf level as trees age.
And in older forests, fewer large trees dominate growth trends until they are brought eventually down by a combination of fungi, fires, wind and gravity;
More widespread use of the genetically modified seeds, which are made by Dow Agrosciences in Indianapolis, Indiana,
along with 2, 4-D could drive evolutionary selection for weeds that are resistant to the chemical,
But the USDA noted that the move would provide a much-needed tool for farmers to manage fields that are plagued already by weeds resistant to another weedkiller, glyphosate (Roundup.
Potential scientific applications of space video include observing volcanic eruptions, forest fires, hurricanes and the movement of wildlife,
Physician Michele Bloch, chief of the Tobacco Control Research Branch at the US National Cancer Institute (NCI) in Bethesda, Maryland, calls the study by Levy and colleagues"powerful
Moneytree report/Pwc/NVCAUS venture-capital investment rose to US$29. 4 Â billion in 2013, a 7%increase on the year before.
Stem-cell patent Woo Suk Hwang the  disgraced Korean stem-cell scientist, was granted a patent from the US Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) for human embryonic stem cell technology on 11  February.
Hwang was found guilty of embezzlement and bioethics violations in 2009 (see Nature 505,468-471;
and that the terms of the patent state that his stem-cell lines must be made available on request.
including a 3-week trip for 33 Â people to a rocket launch in Vandenberg, California.
Stem-cell ruling Certain types of stem-cell treatment should be regulated as drugs, a US appeals court decided on 4 Â February.
The ruling rejects claims by Regenerative Sciences of Broomfield, Colorado, that its stem-cell therapy, used in orthopaedic applications,
fewer fir seedlings can grow large enough to escape into the canopy above the reach of moose
Research apology The Japanese research institute that is home to several authors of two controversial stem-cell papers has apologized for errors in the research.
vast delta wetlands shrivelled to patches of vegetation clinging to sandy plains. In 2012, officials drew up an addendum to the original water treaty.
which native cotton  woods and willows can germinate, says Patrick Shafroth, a plant ecologist with the US Geological Survey in Fort Collins, Colorado.
He says that timing is critical for getting seeds distributed to sites where they can take root
if their seeds do not spread properly. And many saplings could perish if the summer is particularly brutal.
But unlike most ethanol factories, in which yeast feeds on sugars in foodstuffs such as maize (corn) kernels,
Thousands of tonnes of corn stover the leaves, stalks and husks left over after the maize harvest are stacked already waiting
A cocktail of enzymes must then be applied to chop up the tough biological polymers inside all before the yeast is added to the resulting sugars.
To make things even worse Bamboo species will flower and die off at the same time. This means that a panda must live in an area of 2
Curiosity aroused we set off on the long journey to Dufftown Banffshire in the land of thistle and loch.
Next we visit is the âÂ#Âoestillã¢Â# house where beery wort is distilled into liquor.
The idea is that the flies all male will mate with wild olive fruit flies. Any female flies produced from such a union will die as maggots
Even a pine tree burned in a forest fire does not release as much carbon as a pine tree burned in a power plant Niel Lawrence a National Resources Defense Council lawyer told Greenwire.
The trunk and branches would be made of steel pipes and outfitted with motion sensors. Dancing around the tree device trigger unique beats and melodies that would emanate from a speaker nested in a birdhouse.
âÂ# 1. Proximitythree ultrasonic sensors at the top of the trunk emit inaudible high-frequency sounds
whose little roots would never touch Earth. And which could actually be tastier than those weird dry ice cream blocks.
and you can feed them the plant parts that we just don't eat. -Just trying to keep my girlish asymptote e
The oldest joke in the automotive world is the one about the loose nut between the gas pedal and the steering wheel.
Thaumetopoea pityocampa larvae feast on the foliage of trees throughout southern Europe and the Mediterranean though the species seems to be expanding its territory north and to higher altitudes recently.
Using a technique called bee vectoring researchers force bees to walk through a pesticide before they can exit their hives coating them in a fungus bacterium
For example honeybees or bumblebees can be used to carry natural pest killers like the fungus Beauveria bassiana
New American oak barrels are used by distilleries in the U s. to age bourbon and rye.
'There's no easy solution there's no pixie dust magic vaporization portal.''Before WORLD WAR II Italy used chemical weapons in Ethiopia and during WORLD WAR II Japan used them in China.
We'd come across a bunch of rockets and you suspect there might be some chemicals in them he says.
There's no easy solution there's no pixie dust magic vaporization portal says Mauronidisposal in Syria presents significant problems:
Protection Against Gas The types of protection initially handed out to the troops around Ypres following the first use of chlorine in April 1915 were primitive in the extreme. 100000 wads of cotton pads were manufactured quickly
Wheat stem rust has the ability to turn a healthy-looking crop only one week away from harvest into a tangle of black stems Liang Qu the director of the Joint FAO/IAEA Programme
The new plants are designed to combat wheat stem rust a fungus that used to take out a fifth of the U s.'wheat crop at once during epidemics through the 1950s.
The rust no longer appears in the U s.)Norman Borlaug the so-called father of the Green revolution
The rust has evolved. And as well as the new Kenyan wheats work now stem rust will evolve again.
In 1999 scientists first confirmed there was a new type of wheat stem rust that infected Borlaug's resistant wheats.
They called the new rust Ug99 after its confirmation year and country Uganda. Since then the rust which moves through the air has spread to Africa and the Middle east.
It affects 37 percent of all the wheat grown in the world the International atomic energy agency estimates.
From Kenya other countries may get the seeds through trade. But researchers aren't resting yet nor can they ever.
That's because they expect that wheat stem rust will eventually evolve resistance to these new wheats at
which point they'll have to create a whole new wheat variety to combat that rust.
International atomic energy agency nuclear radiated biological mutant seed enhancement amplified evolutionary adapation production against wheat rust desease for Kenyan farmers.
On their own these look yellow or orange carotenoids give color to corn and carrots for example but they re invisible beneath the chlorophyllic green of a leaf for most of the year.
âÂ#Âoethe color of a leaf is subtractive like crayons on a piece of paperã¢Â# says David Lee formerly of Florida International University who has studied leaf color since 1973.
Where chlorophyll and anthocyanins coexist the color of a leaf may run to bronze as in ash trees.
At high enough concentrations anthocyanins will make a leaf look almost purple as in Japanese maples.
Its spores lie dormant and harmless in the large intestine of certain individuals and are kept normally this way by the bacteria which colonise the intestine.
</i>spores are more likely to germinate into the'adult'bacteria which cause the nasty symptoms.
Brown is the CEO of Beyond Meat a four-year-old company that manufactures a meat substitute made mainly from soy and pea proteins and amaranth.
They shot other bee scenes in the documentary showing the insects moving around in their hives or feeding at flowers at 70 frames per second to show each bee's minute movements.
Using animals as a method of seed dispersal is actually a useful form of mutualism âÂ#Âthe plants get to spread their genes
and track down other food sources from vegetation and grasses. The study reveals something interesting about the way scientists might operate.
and having ingested seeds is solid evidence for this. It shows that sometimes stepping back and taking a broad look at evidence can reveal some interesting things.
The sweet component can be anything from a nonalcoholic sweetener like simple syrup agave nectar and grenadine to a liqueur like Cointreau or peach schnapps.
Vodka gin tequila brandy/cognac rum pisco bourbon rye scotch cachaca etc. Sour elements: Lemon juice lime juice grapefruit juice yuzu juice (make sure it s unsalted.
Raw sugar simple syrup (equal parts sugar and water) agave syrup (equal parts agave nectar and water) honey syrup (equal parts honey
Herbs (mint basil oregano etc. spices (cinnamon nutmeg black pepper hot sauce etc. egg white garnishes (citrus zests cherries etc.
When using thick agave nectar or honey dilute it with equal parts of water. Keep in mind that lemons
It's about the size of a big housecat and lives in the dense foliage of trees from rainforests to hardwood forests to eucalyptus forests.
and the vegetation that depends on them for pollination. Fewer bees not only means less honey it means less food.
The drones are designed flying robots to be small enough to pollinate a flower (they weigh just 80 milligrams.
milligrams per 8 ounces about the same as two cans of soda plus various energy boosters like caffeine ginseng and taurine.
The western red colobus has great bushy mutton-chops and a calico-patterned coat of bright rust white and black.
and has no beard. 4. Sustainable Dietscolobus monkeys are almost exclusively leaf-eaters filling an important niche in the tops of the African forest.
The colobus uses its fingers like a hook to grab onto and swing from branches.
or cures are as good as Stem Cell Therapies which replace the bodies dwindling source pluro stem cells for various cell types.
Activated stem cells not plasma activated but real trophin and peptide based activation are the bees knees
when it comes to health. They can fix any damage of any cell and become the damaged or missing cells themselves.
There is nothing that Stem Cells can't fix...including HIV. Nothing. Enjoy!!!Do not try
Cindy Moss: We're looking for kids to come up with some kind of innovative solution to a problem in their life.
Cindy Moss: We want people to be willing to listen to others'ideas and not be afraid of prototyping and failing.
Much of the wood used to make the pulp that's turned into paper is actually byproducts of wood used to make other items--a cobbled-together mush of regular wood woodchips sawdust and other wood detritus.
So why is sex nearly universal across animals plants and fungi? Shouldn't natural selection favor animals that forgo draining displays
Bdelloids have foreign DNA from bacteria and fungi in their chromosomes which is a great way to maintain genetic diversity.
Normally coffee farmers and processors pick the berries from their coffee trees remove the fruits'flesh from their seeds ferment the seeds
and roast the seeds. For civet coffee a cute Southeast Asian forest creature called the Asian palm civet helps out with some of these steps.
while the backyard trash pile behind a Flordia trailerpark is reabsorbed almost yearly (though decomp rust and racoon).(
when the first new cloud species at that time was observed the cirrus intortus. Many if not most who oppose chemtrails believe they began around 1997
and not that she no longer (because of DE) wants her brace for her back anymore (she always clung to for dear life for a decade+)nor her cane
Why do doctors refuse to believe there is a thing called microorganisms and parasites (germs worms fungus bacteria yeast insects etc.
A limestone ridge thick with vegetation juts into the cloudless blue sky behind him. His quick-dry clothing coupled with a red bandanna knotted around his neck befits Scannon's role as an amateur archaeologist.
It had sustained some damage to its left forward wing root but the wing flaps were down
Everyone say hello to the olinguito (pronounced oh-ling-GHEE-toe. The olinguito as its name suggests is highly similar to another member of the raccoon family the olingo an arboreal nocturnal animal that looks more like a combination of a possum and a monkey than a raccoon.
and Colombia--delightfully called cloud forests--and rarely comes down from the trees adept as it is at leaping around the branches.
#Coconut Husks Make for A Stronger, Lighter Paddleboardwhile biking near his home in Thailand Paolo Cechetti noticed a man weaving raw coconut-husk fibers into bags.
and cleaning the coconut-husk fibers by hand. Next they lay them out randomly sandwich the layer of strands in fiberglass and insert a polystyrene core.
which grows the evergreen seedlings tree planters put in the ground for reforestation. Our growth medium is mostly peat moss with some ground and sterilized styrofoam (recycled from the old
or damaged styro blocks the seedlings are grown in) and coconut husk. The coco is the magic ingredient.
Peat when wet will stay wet when watered but only at the surface. Let it dry up even a little bit
One of the farmers'worries is the cost of GMO seeds and the privatization of the nation's staple crop spokesman Bert Autor told Remate.
Not only are they tolerant of pesticides/herbicides they also produce pesticides themselves through the use of fungus
in order to avoid being sued by corporations like Monsanto in case of accidental seed distribution. They made the law
and Natural resources found at least nine species of weeds that have evolved naturally to withstand glyphosate weed-killers.
The term soil is used usually to describe a more organic compound that's broken down plants and animals and fungi.
The Philippine Rice Research Institute is a branch of the International Rice Research Institute which studies golden rice.
Having to buy new seed from the manufacturer every year? No thanks...Monsanto does exactly that and it is a huge cause of farmer bancruptcy in the third world
and can print with many more cell types including stem cells muscle cells and vascular cells. They also designed one printer to create both the synthetic scaffold and tissue in one fell swoop;
Science however has realized that Stem Cells from our babies work better and wonã¢Â#Â#t realize why until they read my paper.
the bat might just look shiny due to a glossy effect of the resin. Polyurethane could also work. thats the stuff bedliners are made out of...
Plants sequester some of the carbon dioxide they breathe in storing it in their branches and trunk and roots as well as depositing some in the soil they live in offsetting somewhat the carbon dioxide increase in the atmosphere.
To turn deserts into a viable spot for carbon sequestration the researchers assembled a diverse team of specialists with knowledge ranging from irrigation and carbon sequestration to desalination and economics.
Short poisonous and hardy the Jatropha curcas tree can survive severe heat poor and alkaline soil and very low rainfall.
It also produces a seed rich in an oil suitable for use as sustainable and environmentally-friendly biodiesel fuel.
The paper suggests planting Jatropha curcas in the desert along the coast of the Arabian peninsula setting up a desalination plant to provide the water needed for irrigation
and poisonous plants will resist that. Of course in order to be successful you will need to cover huge parts of the desert with these plants
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