*In addition to Bt corn Bt cotton is popular. Yet resistance to Bt crops has been occurring with pest species throughout the world.
several woodrat populations in the U s. Southwest specifically eat a type of highly toxic creosote bush.
Corn cotton and soy hich together occupy about 40 percent of U s. cropland re the three crops with the highest GMO fraction by area each more than 90 percent in 2013.
The GMO fraction by area of corn cotton and soy in the top states that grow those crops.
Scientists at the University of California Berkeley are already working with it to create virus-resistant cassava.
Gene editing may also provide fodder for fresh controversy. Current GMO methods leave a trace behind
There was also a Centers for Disease Control report that concluded the number of calls to poison centers involving e-cigarette liquids containing nicotine rose from one per month in September 2010 to 215 per month in February 2014.
CS biosynthesizes the capsaisin and the Capsicum genus is the only one that evolved to biosynthesize capsaicinoids.
and are therefore more like bushes. While the architecture of these compact bushy plants allows mechanical harvesters to reap the crop the early end of growth means that each plant produces fewer fruits than their home garden cousins.
The mutation dramatically increases tomato yields in bush tomatoes and Lippman and his team led by postdoctoral researcher Ke Jiang set out to understand the mechanism behind this remarkable result.
Plants that live in the tundra such as Arctic cinquefoil and three-toothed saxifrage can withstand winter temperatures below minus 15 degrees Celsius.
and reducing the risk of chronic disease is to wisely choose a wide variety of foods said registered dietitian nutritionist and Academy spokesperson Heather Mangieri.
The scientists surveyed the abundance of lichens mosses ferns grasses sedges rushes forbs shrubs and trees along the two rockslides.
and Livesixty percent of the pikas'diet by dry weight came from moss at both sites with the rest from grasses lichens ferns forbs shrubs and some fir needles.
The haypiles contained little moss but had forbs shrubs and fir needles high in phenol to preserve the food cache through the winter.
Carissa Klein of the University of Queensland; Stacy Jupiter of the Wildlife Conservation Society; and Matthew Watts and Hugh Possingham of the University of Queensland.
but also how much they benefit coral reef ecosystems said lead author Dr. Carissa Klein. Thinking about the connections between the land and sea is done rarely
Annual crops such as cotton and corn already are grown routinely as GMO products with insect resistance genes.
and they produce fragrant resin (styrax). Some species are cultivated also as ornamentals while others are prized locally highly for the roots
Among such habitats coverage of species such as heather and may lily has been reduced in many areas in
Heaths woods and meadows are in most ways no more'natural'than suburban gardens or inner-city waste grounds.
and in terms of wildlife conservation More heaths downs and wetlands are required certainly simply to ensure healthy populations of birds like the stone curlew as well as to sustain a wide range of endangered plants.
This said when we create new heaths at great expense and then attempt to maintain the result--an impoverished artificial species-poor habitat--by mimicking long-redundant economic and agricultural activities then we are certainly doing something a little odd.
In the case of heathland for example we might consider restoring some of the wood-pasture heaths
which once existed such as the systematic and regular stripping of areas of heather and its roots.
In the study plots researchers found 324 tree and shrub species about 55 percent of Agua Salud's suite of approximately 600 tree species. They estimated relative reproductive size thresholds
and a little-known fungus is hurting Highbush cranberries. Both research articles were subject to the same peer review process
We collect Highbush cranberries to make jelly. In 2012 Daust noticed a weird disease on the plants.
The fungus was known to infect Highbush cranberry but nobody knew what effect it had on the plant.
the fungus may attack Highbush cranberry the most after wet spring weather. Wet springs are predicted to become more common in Daust's region of B c
We use only about a fifth of that in our row-crop agriculture--cotton corn soybean wheat etc.
In addition results from these long-term studies show that early shrub removal and tree density control are the most effective and efficient ways to reduce fuel buildup.
Under Mediterranean climatic conditions shrubs reduce overstory tree growth and keep tree crowns in contact with the shrub canopy.
or without understory vegetation by controlling competing vegetation carbon is reallocated into the trees instead of shrubs;
More than two thirds of the world's plants depend on this soil-dwelling symbiotic fungus to survive including critical agricultural crops such as wheat cassava and rice.
and the College of Agriculture and Life sciences of Texas A&m University recently announced the release of'Carotex-312'a new high-yielding orange-fruited Habanero type F1 hybrid pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.).
and heath and some in swamps but L. monticola is restricted essentially to alpine vegetation. All known populations of this new species occur above 700 m altitude.
In the northern regions of the boreal the surrounding hillsides have thin infertile soils and lack shrubs or herbs that can fix nitrogen.
which fix a modest amount of nitrogen that mostly stays on site in soils trees and shrubs.
and baking affect the increasingly popular fruit's polyphenols and reported their mixed findings--levels of some of these substances rose
and later--giving an advantage to shrubs and invasive trees that don't depend on the cold.
and shrub species. Their work delivered a surprising result as lead author Julia Laube explains:
A different behavior is observed among pioneer species--including shrubs such as hazel bushes and primary settlers such as birch trees--and among species like locust and walnut that have moved in from warmer climate zones.
Advantage for shrubs and new tree speciesthere may be consequences for the forest ecosystem. After mild winters the native species run a higher risk of developing their leaves too late.
and that benefits lower-growing shrubs and invasive tree species. They sprout earlier to the detriment of native species:
Shortened winter in the climate chamberfor their experiments the researchers used twigs around 30 centimeters long from 36 different trees and shrubs
In contrast the lilac the hazel bush and the birch proved to be less dependent on the cold.
and soybeans has resulted in severe milkweed declines and thus loss of breeding habitat. The authors suggest that the universal popularity of monarchs could encourage a market for monarch-friendly plants.
Ordinary households conservation organizations and natural resource agencies can all plant milkweed and flowering plants to offset ongoing losses in the species'breeding habitat.
and potentially the species'abundance is something that people can do at home by planting milkweed and other nectar plants.
This study shows that not only might consumers pay more for monarch-friendly milkweeds grown without systemic insecticides in the potting soil
or milkweeds if they knew a small percentage of sales will be donated to habitat conservation said Diffendorfer.
and belongs to the order of Ericales where blueberries tea bushes and Brazil nuts are classified also.
#New native shrubs show promise for landscape, nursery industriesas consumer interest in native plants increases nursery growers are challenged to expand their product range by adding new native species to their collections.
In the August 2013 issue of Hortscience researchers Julia Cartabiano and Jessica Lubell from the Department of Plant science and Landscape architecture at the University of Connecticut report on their study of four native shrubs that are relatively unknown
Ceanothus americanus Corylus cornuta Lonicera canadensis and Viburnum acerifolium. They said that these shrubs have the potential to become revenue generators for the nursery industry
if successful propagation protocols are developed. Cartabiano and Lubell evaluated the impact of cutting timing on propagation success of the four native shrubs.
They found that timing had no significant effect on rooting percentage root count or root length of Corylus cornuta or Viburnum acerifolium.
However we found it to be the easiest shrub to propagate of the four natives evaluated
Lavender is from the Mediterranean and dahlias are from Mexico.##oehelping bees in your garden is a no-brainer.
and sea buckthorn according to a new study published today in the Canadian Journal of Plant science.
The parasites'natural hosts are African thicket rats that use shrubs and trees as habitat.
#Salt-tolerant bacteria improve crop yieldsuzbek microbiologist Dilfuza Egamberdieva hopes to apply her new agricultural technique soon in Uzbekistan to boost the yield of economically important crops such as wheat cotton tomato and cucumber.
We believe that the mechanism making these nanotubes more compliant is a tiny kinkiness in their structure said Suresh Sitaraman a professor in the Woodruff School of Mechanical engineering at the Georgia Institute of technology.
silvopastoral systems which include shrubs and trees with edible leaves or fruits as well as herbage. Professor Donald Broom from the University of Cambridge who led the research said:
Consumers are now demanding more sustainable and ethically sourced food including production without negative impacts on animal welfare the environment and the livelihood of poor producers.
and shrubs as well as the increased use of herbicides all of which result in a dramatic decrease in biodiversity.
and encourages biodiversity using native shrubs and trees. Additionally shrubs and trees with edible leaves and shoots along with pasture plants produce more food for animals per unit area of land than pasture plants alone.
Trees and shrubs have added the benefit of providing shade from hot sun and shelter from rain.
It also reduces stress by enabling the animals to hide from perceived danger. The planting as forage plants of both shrubs
and trees whose leaves and small branches can be consumed by farmed animals can transform the prospects of obtaining sustainable animal production said Professor Broom.
Such planting of'fodder trees'has already been successful in several countries including the plant Chamaecytisus palmensis
which is used now widely for cattle feed in Australia. Another success has been in Colombia where a mixed planting of the shrub Leucaena with a common pasture grass resulted in a 27%increase in dry matter for food and 64%increase of protein production.
When ruminants such as cows goats and sheep are consuming the plants from a silvopastoral system researchers have seen an increase in growth and milk production.
Professor Broom added: It is clear that silvopastoral systems increase biodiversity improve animal welfare and provide good working conditions
In contrast the number of community-acquired MRSA rose from 596 in 2011 to 726 in 2012.
Community-acquired MRSA was identified in 726 people compared to 596 in 2011 (an increase of 22%)and cases of pig-type MRSA (CC398) rose by 41%from 164 in 2011 to 232 in 2012.
#Plant community plays key role in controlling greenhouse gas emissions from carbon rich moorlandsdifferent moorland plants particularly heather
when heather was present warming increased the amount of CO2 taken up from the atmosphere making the ecosystem a greater sink for this greenhouse gas.
Daffodil Lilac Magnolia Rose Sunflowerbe Quick to Clean--Mold and pollen can collect on fallen leaves.
We designed a project to quantify the growth of Hibiscus acetosella'Panama Red'in response to various soil water content thresholds explained Bayer.
and chickens along with improved cassava varieties that resist a deadly virus. They also are growing high-value crops like tomatoes onions and watermelons.
because it dyes well feels silkier than cotton and is less expensive than silk. Producers of bamboo textiles maintain their products are processed antimicrobial without chemicals non-pollutant biodegradable and recyclable.
We proved that in a period of three years oaks pines mesquites and acacias between two and three meters high can be obtained
For this reason a very important part of the research consisted in selecting the best strains specific for oaks pines mesquites acacias and fruit trees.
It is spreading beyond soybeans and cotton. Weed management in corn has become more and more difficult in recent years due to herbicide-resistant weeds.
and other worms of this type acquire resistance to a wide range of anthelmintics#the drugs used to treat worm infections#says Dr James Cotton senior author from the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.#
and large bushes indigenous to Greenland--and they only grow in small areas in the south.
and European trees and bushes will be able to grow in Greenland in the future. In fact the analysis points to the fact that a considerable number of species would already be able to grow in Greenland today.
The new opportunities for trees and bushes may oust Arctic animals and plants but could also be beneficial to the Greenlanders.
when trees and bushes naturally spread so slowly. People often plant utility and ornamental plants where they can grow.
During drought periods they fed on a restricted mixture of plants including more than 30%of shrubs and trees.
Surprisingly gemsbok diet also consisted of up to 25%of Damara milk-bush (Euphorbia damarana) an endemic large succulent plant
When food was plentiful gemsbok specialised exclusively on grasses and more ephemeral succulent species. In contrast springboks fed on a higher proportion of shrubs and trees than grasses and succulent plants irrespective of environmental conditions.
As the researchers expected springbok opportunistically adjusted their diet in response to variation in food sources availabilities preferring e g. grass sprouts during the wet season and browsing predominantly on leaves of bushes when grass quality decreased during drought.
The potential effects of the Damara milk-bush on gemsbok health are still unknown. However by extensively using this poisonous plant gemsbok succeed in surviving environmental challenges.
and winter says study lead scientist Heather Graven of SIO. It's not yet understood she says why the increase in seasonal amplitude of carbon dioxide concentration is so large
now that shrubs are starting to recover following the re-introduction of wolves which have reduced over-browsing by elk herds.
The berry bushes also produce flowers of value to pollinators like butterflies insects and hummingbirds; food for other small and large mammals;
and willow trees--a favorite food--along with many berry-producing shrubs and tall herbaceous plants. The recovery of those trees and other food sources since the re-introduction of wolves in the 1990s has had a profound impact on the Yellowstone ecosystem researchers say
and shrub recovery and restore ecosystem health. As wolves help reduce elk numbers in Yellowstone
and shrub recovery researchers said this improves the diet and health of grizzly bears. In turn a healthy grizzly bear population provides a second avenue of control on wild ungulates especially on newborns in the spring time.
Yellowstone has a wide variety of nutritious berries--serviceberry chokecherry buffaloberry twinberry huckleberry and others--that are highly palatable to bears.
These shrubs are eaten also by elk and thus likely declined as elk populations grew over time.
And in the absence of wolves black bears went extinct on Anticosti Island in Canada after over-browsing of berry shrubs by introduced while-tailed deer.
Livestock grazing in grizzly bear habitat adjacent to the national park and bison herbivory in the park likely also contribute to high foraging pressure on shrubs
The National Science Foundation (NSF) funded the study co-authored by ecologist Heather Briggs of the University of California-Santa cruz. About 90 percent of plants need animals mostly insects to transfer pollen between them
Whether the familiar indica and japonica subspecies of Asian rice also represent independent domestications is controversial.
Most of the rice grown in the U s. is japonica rice Olsen says which is genetically pretty different from indica rice the rice grown in a lot of the tropics.
Because the weedy forms are closely related to rice varieties that were grown never in the U s. they probably arrived as contaminants in grain stocks from Asia instead of evolving directly from the tropical japonica crops grown here.
whether animals ate diets based on tree and shrub leaves and fruits or upon grasses and grazing animals.
which prey on herbivorous insects but also caterpillars of the Egyptian cotton leafworm moth Spodoptera littoralis a species that feeds on maize leaves.
or shrub lands a report suggests. Researchers from Oregon State university concluded that moisture stress is a key limitation for conifer regeneration following stand-replacing wildfire
Ailanthus which is also calledchinese sumac or stinking sumac grows in 60 of Pennsylvania's 67 counties according to the researchers--nine more counties than reported in previous studies.
The research also suggests that the incidence of ailanthus in Pennsylvania's northern-tier counties where the tree has been historically absent will likely increase like previous ailanthus expansions in southern parts of the state.
The new species was collected in a wide river valley near mountain mixed forests dominated by various conifer trees bushes and rhododendron.
It forces the plants to essentially grow up as shrubs with more frequent harvests. By planting much closer together and causing them to branch like that you are able to fill up available space intercept light more quickly
and put out new shoots in May. By the end of last season the plants were nearly equivalent to the first two years'growth he said.
On the other hand Snetselaar notes pulling up Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica) a notorious invader isn't recommended
Successes and failures from the first billion acressince 1996 farmers worldwide have planted more than a billion acres (400 million hectares) of genetically modified corn and cotton that produce insecticidal proteins from the bacterium
which evolved resistance rapidly to Bt cotton in India but not in the U s. Tabashnik said.
Also endangered bee species often specialize on flowers that cannot easily be established on farmland such as heather or bilberry.
In the case of Celtic Europe grape wine displaced a hybrid drink of honey wheat/barley and native wild fruits (e g. lingonberry and apple) and herbs (such as bog myrtle yarrow and heather.
#A grassy trend in human ancestors dietsmost apes eat leaves and fruits from trees and shrubs.
C3 plants include trees bushes and shrubs and their leaves and fruits; most vegetables; cool-season grasses and grains such as timothy alfalfa wheat oats barley and rice;
CAM plants include tropical succulent plants such as cactus salt bush and agave. Today North americans eat about half C3 plants including vegetables fruits and grains such as wheat oats rye and barley and about half C4
and rhinos that browsed on C3 leaves it would appear they ate C3 trees-shrubs.
while human ancestors ate more grasses and other apes stuck with trees and shrubs two extinct Kenyan baboons represent the only primate genus that ate primarily grasses and perhaps sedges throughout its history.
F (5 C). During the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum 55 million years ago tropical temperatures rose by 5 F (3 C) in less than 10000 years.
wheat maize rice barley rye millet sorghum soybean sunflower potato cassava sugarcane sugar beet oil palm rapeseed (canola) and groundnut (peanut.
Ragweed mugwort plantain and pigweed have more than just their unappealing appearance in common--they're some of the worst offenders to allergy sufferers said Robert Valet M d. assistant professor of Medicine and an allergist at Vanderbilt University Medical center's Asthma
Common weed allergens include ragweed lamb's quarter pigweed English plantain and mugwort. This year the pollen count is proving to be high in Nashville according to Valet.
Also slithering it way onto this year's top 10 is a snail-eating false coral snake as well as flowering bushes from a disappearing forest in Madagascar a green lacewing that was discovered through social media
Although the forests where the monkeys live are remote the species is hunted for bush meat
Madagascarendangered shrub: Eugenia is a large worldwide genus of woody evergreen trees and shrubs of the myrtle family that is particularly diverse in South america New caledonia and Madagascar.
The new species E. petrikensis is a shrub growing to two meters with emerald green slightly glossy foliage and beautiful dense clusters of small magenta flowers.
It is one of seven new species described from the littoral forest of eastern Madagascar
and vary in appearance from shrubs to vines. Some are large canopy lianas while other vining species are woody only at the base.
All representatives have beautiful clusters of flowers varying in color from deep purple through fuchsia and pale pink to pure white.
Two of the most well-known decorative representatives of the group featured in the study are S. crispum also known as Chilean potato vine or Chilean nightshade and S. laxum commonly called potato climber or jasmine nightshade.
and vary in appearance from shrubs to vines. Some are large canopy lianas while other vining species are woody only at the base.
All representatives have beautiful clusters of flowers varying in color from deep purple through fuchsia and pale pink to pure white.
Two of the most well-known decorative representatives of the group featured in the study are S. crispum also known as Chilean potato vine or Chilean nightshade and S. laxum commonly called potato climber or jasmine nightshade.
and other factors increase the severity of cheatgrass invasion in sagebrush steppe one of North america's most endangered ecosystems.
and land managers to promote a diverse sagebrush and bunchgrass ecosystem Doescher said. That type of community will protect the native plant
which were carpeted once by millions of acres of native sagebrush perennial bunchgrasses and associated wildlife that had evolved with little herbivore pressure.
and ultimately cause an irreversible loss of these native shrub-steppe communities. This also has grazing implications:
After you cross that threshold a major rangeland fire will come through that takes out the sagebrush
--and there are dozens--sacred lotus bears the closest resemblance to the ancestor of all eudicots a broad category of flowering plants that includes apple cabbage cactus coffee cotton grape melon peanut poplar
Rhododendron a woody evergreen shrub common in southern Appalachian forests is one of the species replacing eastern hemlock trees.
Although rhododendron is evergreen it has lower leaf area than hemlock and thus transpiration in rhododendron-dominated forest stands is lower than in previously-healthy hemlock forests.
Most of the other species replacing eastern hemlock trees are deciduous such as sweet birch which unlike the evergreen rhododendron and eastern hemlock do not transpire during the Winter sweet birch trees also have a much higher transpiration rate than eastern hemlock trees during the growing season.
The cumulative effect of these species changes will probably mean permanent changes in seasonal transpiration patterns says Brantley.
The original article was written by Heather Buschman. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. Journal Reference
Monica Gagliano and Michael Renton from the University of Western australia attempted to grow chilli seeds (Capsicum annuum) in the presence or absence of other chilli plants or basil (Ocimum basilicum.
and the increased spread of Cassava Brown Streak Disease or CBSD warning that the rapidly proliferating plant virus could cause a 50 percent drop in production of a crop that provides a significant source of food and income for 300 million Africans.
because agriculture experts have been looking to the otherwise resilient cassava plant --which is used also to produce starch flour biofuel
Cassava is already incredibly important for Africa and is poised to play an even bigger role in the future
and eliminate this plague said Claude Fauquet a scientist at the International Center for Tropical agriculture (known by its Spanish acronym CIAT) who heads the Global Cassava Partnership for the 21st Century (GCP21).
and particularly Nigeria--the world's largest producer and consumer of cassava--because Nigeria would provide a gateway for an invasion of West Africa where about 150 million people depend on the crop.
Fauquet and his colleagues in the GCP21--an alliance of scientists developers donors and industry representatives--are gathering at the Rockefeller Foundation Bellagio Center in Italy this week for a conference dedicated to declaring war on cassava viruses in Africa.
and little-known until about ten years ago CBSD has emerged as the most serious threat among the various cassava viruses.
The leaves of infected plants can look healthy even as the roots cassava's most prized asset are being ravaged underground.
There have been recent reports of new outbreaks in the Democratic republic of the congo--the world's third largest cassava producer
because the country now produces 50 million tons of cassava each year and has made a big bet on cassava for its agricultural and industrial development in the near future.
Nigeria is the first African country to massively invest in the potential of cassava to meet the rapidly growing global demand for industrial starches
which are used in everything from food products to textiles plywood and paper. Nigeria hopes to mimic the success of countries in Southeast asia where a cassava-driven starch industry now generates US$5 billion per year
and employs millions of smallholder farmers and numerous small-scale processors CMD--a Scourge for Cassava on the African Continentscientists at the conference will also consider options for dealing with another devastating virus--the Cassava Mosaic Disease (CMD).
CMD has plagued the whole African continent for over a century each year removing a minimum of 50 million tons of cassava from the harvest.
The disease is caused by several viruses and the African continent witnessed several major CMD epidemics over the past decades the most recent and devastating
In fact by the mid-2000s half of all cassava farmers were benefiting from these varieties in large parts of East and Central africa.
Whiteflies Ambush a Climate-Resilient Cropinterest in cassava has intensified across Africa as rising temperatures and shifting rainfall patterns caused by climate change threaten the future viability of food staples such as maize and wheat.
Cassava has been called the Rambo root for its extraordinary ability to survive high temperatures and tolerate poor soils.
But rising temperatures now pose a threat to cassava because they appear to be one of several factors causing an explosion in whiteflies
now we're seeing thousands said James Legg a leading cassava expert at the International Institute of Tropical agriculture (IITA.
Efforts to breed high-yielding disease-resistant plants suitable for Africa's various growing regions will involve going to South america where cassava originated
and working with scientists to mine the cassava gene bank at CIAT in Colombia--the biggest repository of cassava cultivars in the world.
how to eradicate cassava viruses altogether. The aim will be to develop a bold regional strategy that will gradually step-by-step village-by-village replace farmers'existing infested cassava plants with virus-free planting material of the best and most resistant available cultivars.
Approaches will include new molecular breeding and genetic engineering technologies to speed up the selection and production of CMD and CBSD resistant cassava cultivars more appealing to farmers.
There also will be discussions about cost-effective and environmentally sustainable ways to control whiteflies as well as proposals for new surveillance systems that can better track
Scientists will also discuss new research into the potential threat African cassava producers face from the introduction of new diseases currently found outside the continent.
More than any other crop cassava has the greatest potential to reduce hunger and poverty in Africa but CBSD and other viruses are crippling yields.
and other destructive viruses like the smallpox of cassava--formidable diseases but threats we can eradicate
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