This variability means that the success of bacterial fertilizers might depend on developing tailor-made versions for different crop cultivars and environments.
Sugar beet is the first representative of a group of flowering plants called Caryophyllales comprising 11500 species
Sugar beet has a lower number of genes encoding transcription factors than any flowering plant with already known genome adds Bernd Weisshaar a principle investigator from Bielefeld University who was involved in the study.
Additionally gene numbers varied between different sugar beet cultivars which contained up to 271 genes not shared with any of the other lines as Juliane Dohm
The work involved the examination of long-term changes in vascular plant communities within a 1 300 monitoring grid covering 28 forested areas in various parts of Europe.
Although nitrogen deposition remains small in Northern europe even a slight rise in long-term deposition could change the competitive relationship of vascular plants by promoting the dissemination
Whereas fallow forests can have a surprisingly high tree-biodiversity a large proportion of tree species only occur as seedlings and saplings.
#Better protection for mangroves with models for successful seedling establishmentseedlings of mangroves do not have an easy time to get established.
Human intervention in coastal areas and climate change also make life difficult for mangrove seedlings.
Thorsten Balke studied the conditions that enable mangrove seedlings to be successful. On 18 december he will defend his Phd thesis at Radboud University.
how do the seedlings get to the tidal flat and what factors ensure their growth to become a successful mangrove forest?
The dangers of high tide What is the biggest danger for mangrove seedlings? High tide. Due to the currents and waves that accompany high tide sedimentation
and erosion can prevent seedlings from becoming established on the bare tidal flat. During sedimentation material carried by the water sinks to the l bed
and accumulates there essentially burying the seedlings. Erosion is another factor whereby soil particles are removed from the bed by water currents.
Many limiting factors However the seedlings also work against themselves. Due to their own buoyancy it takes some time before they become firmly anchored in the soil
And after the seedlings are anchored in the soil their growth process can still fail because they become buried by sediments
tidal periods in which the conditions are ideal for the establishment and further development of mangrove seedlings.
'The results of Balke's models emphasise that the most important factor for successful restoration is not planting seedlings
but improving the growing conditions for the seedlings. For example in Indonesia mangrove rehabilitation projects are being developed using brushwood groynes to counteract erosion
and enable mangrove seedlings to develop. Balke:''All my publications are open source so that everyone in the world can use this information freely.'
The study published by the journal PLOS One showed that particular cultivars combined with drier sunnier conditions work together to increase the chances that salmonella will spread.
Tomato maturity and cultivar particular strains of salmonella and seasonal differences were the strongest factors affecting proliferation.
Dr Mani Shrestha from Monash University and his colleague Prakash Bhattrai from the Tribhuvan University Kathmandu collected spectral data from more than 100 flowering plants in Nepal over a range of altitudes from 900
By understanding how these plants control development of the bulb we can support the breeding of new cultivars that have the right genetic profile to respond to specific growing conditions ensuring each plant produces a bulb for sale on the market.
Commercial production of onions relies on cultivars tailored to the environment they are grow in responding to the right combination of day length
This indicates that the changing impacts of the grass over time do not alter the seedlings'ability to grow in the ecosystem.
and Vitamin c levels in the cultivars. The scientists said that the effects of sugar alcohol zinc applications were equal to
According to Kevin M. Crosby from Texas A&m University's Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center open-pollinated cultivars of Habanero peppers are used extensively by US growers
but the cultivars have suffered historically from several deficiencies including low yields late maturity disease and pest susceptibility and lack of uniformity.
Transition to F1 hybrid cultivars such as jalapeã o bell and ancho has led to greatly increased yields earlier maturity and superior fruit quality.
Crosby said that'Carotex-312'should appeal to consumers of Habanero-type peppers because of the new cultivar's large attractive orange-colored fruit.
However Crosby noted the most outstanding attribute of this new cultivar is its ability to produce high yields particularly early in the season.
or from the open-pollinated control cultivar Habanero. More important Crosby said we found that average early yield (first harvest yield) was 19%of total yield (total of six harvests) for'Carotex-312
'but only 4. 7%of total yield for'Tigerpaw-NR'and 4. 2%of total yield for the open-pollinated control cultivar'Habanero'.
'Observations of a number of'Carotex-312'plantings in Texas and the results of prior research with the parental lines used to develop'Carotex-312'also suggested that the new cultivar has several potentially useful disease-resistance attributes.
Tropical Race 4 (TR4) is starting to have a huge effect on the Cavendish cultivar in Southeast asia
Ordinary households conservation organizations and natural resource agencies can all plant milkweed and flowering plants to offset ongoing losses in the species'breeding habitat.
Despite recent concerns that important crops in high-yielding regions have reached their production maximum the rise in yield potential of new cultivars does not yet level off.
A. rudis begins foraging too late to disperse the seeds of the early flowering plants. Phenology is the study of seasonal life cycle events such as bird
and investigated the placement of the plant's offspring (seedlings). They also took a very careful look at the ant species by monitoring tuna-bait stations at each grid for 90 minutes every week from March to June 2010 and monthly from March to June 2011.
The situations described above give the impression that the presence of some exotic flowering plants may be of benefit by encouraging higher numbers of pollinating species to occur at a site.
Outside of agro-ecological systems many studies have indicated that even flowering plants considered as invasive may have positive effects on insects especially on nectar
when dinosaurs didfor the first time ever scientists have documented a widespread extinction of bees that occurred 65 million years ago concurrent with the massive event that wiped out land dinosaurs and many flowering plants.
Previous studies have suggested a widespread extinction among flowering plants at the K-T boundary and it's long been assumed that the bees who depended upon those plants would have met the same fate.
and the introduction of new cultivars has increased strawberry yields in the region by 140%during the past 50 years.
#New fossils push the origin of flowering plants back by 100 million years to the early Triassicdrilling cores from Switzerland have revealed the oldest known fossils of the direct ancestors of flowering plants.
These beautifully preserved 240-million-year-old pollen grains are evidence that flowering plants evolved 100 million years earlier than previously thought according to a new study in the open-access journal Frontiers in Plant science.
Flowering plants evolved from extinct plants related to conifers ginkgos cycads and seed ferns. The oldest known fossils from flowering plants are pollen grains.
These are small robust and numerous and therefore fossilize more easily than leaves and flowers.
and it is assumed generally that flowering plants first evolved around that time. But the present study documents flowering plant-like pollen that is 100 million years older implying that flowering plants may have originated in the Early Triassic (between 252 to 247 million years ago) or even earlier.
Many studies have tried to estimate the age of flowering plants from molecular data but so far no consensus has been reached.
Depending on dataset and method these estimates range from the Triassic to the Cretaceous. Molecular estimates typically need to be anchored in fossil evidence
but extremely old fossils were not available for flowering plants. That is why the present finding of flower-like pollen from the Triassic is significant says Prof.
pollen grains that resemble fossil pollen from the earliest known flowering plants. With Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy they obtained high-resolution images across three dimensions of six different types of pollen.
In a previous study from 2004 Hochuli and Feist-Burkhardt documented different but clearly related flowering-plant-like pollen from the Middle Triassic in cores from the Barents sea south of Spitsbergen.
We believe that even highly cautious scientists will now be convinced that flowering plants evolved long before the Cretaceous say Hochuli.
What might these primitive flowering plants have looked like? In the middle Triassic both the Barents sea and Switzerland lay in the subtropics
Using a sophisticated series of intricate experiments involving growing seedlings from surface sterilized seeds in nitrogen-deprived
and should be recognized as its own flowering plant family. While the paper provides new insight into the evolution of the tulip tree line questions remain Dilcher said.
Historically Andean cloud forest seedlings sprout higher in elevation during periods of global warming. However an unprecedented rate of projected temperature gain in the region over the next century 5 degrees Celsius will have them going upslope faster than ever before says Miles Silman professor of Biology at Wake Forest University.
#New study informs blueberry flavor selectionthe University of Florida's (UF) Blueberry Breeding Program has been developing successful blueberry cultivars for more than 60 years.
The cultivars released from UF are credited with creating a Florida blueberry industry that was valued at $48 million in 2010
and characteristic blueberry flavors could help blueberry breeders select for cultivars that produce a more desirable flavor.
The study compared volatile profiles of five southern highbush blueberry cultivars (Farthing FL01-173 Scintilla Star
These five cultivars are significant in Florida and have been rated subjectively as having varied flavor characteristics noted lead author James Olmstead.
The research team harvested all five cultivars on four separate dates during the harvest season
and fruit from each cultivar were harvested also at four developmental stages on the first harvest date.
Estimates of the amount of missing data were based on 7539 peer-reviewed studies about animals fungi seed plants bacteria and various microscopic organisms.
whether the seed dispersal and seedling distribution pattern of M. miquelii might indicate that it is maladapted to its current dispersers.
Moreover although most of the seeds ended up under the parent cycad almost no seedlings were found within a 1. 5 m radius of adult cycads suggesting that most seeds within the vicinity of the parent perish.
There are 300000 different species of flowering plants and the corpse flower is one of the most extreme examples of how evolution can result in extreme flowers
The team used the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress) as well as pea bean and rice plants in their experiments observing the same results.
Kepinski expects the same mechanism to be observed in larger plants and young tree seedlings. In older trees the mechanisms driving gravity sensitive growth in woody tissues are different to those in non-woody plants.
They analyzed the samples to find out which flowering plants were the bees'main pollen sources and
But when the researchers collected pollen from bees foraging on native North american crops such as blueberries and watermelon they found the pollen came from other flowering plants in the area not from the crops.
Both palm species are in the Arecaceae family of flowering plants which fossil evidence dates to the Cretaceous period an estimated 140 to 200 million years ago.
That's alarming and suggests that global declines in pollinators could have a bigger impact on flowering plants
The reason is that rice seedlings were grown traditionally in paddies and then transplanted to the fields by hand.
Because the seedlings of both weedy and cultivated rice look alike farmers often don't realize they have a problem until the field is infested really.
which may reduce the number of seedlings becoming established and overall plant diversity. Publishing their results next month in a special edition of the academic journal Annals of Botany the research team has shown the impact of Deroceras reticulatum
in order to help seedlings establish and contribute towards successful restoration. Herbivory is a fundamental driver of plant diversity explains Dr Sarah Barlow who carried out the work
and help to fix Nitrogen into the soil benefitting not just the clover but all the meadow seedlings.
and is particularly fond of seedlings which is why they can have such a devastating impact on this type of conservation project.
On the bright side said Dr Barlow the slugs did not like the seedlings of some of the desirable wildflowers such as wood cranesbill rough hawkbit and greater burnet.
The cherry laurel is an evergreen and if it disperses on the forest floor it may create too much shade for the existing flora on the forest floor to survive.
While mature trees can use their roots to tap water deeper in the soil competition with dense understory vegetation can make it difficult for seedlings to survive.
and how their expression destines the tube for self-sacrifice allowing flowering plants to reproduce. High school biology leaves off with this:
As part of the initial study two-year old seedlings were planted in the spring of 2010 grown over the summers of 2010 and 2011
In the first Kling said seedlings were ordered from 10 different commercial sources across 8 states.
The seeds and seedlings for the two new evaluations were treated in greenhouses over the winter
During cold northern winters deer seek out stands of evergreens with dense crowns such as eastern hemlock northern white cedar and balsam fir.
and Pinot noir were the best cultivars to grow in Burgundy Dr. Mcgovern noted. What we haven't had is clear chemical evidence combined with botanical and archaeological data showing how wine was introduced into France
From the beginning promiscuous domesticated grapevines crossed with wild vines producing new cultivars. Dr. Mcgovern observes a common pattern for the spreading of the new wine culture:
Cacao plant breeders trying to produce a delicious high-yield strain through cross breeding have met with limited success. So the genetic marker could in theory be used to screen young seedlings
and if these young seedlings grow fast enough to escape from herbivores then woodlands can expand. With our analysis of satellite data we could now assess how general this response is.
As a result of this impaired dispersal palm regeneration became less successful in the area with less-vigorous seedlings germinating from smaller seeds.
Eugenia is a large worldwide genus of woody evergreen trees and shrubs of the myrtle family that is particularly diverse in South america New caledonia and Madagascar.
and represent a rare example of an insect mimicking a gymnosperm 165 million years ago before an explosive radiation of flowering plants.
Newer and more effective methods can begin to be used to ensure that the over 200 million tree seedlings planted each year in Sweden are as strong healthy and well-adapted as possible for both poor and rich soil areas in different parts
ie. some seeds and tuberous plants such as freshwater chestnuts lotus root and the fern root the addition of starch from palms was unexpected totally and very exciting.
or nightshade family includes a wide range of flowering plants some of which are important agricultural crops.
and with 1500 species is one of the largest genera of flowering plants. Solanum has 13 major evolutionary groupsor clades.
or nightshade family includes a wide range of flowering plants some of which are important agricultural crops.
and with 1500 species is one of the largest genera of flowering plants. Solanum has 13 major evolutionary groupsor clades.
The latest research results provide valuable insight into the development of taste in widespread cultivated plants as Skerra explains:
--and there are dozens--sacred lotus bears the closest resemblance to the ancestor of all eudicots a broad category of flowering plants that includes apple cabbage cactus coffee cotton grape melon peanut poplar
Because of its dense evergreen foliage and dominance in riparian and cove habitats eastern hemlock plays an important role in the area's water cycle regulating stream flow year round.
Rhododendron a woody evergreen shrub common in southern Appalachian forests is one of the species replacing eastern hemlock trees.
Dietary nicotine may hold protective keynew research reveals that Solanaceae--a flowering plant family with some species producing foods that are edible sources of nicotine--may provide a protective effect against Parkinson's disease.
but when the plants were able to openly communicate with the seeds more seedlings grew.
and working with scientists to mine the cassava gene bank at CIAT in Colombia--the biggest repository of cassava cultivars in the world.
The aim will be to develop a bold regional strategy that will gradually step-by-step village-by-village replace farmers'existing infested cassava plants with virus-free planting material of the best and most resistant available cultivars.
and production of CMD and CBSD resistant cassava cultivars more appealing to farmers. There also will be discussions about cost-effective
But by the following spring when the rains arrived there was a burst of flowering plants amid the nutrient-rich ash
nationally-recommended perennial ryegrass cultivar and by 43 per cent compared to meadow fescue. It is thought the reduced runoff is achieved
#Tulip tree reveals mitochondrial genome of ancestral flowering plantthe extraordinary level of conservation of the tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera) mitochondrial genome has redefined our interpretation of evolution of the angiosperms (flowering plants) finds research in biomed Central's open
and L. tulipifera still contains many genes lost during the subsequent 200 million years of evolution of flowering plants.
In fact one trna gene is no longer present in any other sequenced angiosperm. Prof Jeffrey Palmer who led this study explained By using the tulip tree as a guide we are able to estimate that the ancestral angiosperm mitochondrial genome contained 41 protein genes 14 trna genes seven trna
genes sequestered from chloroplasts and more than 700 sites of protein editing. Based on this it appears that the genome has been more
The current cultivars that are being sold for production are sterile but new hybrids that are being developed are fertile so Quinn said there could be the potential for confusion.
One gene we're interested in is the so-called evergreen locus in peaches which extends the growing season said Daniel Rokhsar DOE JGI Eukaryotic Program head under
and indirectly increase the growth rate of Douglas-fir seedlings replanted after harvest. The findings which are among the first to speak to the benefits of second-growth logging debris are published online in the journal Forest Ecology and Management.
The findings are based on a study of seedling development under three levels of logging debris--0 40 and 80 percent cover--at two sites in Washington
Harrington and his colleagues expanded on previous research on logging debris effects by increasing the number of seedlings studied extending the study period to four years and looking at the responses of additional variables like vegetation abundance
and seedling water potential. In addition to having a vegetation control effect the retained woody debris helped promote Douglas-fir seedling growth by reducing evaporation;
However where the use of herbicides to control competing vegetation was combined with logging debris seedling growth rates were observed the highest in the study especially where debris cover was 80 percent.
The authors also describe a variety of mutations in the tuber formation regulator gene which occur in different combinations in modern potato cultivars giving rise to early medium
Suggestions for Improved Regulation the authors also advocate liability for industry developers who fail to show due diligence in evaluating the potential invasiveness of a new cultivar.
NREL's Tool Combines Precision and Speedthe path toward an ultra-fast ultra-sophisticated screening tool went through Arborgen one of the nation's largest tree seedling suppliers.
Eighty-seven percent of the world's flowering plants including most of the leading global food crops are pollinated by animals.
If it was a species of flowering plant within a 10-mile radius of Carlinville it was in his study.
The authors examined the effect of GSSE processed from a grape cultivar('Carignan')of Vitis vinifera from northern Tunisia on rats.
instead begins with the natural resins found in trees especially evergreens. The rosin and turpentine derived from their wood is rich in hydrocarbons similar but not identical to some components of petroleum.
Some scientists believe masting events evolved to produce a big surplus of nut-carrying cones--far too many for wildlife species to consume in a season--making it more likely the nuts eventually will sprout into pinyon pine seedlings she said.
The tissue in the seeds of flowering plants is what feeds the world said Friedman who also directs the Arnold Arboretum at Harvard.
If flowering plants weren't here humans wouldn't be here. Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by University of Colorado at Boulder.
In another study they investigated how HLB infection affects juice quality in the same three varieties of orange with respect to cultivar maturity and processing methods.
The scientists grew seedlings of a laboratory plant (Arabidopsis) that is a relative of mustard using a custom imaging system
and flowering dates and the trend toward climate-driven early blooming it is the first to suggest that the trend in flowering plants may continue beyond
The team of researchers have collaborated with experimentalists at the University of Cambridge to create a mathematical model of a plant's petals to help us learn more about iridescence in flowering plants
Seedlings and small saplings cannot survive dry conditions and are drowned easily in wet marshes. Once plants become larger willows can survive droughts
and disease resistance scientists are now looking at ways to develop tomato cultivars that boast higher antioxidant traits.
Imaging of root systems has until now largely been done in the laboratory using seedlings grown in small pots and containers.
The study thought to be the first to assess these compounds in apple cultivars grown in the Pacific Northwest appears in October's print edition of the journal Food Chemistry.
Tree seedlings were most numerous where more of the fire-killed trees bore the fire-adapted or serotinous cones.
Beetle-killed trees likely contributed to post-fire seedling establishment too as their seeds remain viable in cones
and the flowering plants visited by the bees at a large number of sites across southern Norfolk including both urban and rural sites over a three month period.
Additionally the Tree Bumblebee preferred to forage on a set of flowering plants different to the sets of plants favoured by the other bumblebee species being more likely to use some species of flowering trees
Looking at both lines he identified 33 proteins that are expressed differentially in the tolerant cultivar.
and compare those results with the list of differentially expressed proteins from the Korean cultivars.
'For a number of years we have been keen to know just how much phylogenetic diversity the total outcome of millions of years of seed plant evolution we have in the vault.
A new study led by researchers from the University of Arizona reveals that the impact that spelled doom for the dinosaurs also decimated the evergreen flowering plants to a much greater extent than their deciduous peers.
They hypothesize that the properties of deciduous plants made them better able to respond rapidly to chaotically varying post-apocalyptic climate conditions.
Applying biomechanical formulae to a treasure trove of thousands of fossilized leaves of angiosperms--flowering plants excluding conifers--the team was able to reconstruct the ecology of a diverse plant community thriving during a 2. 2 million-year period
The researchers found evidence that after the impact fast-growing deciduous angiosperms had replaced their slow-growing evergreen peers to a large extent.
Living examples of evergreen angiosperms such as holly and ivy tend to prefer shade don't grow very fast
When you look at forests around the world today you don't see many forests dominated by evergreen flowering plants said the study's lead author Benjamin Blonder.
and could take advantage of changing conditions such as deciduous plants. We measured the mass of a given leaf in relation to its area
while slow-growing evergreens dominated the plant assemblages before the extinction event fast-growing flowering species had taken their places afterward.
This means that it is not possible to predict where seedlings will take root and less specialised species therefore have an advantage even in the species-rich rainforests of the tropics.
and also the technologies--industrial fertilizers sophisticated large-scale irrigation new resilient cultivars--and financial resources to sustain high yields
and colleagues used leaf vein density a trait visible on leaf compression fossils to document the occurrence of stratified forests with a canopy dominated by flowering plants.
when flowering plants became part of the upper forest canopy. Vein density values similar to present ones appeared about 58 million years ago indicating that the emergence of flowering plants in the canopy occurred by the Paleocene.
Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by Geological Society of America. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.
Because of its dense evergreen foliage eastern hemlock plays an important role in the water cycle of southern Appalachian forests regulating stream flow year round.
and peak flows were likely higher after hemlock loss due to lower interception by the evergreen canopy in the riparian zone said Brantley.
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