Synopsis: Plants: Plant parts: Stalk:


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The trunks help the koala bears keep cool according to a new study. It can be a really useful way of getting rid of heat on a hot day said study co-author Michael Kearney an ecologist at the University of Melbourne in Australia.

and sleep nobody wondered why they hugged the trunks. People just thought they were taking a break on a more stable spot after eating leaves in the branches Kearney said.

Marsupial Gallery: A Pouchful of Cute As such the discovery came as a surprise. Kearney and his student doctoral candidate Natalie Briscoe were trying to predict how the woodland creatures on French Island near Melbourne would regulate their body temperatures as the continent heats up due to climate change.

which measures temperature based on thermal radiation at the tree trunks the koalas were hugging. The trunks were considerably cooler than the ambient air temperature sometimes by as

much as 9 degrees F (5 degrees C) Kearney said. She also noticed the koalas clinging to acacia trees

and started to really hug onto the tree trunks Kearney told Live Science. That seemed strange to us until we figured out that the trees are a bit cooler.

It's not clear exactly why their preferred tree trunks are cool but one possibility is that they pull in a lot of groundwater which stays closer to the annual average air temperature rather than the current air temperature he said.


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The center mouth opens into the stalk and is probably for both eating food and excreting waste Just said.

Of the two new species one has a shorter stalk and smaller disc compared with the other though the difference is only a few millimeters.

One Ediacaran form had an identical three-lobed disc with a stalk with exactly the same gut branches as Dendrogramma Just said.

Just said he hopes more tiny Jell-o-like creatureswill someday surface in another deep-sea expedition so modern genetic studies can reveal their evolutionary branch.


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Although most of us may not be able to name them we recognize their deep-green branches as they are commonly found in parks nature preserves and other protected natural areas.


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Dazzling Photos of Dew-Covered Insects</a p><p>A delicacy among many African tribes the palm weevil(<em>Rhychophorus phoenicis</em>)is collected off the trunks of palm trees.


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I often collect animals by pinning them to a tree trunk with two fingers and then using my thumb underneath their bodies to pull them off of the tree.

The worst that they do is sometimes eat people's coconuts or sugar cane. See more images of aye-ayes Aye-ayes are extraordinary examples of evolution at its weirdest


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The tree can have 15 to 30 of these leaflets per stalk according to Utah State university.


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Scientists have synthesized successfully meat using a 3d printer to align stem cells from animals in laboratory Petri dishes creating both hamburger


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A patient's own stem cells could be used to make the mini heart decreasing the chances of tissue rejection researchers say.</


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In high-school I identified poor nutrition as a problem this was my trunk. My overweight grandmother used to babysit me and

The symptoms or branches of my tree included the issues that my grandmother suffered with


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The bees build these multilayered nest cells in secure locations near the ground such as under the bark of dead trees in stems


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Potato stems branches leaves and fruits are toxic containing alkaloids such as arsenic chaconine and solanine.

potatoes are swollen actually the part of the stem of the perennial Solanum tuberosum. This part of the plant is called a tuber

which functions to provide food to the leafy part of the plant. The eyes of potatoes are buds


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Coniferous trees in the Genus agathis which are sought after for their soft wood have thick trunks and can grow up to 200 feet (60 meters) tall.

But the discovery of fossilized Agathis leaves branches and cones in the rich deposits at Argentina's Laguna del Hunco suggests the tree covered much more ground in prehistoric times.


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which can inflict painful stings around the eyes and trunks of elephants. A powerful swarm of bees could even kill a thin-skinned calf.


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It must be acknowledged that such targeted burning is expensive to carry out safely given the need for engagement with numerous stakeholders (private land owners councils various branches of government.


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New research finds that yikes crocodiles can climb trees even reaching the uppermost branches. Four species found on three continents showed this behavior

In Australia they observed freshwater crocodiles basking on low-hanging branches day and night. When approached by boats the crocs splashed into the water below to escape.

In The americas Dinets observed crocs as long as 3 feet (1 m) sunning themselves on mangrove roots and branches.

To get there it would have had to scale a 13-foot-tall (4 m) vertical bank and then crawl 13 feet (4 m) out on a sloping branch.

The largest tree-climber observed was a Nile crocodile 6. 5 feet (2 m) seen basking a foot and a half (0. 5 m) above water on a fallen branch in Botswana.


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One of these considers the junction where the branch of a tree meets the trunk.


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The healing curls of wood leave a unique pattern of growth rays as they stretch around the trunk.

That's a classic fire adaptation (so ground fires can't climb up lower branches) Byers points out.


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Scavengers possibly Arctic foxes and ravens devoured Khroma's heart and lungs as well as parts of the trunk and skull between the time she was discovered in 2008

and tried to blow it out of her trunk. Because the nasal passages narrow in the trunk she only managed to get the mud stuck even more.

It moved straight into her trachea and bronchi and by that time she was exhausted too


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While Feeding Like an herbivorous Count Dracula a snakelike vine coils around its leafy victim punctures its stem


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Old Trees Grow Fastest Like a fairytale beanstalk a tree can grow and grow until it scrapes the sky.


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but also from dead roots as well as stems branches and tree trunks that have fallen to the ground. The carbon in the organic matter largely stays locked away in the soil like an enormous reservoir.

Over time carbon is released as greenhouse gases carbon dioxide and methane when the matter is degraded by soil microbes.

Simply put kudzu leaves and stems are easy for microbes to degrade pine needles and stems are not.

This means that carbon is locked in with waste from pines; whereas it gets released by kudzu.

When kudzu invades its leaves stems and roots become the major plant contributors to the soil organic matter replacing pines'contribution.


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or development encroached on habitat. 6 Strange Species Discovered in Museums Neotropical bark mantises live on tree branches

and tree trunks Svenson said. They're fleet of foot dashing around tree trunks like lizards when spotted.

The mantises have flattened mottled bodies that mimic bark moss lichen or dead leaves. They fly poorly so their last line of escape is to leap to the ground


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but new bulbs do a better job of mimicking the sun. The lights use less electricity


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High up in the forest canopy the animals interlace strong stems and foliage into a basketweave creating a thick springy mattress that sinks in the middle.

and more comfortable to sleep on than the branches of other local tree species which can have sparse protruding stems.

Ugandan ironwood might even keep bugs at bay. In a study published last year in the journal Primates Samson and Hunt found that mosquitos were less likely to congregate around C. alexandri


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and carpeted in corn stalks and soybean rows. Farmers here know that sooner or later commodity prices fuel prices seed prices


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and in the past 50 got this spindly trunk in the center because it got warmer at the top of this mountainside there's something that's a very literal depiction of climate change happening right in front of you.


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The study researchers found snakes use a much greater force to grip tree trunks and other surfaces they're climbing than is necessary.


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Tough growing conditions and rising demand are leading some coffee producers to mix in wheat soybean brown sugar rye barley acai seeds corn twigs and even dirt.

and grinding the beans it becomes impossible to spot any twigs berries or even dirt that blend in with the dark grounds.


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when sugar obtained from sugar cane beet and corn became very cheap to produce. It s a completely unnecessary part of our calorie intake:


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which are vegetables (edible roots leaves or stems). ) Use the information provided by the store to find out where the produce was grown


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They are known to drop from branches onto their prey below. All are solitary snakes. Jameson s mamba This is a slender snake that lives in trees


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They use their long claws to hang onto branches while they feast on the leaves that other animals can't reach.

They also like to sleep hanging by their claws from tree branches. For the most part a sloth's life revolves around sleeping

Males will fight for her by hanging from branches by their feet and pawing at each other.

To get to the rivers for a swim sloths will drop themselves off of branches into the water.


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and pectoral fins were supported by several long thin bones powered by muscles largely within the trunk.

Archaeopteris could grow up to 98 feet (30 meters) tall with a trunk diameter of more than 3 feet.

It had a softwood trunk similar to modern conifers that grew in sequential rings. It did not have true leaves

but fernlike structures connected directly to the branches (lacking the stems of true leaves). There is evidence that they were deciduous as the most common fossils are shed branches.

Reproduction was by male and female spores that are accepted as being the precursors to seed-bearing plants.


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which even in winter have some carbohydrates mostly sucrose) in the vascular tissue beneath their bark had been gnawed by rats all the way around the base of the trunk a practice called girdling that usually kills a tree.


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Years later these tree trunks were in pretty good shape. If a tree had fallen in my backyard it would be sawdust in 10 years or so.

The pair noticed that the tree trunks seemed largely unchanged even after a few decades. Apart from a few ants the dead tree trunks were unscathed largely

when we first encountered them Mousseau who is also co-director of the Chernobyl and Fukushima Research Initiatives at the University of South carolina told Smithsonian.


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or tubers Sistiaga told Live Science in an email. Speculative results Other experts were skeptical about


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and branches pile up the ph is compared higher to soil beneath nearby sugar pines Stephen Hart an ecologist at the University of California Merced reported at the meeting.


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They have characteristic long noses or trunks; large floppy ears; and wide thick legs. There are two species of elephant.

For example when they are meeting each other they expect the other elephant to extend its trunk in greeting.

When it gets too hot African elephants will suck water into their trunks and then blow it back out to shower themselves with a cool mist.

An elephant's trunk has more than 100000 muscles according to National geographic. They use it to breathe pick things up make noises drink and smell.


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so they can maximize photosynthesis with networks of branches and roots. Chamovitz calls rootedness the primary principle of plant biology.

For example they move toward the sunlight by elongating cells on the dark side of the stem.

Those abilities derive from the way plants are structured and their access to stem cells. Arranged in modular body plans plants can grow limbs in different directions

and root tips these plant stem cells are pluripotent meaning they can develop into any type of plant cell.

Animals by contrast lack meristems and stem cells are much harder to come by as shown by the difficulties faced by cloning efforts Rayburn said.


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or nests that are built into the crooks of branches To get from tree to tree


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while others say It must have tasted just like vinegar with twigs in it.)While the wine wouldn't be


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These monkeys can quickly walk on two legs across a tree branch. Old world monkeys and humans share a common ancestor.


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and scratch him climb away and even jump to another tree branch. She'll do everything in her capacity to reject him Ellis said adding that females appear to reject males successfully more than they accept them in the wild.


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eight slender red maple branches clipped from trees growing in NC State s Hill Forest. I found my way to this particular spot ditch

A couple of degrees warming can make the difference between a stately shade tree and a sad bedraggled specimen with dead branches sparse leaves and grimy scale-encrusted bark.

I became extremely grateful to scores of plant biologists like the one who archived a foot-long maple twig from Hill Forest in 1971.

It turns out that many of these old twigs still have stuck scale insects intact firmly but inconspicuously to the spots where they once lived.

when only 12 branches into my first search in the UNC Herbarium there was a gloomy scale#he same species that burdens our urban red maples.

Even on 100-year old branches the scales looked perfect. So I counted them. And kept counting them on more than 300 historical specimens from the southeastern US then matched up their abundance with historical temperatures for the year

During relatively cool historical time periods only 17%of branches had scale insects. But during relatively hot periods 36%were infested.

In other words scale-infested branches were more than twice as common during hot periods than cool periods#xactly as we would expect

Furthermore the most heavily infested twigs were had ones that grown at temperatures similar to those of modern urban Raleigh.

so to test our prediction we needed to go back to places where those old branches were collected originally

At 16 of the 20 sites gloomy scale populations were denser than they were on the original branches from the same locations.


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In the study the protein scaffold that holds the cells of a pig bladder in place worked by attracting stem cells to the site the injury

because therapy signals the stem cells to make new muscle. Badylak told Live Science that this technique could also solve some problems of current stem cell therapies.

One big issue is that simply injecting stem cells into an area of the body isn't enough since many of those cells simply die.

The new study shows that a scaffold and a signal from surrounding muscles seems to be help regrow the muscle.


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The tree produces a long fleshy stalk called a cashew apple which resembles a small pear.

At the end of this stalk grows the kidney-shaped cashew nut that many know and love. Cashew nuts are protected from hungry passerby by a double shell containing a potent poison called anacardic acid.


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and debris on branches and tree bark trapping and preserving them for millions of years.

Trees there appeared either to secrete resin directly from the bases of their trunks or drop resin from their branches entombing creatures living beneath the forest canopy Heads said.

That's the case for the new pygmy locust species which was fossilized in amber after its death.


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17 percent comes from leaves seeds and stems; and 3 percent comes from termites and caterpillars.

The mountain gorilla eats a diet that is about 86 percent leaves shoots and stems; 7 percent roots;


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The plant's pedicels stalks connecting to the ovaries curve downward pointing the budding ovaries toward the ground.


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The plant consists of stocky leaves whorled around a central stem. In a healthy pineapple plant the tapered swordlike leaves can grow up to about 5 feet (1. 5 meters) long.

The pineapple fruit grows out of the top of the central stem. The fruit is actually the result of dozens of individual fruit-producing flowers that have fused into a single fruit

Additionally the plant's suckers (side shoots that grow in between the leaves of the main stem)


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The orange-fleshed tubers are especially high in Vitamin a (also called beta-carotene which is the carotenoid that turns into Vitamin a) vitamins C E and B6 fiber and manganese.

which are tubers (underground stems). Sweet potatoes are native to Central and South america and have been grown for at least 10000 years.


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The results are welcome news as plant pathologists race to arm themselves against an ongoing epidemic of stem rust (P. graminis) caused by a recently emerged fungus called Ug99 (see'Wheat fungus spreads out of Africa'.


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Hybrid embryos fail to live up to stem-cell hopes: Nature Newsthe creation of human-animal hybrid embryos proposed as a way to generate embryonic stem cells without relying on scarce human eggs has met with legislative hurdles and public outcry.

But a paper published this week suggests that the approach has another, more fundamental problem:

Robert Lanza of Advanced Cell Technology, a stem-cell company based in Los angeles, California, and his colleagues show that in their labs,

Cloning Stem Cells doi: 10.1089/clo. 2009.0004; 2009). ) The hybrid embryos also failed to properly express genes thought to be critical for pluripotency the ability to develop into a wide variety of cell types.


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Brazilian sugarcane ethanol despite having an even higher indirect effect and being transported abroad, still performs better than any other biofuel.


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He thinks this stems in part from delays to the climate agenda caused by unrelated distractions,


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Nature Newspolicy Events Business Facilities Environment<br></br>The week ahead Sound bites Number crunch<br></br>Policy Stem cells:

Restrictions on human embryonic stem-cell research in Japan were relaxed on 21 august, after updated government guidelines came into effect.

After almost three-and-a-half years, the trial of Korean stem-cell researcher Woo Suk Hwang may be drawing to a close.

His papers claiming that he had created cloned human embryonic stem cells were shown to be fabrications in January 2006.

Business Stem cells: Six months after giving it the green light, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) halted plans for the world's first clinical trial of a therapy generated from human embryonic stem cells.

The product's manufacturer, Geron in Menlo Park, California, had hoped to start human testing of its potential treatment for spinal-cord injury this summer (see Nature 457,516;


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In a case study of an evergreen forest in Cambodia, Sasaki and his co-author Francis Putz from the University of Florida in Gainsville use inventory data for plots of trees with trunks wider than 5 centimetres to estimate that the forest

Of this, 71.4 tonnes is in trees that have trunks wider than 45 centimetres the trees that loggers are most likely to target.


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which has promised a liberal approach to contentious research issues such as human embryonic stem cells and genetically modified crops (see Nature 461,456-457;

Stem-cell oversight: The International Society for Stem Cell Research has created a committee to weed out companies that offer unapproved stem-cell'therapies'.

'The society's president, Irving Weissman of Stanford university in Palo alto, California, launched the committee on 22 september at the World Stem Cell Summit in Baltimore, Maryland.

The 18-member panel plans to create a blacklist of companies that don't provide documentation showing that their treatments have been reported in peer-reviewed literature,

The week ahead 5-7 october The 2009 Nobel prizes for physiology or medicine, physics and chemistry are announced. http://nobelprize. org 5-7 october Singapore hosts the Stem Cells


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and oil refiner Sinopec in Beijing to develop a process that uses maize stalks and leaves,

and it opened a research unit in Brazil this year to study the conversion of sugarcane residues to ethanol.


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) Jatropha had nearly four times the water footprint of sugar-cane ethanol, for instance. Critics point out what they see as flaws in that analysis,

and a decision to focus on key strategic areas, such as sugar-cane ethanol from Brazil, cellulosic ethanol from the United states and biobutanol.


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consumes and rots the leaves and tubers of the plant. The mould still afflicts potatoes, tomatoes and related plants,


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but from its use in sugar-cane plantations. The team also tracked the health of 274 agricultural workers who had been exposed to glyphosate,


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Hwang's human stem cells were all fakes'.'In May 2006, Lee was charged with embezzlement


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Preserved tree trunks are scattered across the now-deserted lower Ica valley, about 200 km south of Lima, indicating a significant landscape change.


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000 years ago and ended around 50,000 years ago depended on foodstuffs such as underground tubers and meat.


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Nature Newspolicy Business Market watch Events Research The week ahead Number crunch Sound bites Policy Stem-cell lines:

On 2 december, the US National institutes of health (NIH) approved 13 human embryonic stem-cell lines for use by US government-funded researchers the first lines to be given the green light

Italian scientists have lost a final appeal against a government research call that explicitly excludes human embryonic stem cells,


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and sugarcane, putting vehicles in competition with hungry mouths. In this week's Nature, researchers from the University of California, Berkeley,

That calculation is based on using Brazilian sugarcane, which is a much more efficient feedstock than maize;


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Nature Newspolicy Business Research Events People Business watch The week ahead Number crunch Sound bites Policy Stem-cell lines:

considering extending the definition of human embryonic stem-cell lines eligible for federal funding, to include those from earlier-stage embryos than currently allowed.

says Susan Fisher, a stem-cell biologist at the University of California, San francisco, who recently submitted ten lines derived from pre-blastocyst embryos to the NIH.

maize leaves and stalks, and municipal waste to sugars are getting cheaper. At a national US ethanol conference in Orlando, Florida, last week, biotech companies Novozymes and Genencor launched new generations of enzymes that they claim will cut the enzyme-related production costs of cellulosic ethanol

stem-cell research. Research president: Austrian social scientist Helga Nowotny has been elected president of the European Research Council (ERC),


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We have no less than ten GM products to get into the regulatory system for trials including brinjal, chickpea, sorghum, sugar cane, castor oil plant,


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Business Stem-cell patents: Fate Therapeutics, a biotech company based in San diego, California, has been granted the first US patent for genetic reprogramming technology to create induced pluripotent stem (ips) cells.

The 4 february licence came shortly after a rival Californian company, ipierian of San francisco, was awarded Britain's first patent for ips cell reprogramming (see Nature 463,592-593;

%and include ethanol made from sugarcane) must cover the remainder. But the EPA has scaled also back the 2010 requirement for cellulosic biofuels,


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in plants such as sugar cane and maize (corn), which use a different type of photosynthesis, 110 out of 10,000 atoms are carbon-13.

Because sweeteners from sugar cane and maize have a higher proportion of carbon-13, the carbon isotope ratio of the final product will be skewed.


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The genome of the black truffle (Tuber melanosporum) includes genes encoding flavour-related sulphur metabolites


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the firm has engineered strains of yeast to produce hydrocarbon fuels and other chemicals from sugarcane feedstocks.


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Research Stem-cell therapy: Twenty-two clinics around the world that offer patients experimental adult stem-cell treatments have been surveyed by the International Cellular Medicine Society based in Salem, Oregon.

The study, released on 2 april, provides information about working clinics such as their cell processing and implantation techniques although it does not rank them.


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The discovery of the new forms marks the first time that the stem rust fungus with virulence against key genetic resistance has moved south of its origins in Uganda

It attacks the stems of wheat plants by destroying vascular tissue so that plants can no longer stand upright.

Pretorius and his team analysed the genomes of the new stem rust variants and compared them to the genome of a common


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Two new forms of a devastating wheat fungus known as Ug99 stem rust have arisen in South africa.


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Two languages with many differences would be placed on distant branches, just as two species with the most genetic divergence would sit at opposite ends of a phylogenetic tree.

Working back through the branches, they estimated how societies had changed and evolved over time, using language as a proxy measure.


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she said in a recent interview posted on the Collide-a-Scape climate blog. Curry began to find other examples where she thought the IPCC was torquing the science in various ways.

who runs the militantly evenhanded Collide-a-Scape blog. What scientists worry is that such exposure means Curry has the power to do damage to a consensus on climate change that has been building for the past 20 years.


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Cellulosic ethanol producers are trying to generate fuel from biomass such as leaves and branches. These feedstocks have the advantage that they are plentiful


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or funguslike microorganism, that destroys both the tuber and its leaves continues to be a major problem for farmers.


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Klein stays on The head of a US$3-billion stem-cell agency has reversed his decision to quit,

Coming up 11-15 december The chemical and physical signals that influence pluripotency in stem cells are among many topics discussed at the American Society for Cell biology's 50th annual meeting in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania


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