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ScienceDaily_2013 11234.txt

#A grassy trend in human ancestors dietsmost apes eat leaves and fruits from trees and shrubs. New studies spearheaded by the University of Utah show that human ancestors expanded their menu 3. 5 million years ago adding tropical grasses and sedges to an apelike diet and setting the stage for our modern diet of grains grasses and meat and dairy from grazing animals. In four new studies of carbon isotopes in fossilized tooth enamel from scores of human ancestors and baboons in Africa from 4 million to 10000 years ago a team of two dozen researchers found a surprise increase in the consumption of grasses and sedges--plants that resemble grasses and rushes but have stems and triangular cross sections. At last we have a look at 4 million years of the dietary evolution of humans and their ancestors says University of Utah geochemist Thure Cerling principal author of two of the four new studies published online June 3 by the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Most funding was from the National Science Foundation. For a long time primates stuck by the old restaurants--leaves and fruits--and by 3. 5 million years ago they started exploring new diet possibilities--tropical grasses and sedges--that grazing animals discovered a long time before about 10 million years ago when African savanna began expanding Cerling says. Tropical grasses provided a new set of restaurants. We see an increasing reliance on this new resource by human ancestors that most primates still don't use today. Grassy savannas and grassy woodlands in East Africa were widespread by 6 million to 7 million years ago. It is a major question why human ancestors didn't seriously start exploiting savanna grasses until less than 4 million years ago. The isotope method cannot distinguish what parts of grasses and sedges human ancestors ate--leaves stems seeds and-or underground storage organs such as roots or rhizomes. The method also can't determine when human ancestors began getting much of their grass by eating grass-eating insects or meat from grazing animals. Direct evidence of human ancestors scavenging meat doesn't appear until 2. 5 million years ago and definitive evidence of hunting dates to only about 500000 years ago. With the new findings we know much better what they were eating but mystery does remain says Cerling a distinguished professor of geology and geophysics and biology. We don't know exactly what they ate. We don't know if they were pure herbivores or carnivores if they were eating fish which leave a tooth signal that looks like grass-eating if they were eating insects or if they were eating mixes of all of these. Why Our Ancestor's Diets Matterthe earliest human ancestor to consume substantial amounts of grassy foods from dry more open savannas may signal a major and ecological and adaptive divergence from the last common ancestor we shared with African great apes which occupy closed wooded habitats writes University of South Florida geologist Jonathan Wynn chief author of one of the new studies and a former University of Utah master's student. Diet has long been implicated as a driving force in human evolution says Matt Sponheimer a University of Colorado Boulder anthropologist former University of Utah postdoctoral fellow and lead author of the fourth study. He notes that changes in diet have been linked to both larger brain size and the advent of upright walking in human ancestors roughly 4 million years ago. Human brains were larger than those of other primates by the time our Genus homo evolved 2 million years ago. Our species Homo sapiens arose 200000 years ago. If diet has anything to do with the evolution of larger brain size and intelligence then we are considering a diet that is very different than we were thinking about 15 years ago when it was believed human ancestors ate mostly leaves and fruits Cerling says. How the Studies Were performed: You Are What You Eatthe new studies analyze carbon isotope results from 173 teeth from 11 species of hominins. Hominins are humans their ancestors and extinct relatives that split from the other apes roughly 6 million years ago. Some of the analyses were done in previous research but the new studies include new carbon-isotope results for 104 teeth from 91 individuals of eight hominin species. Those teeth are in African museums and were studied by two groups working at separate early human sites in East Africa. Wynn wrote the study about teeth from Ethiopia's Awash Basin-Hadar area where research is led by Arizona State university's William Kimbel. Cerling wrote the study about teeth from the Turkana Basin in Kenya where the research team is led by Turkana Basin Institute paleoanthropologist Meave Leakey Cerling and geologist Frank Brown dean of mines and Earth sciences at the University of Utah. Cerling also wrote a study about baboon diets. Sponheimer wrote a fourth study summarizing the other three. The method of determining ancient creatures'diets from carbon isotope data is less than 20 years old and is based on the idea you are what you eat Sponheimer says. Tiny amounts of tooth enamel were drilled from already broken fossil teeth of museum specimens of human ancestors and relatives. The powder was placed in a mass spectrometer to learn ratios of carbon isotopes incorporated into tooth enamel via diet. The ratios of rare carbon-13 to common carbon-12 reveal whether an animal ate plants that used so-called C3 C4 or CAM photosynthesis to convert sunlight to energy. Animals eating C4 and CAM plants have enriched amounts of carbon-13. C3 plants include trees bushes and shrubs and their leaves and fruits; most vegetables; cool-season grasses and grains such as timothy alfalfa wheat oats barley and rice; soybeans; non-grassy herbs and forbs. C4 plants are warm-season or tropical grasses and sedges and their seeds leaves or storage organs like roots and tubers. Well-known sedges include water chestnut papyrus and sawgrass. C4 plants are common in African savannas and deserts. C4 grasses include Bermuda grass and sorghum. C4 grains include corn and millet. CAM plants include tropical succulent plants such as cactus salt bush and agave. Today North americans eat about half C3 plants including vegetables fruits and grains such as wheat oats rye and barley and about half C4 which largely comes from corn sorghum and meat animals fed on C4 grasses and grains Cerling says. The highest human C3 diets today are found in Northern europe where only C3 cool-season grasses grow so meat animals there graze them not C4 tropical grasses. The highest C4 diets likely are in Central america because of the heavily corn-based diet. If early humans ate grass-eating insects or large grazing animals like zebras wildebeest and buffalo it also would appear they ate C4 grasses. If they ate fish that ate algae it would give a false appearance of grass-eating because of the way algae takes up carbonate from water Cerling says. If they ate small antelope and rhinos that browsed on C3 leaves it would appear they ate C3 trees-shrubs. Small mammals such as hyrax rabbits and rodents would have added C3 and C4 signals to the teeth of human ancestors. The Findings: A Dietary History of Human Ancestors and Relativeshumans: The Only Surviving Primates with a C4 Grass Dietcerling's second new study shows that while human ancestors ate more grasses and other apes stuck with trees and shrubs two extinct Kenyan baboons represent the only primate genus that ate primarily grasses and perhaps sedges throughout its history. Theropithecus brumpti ate a 65 percent tropical grass -and-sedge diet when the baboons lived between 4 million and 2. 5 million years ago contradicting previous claims that they ate forest foods. Later Theropithecus oswaldi ate a 75 percent grass diet by 2 million years ago and a 100 percent grass diet by 1 million years ago. Both species went extinct perhaps due to competition from hooved grazing animals. Modern Theropithecus gelada baboons live in Ethiopia's highlands where they eat only C3 cool-season grasses. Cerling notes that primate tropical grass-eaters--Theropithecus baboons and Paranthropus human relatives--went extinct while human ancestors ate an increasingly grass-based diet. Why is an open question. Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by University of Utah. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. Journal References s

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