Evapotranspiration is the combination of water evaporation from land and the loss of water through plant-leaf transpiration.
and colleagues used leaf vein density a trait visible on leaf compression fossils to document the occurrence of stratified forests with a canopy dominated by flowering plants.
Using a 40-meter-tall canopy crane equipped with a gondola they were able to collect leaves from the very top of trees in Panama and the United states. They measured leaf vein density in 132 species from two
The team also compared the leaf vein values of canopy-top and forest-bottom leaves
(i e. leaf litter on the forest floor). The authors show that venation density like plant metabolism
and a large chunk of leaves collapses to one leaf and you end up with maybe 10 leaves instead of a million leaves Agha-mohammadi says.
Researchers at the University of California Davis have developed Easy Leaf Area--a free software written in an open-source programming language--to allow users to accurately measure leaf area from digital images in seconds.
It has always been a challenge to measure leaf surface area without damaging the plants or spending long hours in the lab so
I decided to attempt to write software to automatically measure leaf and scale area from smartphone images explains Hsien Ming Easlon a researcher at UC Davis and one of the developers of Easy Leaf Area.
Leaf area measurements are essential for estimating crop yields water usage nutrient absorption plant competition and many other aspects of growth.
The digital images he uses are taken with the Apple IPHONE 4 but any current smartphone camera or digital camera will do.
Once the images are uploaded to a computer Easy Leaf Area can process hundreds of images and save the results to a spreadsheet-ready CSV file.
Easlon and his team developed Easy Leaf Area using Arabidopsis plants and also tested Easy Leaf Area on photographs of field-grown tomatoes and wheat and photographs and scans of detached leaves
so that leaf area measurements can be made on the fly without a PC. He also plans to add handwriting recognition
The latter is distilled from the foliage and applied precisely in the part of the beer fermentation prepared with two hops yeast
Wood decay and the recycling of other biological matter like leaf litter is driven by fungi
Because of its dense evergreen foliage eastern hemlock plays an important role in the water cycle of southern Appalachian forests regulating stream flow year round.
and leaf wetness and tells growers when to spray fungicide to ward off diseases. Growers can use the system by logging onto www. agroclimate. org/tools/strawberry
which means they may be able to tell just from the colour of the petals which flowers are worth visiting.
Senior Research Scientist Dr Alan Little and team have discovered the composition of special growths on the cell walls of barley plants that block the penetration of the fungus into the leaf.
The fungus spore lands on the leaf and sends out a tubelike structure which punches its way through cell walls penetrating the cells and taking the nutrients from the plant.
The team revealed that higher temperatures increased the amount of leaf litter falling onto the soil as well as other underground sources of carbon such as roots.
in addition to increasing the leaf area and biomass of the plant said Carlos Alberto Martinez project coordinator and first author of the study.
In addition there was a 32%increase in the leaf area index and a 16%increase in aboveground biomass production compared with plants grown at normal temperature according to Martinez The increase in temperature during the period of the experiment was favorable for the development of the biochemical and biophysical processes involved in plant growth he stated.
According to Martinez some possible explanations for the increase in photosynthetic activity in addition to the leaf area index and biomass production from samples of Stylosanthes capitata that experienced temperature increases were the plant's thermal and photosynthetic acclimatization.
Other possible places to get microbes include leaf surfaces the soil or feces that woodrats collect from other animals.
A bee collects pollen on its body as it laps sugar-rich nectar from within the cupped interior of the flower's petals
and extends its tongue into the corolla of the flower dipping and retracting it to lap up the nectar.
#Beloved crape myrtle in nurseries now susceptible to bacterial leaf spotit's enough to send gardeners into conniptions.
University of Florida researchers had been getting sporadic reports from nursery owners over the last five years of a leaf spot problem
They believe it is the first report of the bacterium causing leaf spot in crape myrtle.
Bacterial leaf spot doesn't kill the ornamental tree but creates spots on its leaves that eventually turn yellow and drop.
The varieties Natchez Osage Fantasy Basham's Party Pink and Miami have proven highly resistant to bacterial leaf spot
The stems and leaf stalks have very short hairs as well as prickles or spines about one-fifth-inch long but that's still long enough to stick you Bohs says.
because its flower petals are white instead of yellow and its flower stalks are longer and flowers are larger than closely related species. There also are differences from other species in leaf shape and in stem hairs.
In all Androceras species the calyx or outer envelope of the flower and fruit is really spiny Bohs says.
but not symmetrical in all directions because the five petals vary in size. Four of its yellow anthers--pollen organs within the flower--are the same size
Based upon its teeth it was probably a leaf-eater which fits nicely with the rainforest environment indicated by the fossil plants at Driftwood Canyon said Dr. Jaelyn Eberle of the University of Colorado lead author of the study.
aboveground biomass (live plants) dead organic matter leaf litter (layer that contains a combination of fragments of leaves branches
LMU biologist Professor Susanne Renner and her research group have looked now at the effects of this warming trend on the timing of leaf emergence (leaf-out in a broad range of shrubs and trees.
The inducers of leaf-outit is believed widely that warmer temperatures will extend the growing season and that leaf-out in our flora will occur at progressively earlier times in the year.
However whether air temperature or day-length is the dominant factor determining the date of leaf-out is known actually for very few of the thousands of species of trees
and shrubs says Renner. As Director of Munich's Botanic Garden she was in a position to remedy this situation.
and Renner and her doctoral student Constantin Zohner have taken advantage of this unique resource to monitor the timing of leaf-out in nearly 500 different species of woody plants.
Temperature and day-length are the primary triggers of leaf development and selective forces during the course of evolution have determined
which leaf-out occurs relatively late in the year Renner adds. The beech in Central europe is a relic of the warmer temperatures that prevailed during the Tertiary period;
leaf emergence requires 13 hours of daylight regardless of whether the spring was warm or cool and moist.
Moreover species that are adapted already to our northerly climates are unlikely to undergo leaf-out at ever earlier times
#Surprising spread of spring leaf-out timesdespite conventional wisdom among gardeners foresters and botanists that woody plants all leaf out at about the same time each spring a new study organized by a Boston
University biologist found a surprisingly wide span of as much as three months in leaf-out times.
Significantly observations the past two springs of 1597 woody plants in eight botanical gardens in the U s. Canada Germany and China suggest that species differences in leaf-out times could impact the length of the growing season
As species distribution and abundance shift due to climate change interspecific differences in leaf-out timing may affect ecosystem processes such as carbon water
Our open-access leaf-out data provide a critical framework for monitoring and modelling such changes going forward.
While previous researchers observed leaf-out for a limited numbers of species in a single location this study uniquely obtained observations of the same species from gardens around the world.
some species tend to leaf out early others late. Prior to this study no one would have suspected that there was so much difference in the leafing out times of different species says BU Prof.
And certain groups of plants--such as honeysuckles willows lilacs and apples--tended to leaf out early while other groups--such as oak beeches honey locusts and grapes--tended to
leaf out late. As a result forests will have flushes of new leaves over an extended period
Leaf-out phenology affects a wide variety of ecosystem processes and ecological interactions and will take on added significance as leaf-out times increasingly shift in response to warming temperatures associated with climate change the study said.
There is however relatively little information available on the factors affecting species differences in leaf out phenology.
Primack explained that as the climate warms trees will tend to leaf out earlier in the spring perhaps extending the growing season and affecting animal behavior.
But this pattern will become complicated if the overall tree composition changes. For example in eastern North america maple and birch trees which leaf out early may be replaced gradually by more heat-tolerant oak trees
which tend to leaf out later in the spring. The data was obtained by walking around each of the botanical gardens once a week
and recording the appearance of first leafing out for all of the species. Leaf-out time was considered
when the young leaves had emerged from their buds and their adult shape could be seen even though the leaves were still small.
A leaf-tailed gecko hatched June 2. The leaf-tailed gecko is a large nocturnal gecko from Madagascar threatened with extensive habitat loss from cattle grazing logging agriculture and collection for the pet trade.
Three loggerhead shrike chicks hatched in Mid-may at the Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute In front Royal Va. Loggerhead shrikes also called butcher birds are songbirds that hunt small animals by impaling them on thorns or barbed wire.
When these fast-moving streams--full of detritus from forest foliage--hit the slow-moving lake the debris falls out of suspension
Polarization patterns occur on the petals of real flowers but are invisible to us and thus may be overlooked a hitherto component of floral signalling.
The Parrot came with a protective polystyrene hull for use indoors and Bowman has demonstrated it during meetings with area farmers.
which sucks on leaf sap and leaves behind bacteria. The bacteria then move through the tree via the phloem.
--i e. those foliar fungal pathogens that get into the leaf of the plant to exploit the space between its cells known as the apoplast to retrieve nutrients from the plant.
These include the damaging pathogens that cause septoria leaf blotch on wheat barley leaf blotch apple scab and light leaf spot on oilseed rape.
The ETI concept does not hold for defense against those pathogens that go into the leaf but not into the cells.
They then conducted field trials in a commercial cherry orchard in Southern Tasmania Australia from leaf fall in June until harvest the following February.
Leaf-tailed Gecko: Look Hard to See This One Saltuarius eximius Location: Australia It's not easy to spot this gecko which has an extremely wide tail that is employed as part of its camouflage.
hard-object feeders (e g. hard fruits seeds) mixed food feeders (e g. fruit) and leaf feeders.
and the trees leaf Out in addition Morristown is part of the Northeast Temperate Network (NETN) established by the U s. National park service to monitor ecological conditions in 12 parks located in seven northeastern states as well as six
which sucks on leaf sap and leaves behind bacteria that spread through the tree. Johnson said the bacteria travel quickly to the roots where they replicate damage the root system and spread to the rest of the host tree's canopy.
#Leaf chewing links insect diversity in modern and ancient forestsobservations of insects and their feeding marks on leaves in modern forests confirm indications from fossil leaf deposits that the diversity of chewing damage relates directly to diversity of the insect
The direct link between richness of leaf-chewing insects and their feeding damage across host plants in two tropical forests validates the underlying assumptions of many paleobiological studies that rely on damage-type richness as a means to infer changes in relative
Studies of leaf chewing include observation of the leaves but rarely include all the insects that actually made the marks.
MÃ nica R. Carvalho graduate student Cornell University and Peter Wilf professor of geosciences Penn State and colleagues looked at leaf predation in two tropical forests in Panama to test
for a relationship between the richness of leaf-chewing insects and the leaf damage that the same insects induce.
Using Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute canopy-access cranes and working in the dark at almost 200 feet high in the treetops at new moon during two summers the researchers collected a total of 276 adult
and immature leaf-chewing insects of 156 species . While the largest category of insect was beetles leaf chewers among grasshoppers stick insects
and caterpillars as well as a few ants were collected also. The team also collected fresh leaves of the insects'host plants
The researchers then classified the damage to the leaves into categories in the same way they catalog fossil leaf-chewing damage.
This is the first attempt to compare leaf-chewing damage inflicted by many kinds of living insects on many kinds of plants throughout a large forest area both to the culprit insects
and to the leaf damage we see in the fossil record said Carvalho. We mounted 276 of the insects with their damaged leaves
The researchers also compared the modern leaf data to fossil data from Colombia Argentina the Great plains and the Rocky mountains.
and ancient settings showing a striking consistency in how insects have divided up their leaf resources since at least the end of the age of dinosaurs.
Takahata and Miura's study involved coiling bonsai wire around the stems of tomato seedlings between the cotyledon node and the first leaf node.
The lesions then spread across the remaining surface of the leaf and can be seen in the form of dark green grey-brown or black patches.
A conventional plastic container and nine types of biocontainers (bioplastic coir manure peat bioplastic sleeve slotted rice hull solid rice hull straw and wood fiber) were included in the life cycle
Like other insect pests whitefly feed by pushing their long mouthpiece--or stylets--into the leaf until it reaches the plant's main source of nutrients travelling through the phloem.
Additionally they measured leaf surface area and determined the structure or architecture of each of the seven species. Of 1844 nests sampled chimpanzees selected Ugandan Ironwood for 73.6%of the nests
and had the smallest leaf surface area. The authors suggest that chimpanzees select trees like the Ugandan ironwood due to these properties as they may provide protection from predators
Oriental beech was the dominant species in the layer of foliage in the forest canopy known as the overstory
and sugars in the tobacco leaf are in fact higher. Traditional tobacco growing allows the plant to develop
and their foliage would help reduce the ability of wind to kick up dust Computer simulations of a hypothetical co-location solar farm in Southern California's San bernardino County by Ravi
Leaf material harvested from the various wheat tests plots was placed immediately on ice and then was dried oven
but using 13 percent less water and reflecting 34 percent more radiation back into space by breeding for slightly different leaf distribution angles and reflectivity.
what leaf arrangements would best do this. The researchers aimed for three specific areas of improvement.
The researchers looked at how the plant's biology changed with varying structural traits such as leaf area distributions how the leaves are arranged vertically on the stalk and the angles of the leaves.
We've shown that by altering leaf arrangement we could have a yield increase without using more water
'They examined in detail at daily intervals the growth cycle of the vegetation--identifying physical changes such as leaf cover color and growth.
At some point after leaf development the phloem eventually collapses and becomes dysfunctional. Craig Brodersen Cody Narciso Mary Reed and Ed Etxeberria from the University of Florida's Citrus Research and Education Center published the results of a study in Hortscience in
and Education Center using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. Symptomatic tissue was characterized by blotchy leaf mottle smaller and misshapen yellow leaves
The images record traits such as leaf color root development and shoot size giving researchers clues to the relationship between a plant's genotype the growing conditions and the observable traits of its phenotype.
and the carbon isotopes of leaf wax a marker for plant varieties (grasses indicate dry conditions).
carbon isotopes from plant leaf wax. Leaves are covered with a carbon-based wax that protects them from losing too much water to evaporation.
Different plants have different carbon isotopes in their leaf wax. Tropical grasses which are adapted for dryer climates tend to have the C-13 isotope.
The only clues to the spiders'presence visible solely on foggy mornings during four months of the year are spun the threads loosely between tips of palmetto frond.
Sometimes beetles hit the web strands between tips of palmetto fronds and tumble into the denser tangle of threads below catching them in the red widows'webs.
Under the leaf litter the seeds were less likely to be detected by rodents or other seed predators and benefited from the humid conditions favorable for germination.
They set out to assess the rate at which plant material decomposed as a function of background radiation placing hundreds of samples of uncontaminated leaf litter (pine needles and oak maple and birch leaves) in mesh bags throughout the area.
A statistical analysis of the weight loss of each leaf litter sample after those nine months showed that higher background radiation was associated with less weight loss.
and in the most contaminated regions the leaf loss was 40 percent less than in control regions in Ukraine with normal background radiation levels.
The characteristic leaf like structure protruding upwards from their nose is believed to be involved in focusing the bats'ultrasonic biosonar beam more precisely.
consequently these small seldom-seen animals may play a significant role in regulating the capture of carbon from leaf litter in forest soils.
predation on invertebrates indirectly affects the amount of leaf litter retained for soil-building where nutrients
and how that influenced leaf litter retention. The study included soil moisture as a covariate and field enclosures on the forest floor to quantify the effects of woodland salamanders.
and analyze foliage from 3560 canopies across 19 forests throughout Peru. They found that canopy chemical traits are organized in a large mosaic controlled by changes in the underlying soils and by elevation.
and black-and-white ruffed lemurs leaf-eating Coquerel's sifakas and ring-tailed and mongoose lemurs that eat a mix of fruit leaves seeds flowers nectar and insects.
Simple and primitive a duckweed plant consists of a single small kidney-shaped leaf about the size of a pencil-top eraser that floats on the surface of the water with a few thin roots underwater.
Most of the time it reproduces by budding off small leaves that are clones of the parent leaf.
S. polyrhiza leaves resemble cotyledons embryonic leaves inside plant seeds that become the first leaves after germination.
and continuously produces cotyledon leaves. This prolonging of juvenile traits is called neoteny. S. polyrhiza had fewer genes to promote
#New species of Oak hidden away in the greenery of Ton Pariwat Wildlife Sanctuaryan international team of scientists from Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical garden (China)
and potato leaf hoppers and an increase in a pest called clover root curculio Egan said.
Reduced leaf damage is supposed to reduce the number of coffee cherries falling from the tree while ripening.
Researchers from Oxford and Sheffield Universities have found that temperatures affect the thickness of the leaf litter
and insect species says University of Cincinnati researcher Alina Avanesyan who developed the new protocol while studying grasshopper leaf tissue consumption.
Leaf relative water content was not different for cold-acclimated trees compared with the control trees.
and control the expression of numerous plant genes in function of the task to be undertaken that is to say cell growth flowering root initiation leaf growth etc.
Morphological diversity among New world Leaf nosed bats with different diets. Nectar: A) Platalina genovensium B) Glossophaga soricina;
or a freshly fallen leaf curls and then straightens when humidity rises. Such bending back and forth means that spore-coated sheets
and cover the pile with leaf litter. Then it's back up the tree in an achingly sluggish climb.
and leaf P. Seedlings from sites with lower total soil N had more cluster roots regardless of other soil characteristics.
or leaf litter decomposition. As a result of this study nitrogen status of soil and plants in addition to phosphorus will always be included in Proteaceae studies by Piper.
No bigger than a grain of rice the horse-chestnut leaf-mining moth has spread rapidly through England and Wales since its arrival in London in 2002.
In 2010 thousands of'citizen scientists'were asked by two professional ecologists to collect records of leaf damage from across the country as part of a project called'Conker Tree Science'.
and other people to put a damaged leaf in a plastic bag wait two weeks and then see insects--the adult moths
Leaf research needs photos, lab analysisevery picture tells a story but the story digital photos tell about how forests respond to climate change could be incomplete according to new research.
During that same period Yang and his colleagues took weekly leaf samples from the forest
The study showed that peak leaf senescence--the increase in red pigments in the fall--was captured quite well by the cameras.
but could also be useful for tourism officials in places like Vermont where leaf peepers plan trips to take in the fall colors.
Researchers at the Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology in Jena Germany have now found that ants also keep harmful leaf pathogens in check.
Intriguingly the leaves of acacia colonized by parasitic ants showed more leaf damage from herbivores
#Ramularia and the 4 Rsthe gene that has provided spring barley with resistance to powdery mildew for over 30 years increases susceptibility to newly-important disease Ramularia leaf spot.
#Walden Pond trees leafing out far earlier than in Thoreaus timeclimate-change studies by Boston University biologists show leaf-out times of trees and shrubs
and if plants leaf out early in warm years they risk having their leaves damaged by a surprise frost.
But if plants wait to leaf out until after all chance of frost is lost they may lose their competitive advantage.
when Caroline Polgar a graduate student with Primack examined Thoreau's unpublished observations of leaf-out times for common trees
On average woody plants in Concord leaf out 18 days earlier now. In New england plants have to be cautious about leafing out in the early spring.
If they leaf out too early their young leaves could suffer from subsequent late frost.
We found compelling evidence that invasive shrubs such as Japanese barberry are ready to leaf out quickly once they are exposed to warm temperatures in the lab even in the middle of winter
whereas native shrubs like highbush bluberry and native trees like red maple need to go through a longer winter chilling period before they can leaf out
Solar panel discs bloom at the end of 16-foot fronds. When charged with six hours of sunlight, they can shine for nearly 10 hours straight.
trees and greenery--planned for these projects. Amazon is the latest tech company to join the architectural fray.
A park for all seasons--fall for the hues of red, orange, and yellow foliage; winter for snow-covered trees and ice skating;
the historic Hirschgarten is known now more for its massive beer garden than for its greenery,
They pounded off the hulls with an old mortar and pestle, winnowed the grains in an antique basket
But others could address real issues around sanitation, urban greenery and traffic. A project called DIY Traffic Controller, developed by Theodore Ullrich, an industrial designer from Tomorrow Lab and his partner Aurash Khawarzad
Perhaps the additional, continual complaints about the lack of a work-life balance could be solved by taking a leaf out of Google's book.
It turns out that the bean leaf solution is as good as the best of those methods.
(which translates to Green Leaf) Eco Community Development. The development is being billed as a sustainable garden city,
a patent-pending technology that uses a growing organism and byproducts from food production (oat hulls from New york, cotton hulls from Texas and rice hulls from Arkansas) to create a strong composite material.
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