Algae

Algae (257)
Aquafarming (34)
Crustacean (212)
Fish (1857)
Fishery (236)
Mollusk (354)

Synopsis: 2.2. phishing: Algae:

At the bottom of this food chain, algae will feed fish, which feed bigger fish, which will feed in turn seafarers and landlubbers alike.

However, it could equally have been powered by one of a number of biofuels made from algae, flax, coconut husks or even from used cooking-oil.

scientists increasingly advocate the use of crops that grow in areas that would not normally support agriculture oe such as salicornia, a salt loving plant oe or the use of algae,

Meanwhile, photosynthetic organisms like plants and algae take in carbon dioxide and emit oxygen. This balance has kept the planet at a comfortably warm average temperature of 14c (57f),

because nitrogen is also a superb fertiliser of algae and bacteria. Fertiliser pollution in lakes and the ocean causes massive blooms of algae,

which use up the oxygen dissolved in the water, suffocating other species. The vast blooms of red or green algae cause dead zones for kilometres, with the associated stench.

they presume future generations will conform to whatever Ëoescience finds'oe pills, algae or other dystopian horrors.

which fosters the growth of algae, a decrease in the level of oxygen dissolved in the water,

That s the way biochemical turbochargers work in algae and cyanobacteria. Griffiths and his colleagues are looking at ways to create similar micro-compartments for higher plants.

which coral protects itself from UV rays through its relationship with a symbiotic algae that lives within it.

The algae produces a chemical compound which is converted by the coral into its own UV-blocking sunscreen,

and the algae but also the fish that feed on the coral. This transference has led scientists to believe that

It s also used to grow algae to produce biofuel, with the leftovers from that process going to make animal feed.

and primitive algae has resulted in drug and biofuel companies such as Amyris and LS9. But figuring out how to make changes in the genomes of more complicated organisms has been tough.

a blob-like water container made out of an edible algae membrane. While it still involves using something other than water,

and currently researchers feed lab meat in part with blood from cow fetuses according to a 2012 Discover Magazine post by Christina Agapakis a synthetic biologist at UCLA. Researchers have proposed that they could one day use algae to feed cultured meat

when it reaches the oceans also creates so-called dead zones algae blooms develop and consume all the oxygen in the area

#Ancient Arctic Algae Record Climate Change in'Tree Rings'Bright pink algae that light up the Arctic seafloor like Las vegas neon are also guides to hundreds of years of climate history

From the medieval chill called the Little Ice age to the onset of global warming in the 1800s the coralline algae show how Arctic sea ice has responded to climate swings for the past 650 years.

Undersea'tree rings'The species are called coralline algae because they deposit coral-like crusts of the mineral calcite on underwater rocks coating the rocks with colorful pink splotches.

However algae are plants and coral are animals.)Because the algae go dormant in the winter

when sea ice blocks incoming sunlight the calcite layers develop visible bands that are similar to tree rings Halfar said.

Starting in 1850 the onset of the Industrial revolution the algae's growth rings doubled in thickness in sync with the decline in the extent of Arctic sea ice.

The algae records also reveal frequent year-to-year variations in the amount of sea ice as satellites have seen in the past decade

Deep Sea Algae Contain Climate Change Clues Collecting more algae crusts could help fill a gap between climate records from sediment and ice cores

The oldest algae crusts contained 646 years of layers confirmed by carbon dating the researchers said.

The algae called Clathromorphum compactum owes its long lifespan to its thick calcite crust and a different protective layer called eitihallium that keeps grazing animals from chomping too much of the algal surface Halfar said.

While 646 years won't put the algae near the record for the world's oldest plantâ

and mollusks collected offshore of Iceland can live for more than 500 years The algae's lifespan is unlimited theoretically Halfar said.

In this case the algae appeared not in ponds but in three fiberglass livestock watering tanks not far from where the elk died.

The algae-produced neurotoxin is similar to curare the famous toxin found in poison-tipped arrows used by South american indian tribes.

and encourage the growth of toxic algae. In 2002 a plane inadvertently dumped thousands of gallons of fire retardant into the Fall River in Oregon causing the immediate death of roughly 21000 trout whitefish

A thick and growing coat of toxic algae appears each summer so vast that in 2011 it covered a sixth of its waters contributing to an expanding dead zone on its bottom reducing fish populations fouling beaches

and is largely responsible for the devastating algae bloomsâ describedâ by the New york times. Why Lake erie is Under attack from Algae Blooms The key question is:

Diatoms are one of the most common types of phytoplankton and a major group of algae.

#Super-Eruption Launched Algae Army Into the Sky Slimy brown algae not only survived a wild ride into the stratosphere via a volcanic ash cloud they landed on distant islands looking flawless a new study finds.

The algae look like little petri dishes or footballs depending on the species and spend most of their lives drifting on currents.

and algae upward at more than 250 mph (400 km h) Van Eaton said. Volcanic hail (called accretionary lapilli) pelted the landscape for miles.

However when the researchers investigated algae and other organic matter from the layer that contained the ash from Toba they saw no evidence of a significant temperature drop in East Africa.

Industrial scale printing of meat could additionally use cells grown in an algae-based cell culture

when diatoms (a type of algae with hard cell walls made ofâ silica) settled on the lake bottom alternating with layers of clay and volcanic ash.

See photos of Yellowstone's Grand Prismatic hot spring Grand Prismatic is named for its colorful algae mat which circles the spring in shades of red orange yellow and green.

She also said that because of the spring's large algae mat the ground surrounding the site is soft making it impossible for park officials to assess the situation on foot.

Sea turtles depending on the species may eat seagrasses algae sponges sea squirts squid shrimp crabs jellyfish cuttlefish or sea cucumbers.

Green sea turles (Chelonia myadis) on the other hand are herbivores that feed on algae and seagrasses. A freshwater turtle's diet is varied

just as and may include worms snails insect larvae aquatic insects crustaceans water plants algae and fallen fruit.

The pink and reddish colors of a flamingo's feathers come from eating pigments found in algae and invertebrates.

because the algae they consume are loaded with beta carotene an organic chemical that contains a reddish-orange pigment.

They eat mostly algae. Greater Chilean and American flamingos have keeled shallow bills which allow them to eat insects invertebrates and small fish.

and these sluggish tree-dwellers also serve as a hotel for moths and algae. Three-toed sloths descend from the trees once a week to defecate providing a breeding ground for moths that live in the animals'fur

and nourishing gardens of algae that supplement the sloths'diet new research finds. Leaving the trees burns energy

Important interspecific interactions between sloths their moths and algae-#seem to be reinforcing or even dictating important aspects of sloth behavior especially their ritualized behavior of descending the tree to defecate wildlife ecologist Jonathan Pauli of the University of Wisconsin-Madison leader of the study published today (Jan 21) in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society

and three-toed sloths near San Josã Costa rica and counted the number of moths as well as the amount of nitrogen phosphorus and algae in each animal's fur.

whether it matched algae in the fur which would indicate the sloths were consuming it.

In addition the team found larger amounts of inorganic nitrogen and algae in the fur of the three-toed sloths.

The algae in the sloths'forestomachs also matched that found in their fur. When the sloths relieve themselves their insect tenants lay eggs in the dung

Fungi in the sloths'environment may be decomposing dead moths fostering the growth of algae. Or the moths may be directly transferring nutrients from the sloth dung to their fur where algae can grow.

The sloths consume the algae which is rich in fatty compounds and gives them energy. In addition to being a tasty nutritional supplement the algae may serve as camouflage against predators from above such as the Harpy eagle.

The symbiotic relationship among sloths moths and algae could explain why it's hard to keep three-toed sloths well nourished in the highly sanitized environments in captivity.

Follow Tanya Lewis on Twitter and Google+.+Follow us@livescience Facebook & Google+.+Original article on Livescience L

#Marijuana vs. Alcohol: Which Is Really Worse for Your Health? The question of whether alcohol or marijuana is worse for health is being debated once again this time sparked by comments that President Barack Obama made in a recent interview with The New yorker magazine.

It is so slow in fact that algae grows on its fur according to National geographic. The algae works to the sloth's advantage though.

The green of the algae helps the sloth blend into the trees hiding it from predators.

and these sluggish tree-dwellers also serve as a hotel for moths and algae.</</p><p>Three-toed sloths descend from the trees once a week to defecate providing a breeding ground for moths that live in the animals'fur

and nourishing gardens of algae that supplement the sloths'diet new research finds. Leaving the trees burns energy

and foraged on lichen and algae for food. The locust's abdomen shows hints of decay and the insect is surrounded by ants inside the amber suggesting the ants might have been carting off the carcass for a meal.

Groom is optimistic that policies can be shaped to promote options that have the least impact on land use and habitat change, such as algae for biofuels,

sea lettuce that stores little carbon and algae attached to rocks. Data from Landsat satellites revealed the true extent of mangroves only last year.

-and fish and marine algae to doses several thousand times greater-than are considered generally safe. Radioecologists with The french Institute of Radioprotection and Nuclear Safety (ISRN) in Cadarache converted concentrations of radioisotopes measured in the soil and seawater into the actual doses that various groups of wildlife were likely

Stephen Mayfield, director of the San diego Center for Algae Biotechnology at the University of California San diego, calls the work"a very sophisticated engineering feat,

which washes into ponds and causes ecologically harmful algae blooms. Nitrate can also be converted to nitrous oxide (N2o) gas,

We ve mobilized the genes from algae that make some of these oils and put them into oilseed crops.

The metric puts plants and algae, which make their own food, at trophic level 1. Rabbits,

when billions of you are hanging GMO algae food sustenance bags off the sides of your houses

Coffee-sized machines 3d-print algae foodstuffs-precursor so we can handle the texture-hurdle. z=textstyle-frac {3}

@mjforrestyou do realize that the CO2 uptake of trees pales in comparison to that of algae.

Cellulose forms the cell walls of most plants algae and even some bacteria and we use it for anything from clothing (cotton is almost all cellulose) to paper to ethanol.

or algae and you have higher methane and co2. The tundra in Alaska is melting

and manage a new algae farm. But you'll need the help or at least the cooperation of fellow survivors.

What size to make the pond where the algae will grow? What type of liquid?

Don't worry if you don't know anything about algae farming; the Guru an experienced farmer will be your mentor during the game

Cellulose could come from a variety of biological sources including trees plants algae ocean-dwelling organisms called tunicates

Pandey and collaborators showed that G proteins occur in a wide range of land plants and algae.

huge blooms of algae; and zones of oxygen-starved water Bohlen says. The situation reached a crisis this summer

and algae and fish can be sensitive to alkalinity changes. Alkalinity has risen over the past several decades in rivers that provide water for Washington D c. Philadelphia Baltimore Atlanta and other major cities the researchers reported.

Also affected are rivers that flow into water bodies already harmed by excess algae growth such as the Chesapeake bay.

and successes. A proof of principleas a proof of principle Pakrasi and his colleagues plan to develop the synthetic biology tools needed to excise the nitrogen fixation system in one species of cyanobacterium (a phylum of green bacteria formerly considered to be algae)

or canola oil supplemental lipids from algae sources and amino acid supplements such as taurine. An amino acid used in energy drinks taurine plays a critical role in the metabolism of fats stress responses

when algae became large enough to support top predators in the cold oceans of recent geologic times.

The tiny algae of the greenhouse world were just too small to support big animals said Norris. It's like trying to keep lions happy on mice instead of antelope;

and algae much of today's grain-fed cattle contain less of these essential fatty acids.

If they ate fish that ate algae it would give a false appearance of grass-eating because of the way algae takes up carbonate from water Cerling says.

Wetlands and buffers of trees grasses and shrubs help to keep runoff from fields out of the waterways slowing erosion of soil and blooms of algae downstream.

The most significant near-term promise he believes is in growing algae and other stock for biofuels.

#Turning algae into clean energy and fish food; helping Africans to irrigate cropscould algae that feast on wastewater produce clean biofuels and a healthful supply of fish food?

Can impoverished African community gardeners learn to use and maintain a simple centuries-old nonelectric water pump to grow more vegetables?

One of the Johns Hopkins student projects focuses on growing large masses of algae to address three sustainability issues:

Their goal is to deploy algae at wastewater treatment facilities to feed on hard-to-remove pollutants such as nitrogen and phosphorus

If algae can flourish while dining on these pollutants the plant-like organisms could then be used to produce renewable biofuels or food for fish farms.

If algae grow in these materials and then are eaten by fish is it safe for us to eat these fish?

At the same time the pathogens in wastewater such as viruses fungi and bacteria could destroy the algae themselves

With an initial EPA grant the student team tested 20 species of algae. We found two strains that can grow well alongside pathogens

or biofuel production is the most economically viable use for algae grown in wastewater. Their faculty advisers are Edward Bouwer professor and chair of the Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering and Michael Betenbaugh professor in the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular engineering.

and soybeans grow it stimulates the growth of plants in the water#algae in the Gulf.

The algae bloom and eventually die and decay removing oxygen from the water. The result is water too oxygen-depleted to support life.#

Producing custom-tailored oils starts with optimizing the algae to produce the right kind of oil

which algae grow in open ponds Solazyme grows microalgae in total darkness in the same kind of fermentation vats used to produce vinegar medicines and scores of other products.

#Engineering algae to make the wonder material nanocellulose for biofuels and moregenes from the family of bacteria that produce vinegar Kombucha tea and nata de coco have become stars in a project

--which scientists today said has reached an advanced stage--that would turn algae into solar-powered factories for producing the wonder material nanocellulose.

While producing nanocellulose the algae will absorb carbon dioxide the main greenhouse gas linked to global warming.

Brown explained that algae have multiple advantages for producing nanocellulose. Cyanobacteria for instance make their own nutrients from sunlight

The little crustacean grazers some resembling tiny shrimp are critical in protecting seagrasses from overgrowth by algae helping keep these aquatic havens healthy for native

The researchers found that these plant-eating animals feast on the nuisance algae that grow on seagrass ultimately helping maintain the seagrass that provides nurseries for seafood.

In seagrass systems tiny grazers promote healthy seagrasses by ensuring algae is consumed quickly rather than overgrowing the seagrass.

In fact the authors wrote if not for the algal munching of these grazers algae could blanket the seagrasses blocking out sunlight

just as important as good water quality in preventing nuisance algae blooms and keeping seagrass beds healthy.

Their study shows that one type of marine algae that has received little attention till now--dinoflagellate microalgae--is highly suitable for cultivation with the aim of producing biodiesel.

Firstly algae offer the same production levels while taking up only between 4 and 7 per cent of the area occupied by crops on land thanks to their high concentration of energy per cell.

Finally marine algae are not a priori sources of food for human consumption which avoids the ethical problem of monoculture to provide fuel rather than food.

Using genetically-modified cyanobacteria the team linked butanol production to the algae s natural metabolism says Paul Hudson a researcher at the School of Biotechnology at KTH who leads the research.#

Already there is a demonstrator facility in New mexico U s. for producing biodiesel from algae which is advanced a more process Hudson says.

or algae it's all about the cell walls of the plants. Will they make it hard

whether it's switchgrass remnants of corn stalks fast-growing trees or algae. The traditional strategy had been a multistep approach involving sample dissolution and chromatographic analysis

algae blooms. However declines in ice cover on the Great lakes may lengthen the commercial shipping season.

Bleaching occurs when corals lose their symbiotic algae. Most corals contain algae called zooxanthellae within their cells.

The coral protects the algae and provides the algae with the compounds they need for photosynthesis. The algae in turn produce oxygen help the coral to remove waste products

and most importantly provide the coral with compounds the coral needs for everyday survival. When corals are prolonged under physiological stress they may expel the algae leading to the condition called bleaching.

When examining corals for this study researchers found evidence of some species thriving under the mangroves

while bleaching in unshaded areas outside of the mangroves. Boulder brain corals for example were found in abundance under the mangroves

The fact is that algae can absorb nitrogen from the water as effectively as a wastewater treatment plant says Grã ndahl a KTH Royal Institute of technology researcher

and head of the Seafarm project which converts algae into eco-friendly food medicine plastic and energy.

The excessive fertilisation (eutrophication) of our seas results in an over-production of algae commonly known as seaweed.

Bathing beaches become unusable on account of algae blooms and entire ecosystems can be threatened. But in our research we turn the argument on its head

and see algae as a resource. We collect excess algae along the coasts and cultivate new algae out at sea Grã ndahl says.

Already seaweed is getting scooped up from the Baltic sea along Sweden's southern coast in order to be converted to biogas.

The coast is rich with the seaweed. The city of Trelleborg estimates that its beaches host an excess of algae that is equivalent to the energy from 2. 8 million litres of diesel fuel.

Almost three quarters of the earth's surface is covered by sea and the seas possess as great a production capacity as the land.

We really need new solutions such as harvesting the excess algae for fuel and cultivating new pure algae for special products

and foodstuffs Grã ndahl says. Grã ndahl points out that algae contain vitamins amino acids and minerals indeed the entire list of the periodic elements including iron.

Algae may be eaten directly or cooked; and in recent years an interest in algae products in foodstuffs has increased in Sweden thanks in part to the popularity of Asian food culture.

Even spices and cooking oil can be produced by algae. The brown algae known as sugar kelp (Saccharina latissima) for example contain up to three times as much sugar as sugar beet.

Of course it's unwise to burden the earth with oil palm and sugar beet cultivation when corresponding products can be produced in an ecologically sustainable way from algae explains Grã ndahl.

Algae may in the future be an ingredient of animal feed to replace the environmentally damaging fish meal

which is common in pig and poultry diets. Furthermore salmon today is fed with fishmeal from wild caught fish

and calculations show that no less than 5 kg of wild fish go to produce 1 kg of farmed fish.

Algae feed in this case will be of great benefit for the environment he says. What's more we're counting on Seafarm's cultivation of algae being able to favour the marine environment as a whole

since they form secondary reefs in free bodies of water. This sort of reef attracts fish and other animal species

Partly when we make use of the excess algae which otherwise contribute to the excess fertilisation of water bodies

and partly when we cultivate algae that actually absorb nitrogen and phosphorus from the sea.

One fast-growing algae species that has been selected for Seafarm's algaculture is sugar kelp--a common type of kelp.

and ropes on which the algae are suspended. In wintertime the cultivation can be lowered deeper in the water to avoid ice formation.

The coasts of Sweden according to Grã ndahl are perfect for the cultivation of large algae (macroalgae)--there are plentiful archipelagos and well-sheltered areas.

The only thing required is sunlight in order for the algae to grow by a couple of metres per season.

The first algae farm is already up and running near the Swedish town of Strã mstad in the waters that separate the country from Denmark.

Another problem the researchers will investigate in more detail is that really large cultivations of algae may prove to have a certain wave-damping effect that can influence movements in the water and the marine environment.

A certain quantity of algae may fall to the bottom and create local oxygen deficiency when broken down.

One example is in the so-called sporophyte factory farms on land where to begin with the algae are sown on the ropes.

When the algae after about six months have grown on the ropes they are harvested and processed on land through biorefining processes.

and come into the pictureâ#In 15 years time we will have many large algae cultivations along our coasts;

There was a 65 per cent reduction in large seaweeds a 60 per cent reduction in other algae and invertebrates and a 40 per cent reduction in the overall number of species present.

and other species. They found it was not necessarily a case of the tropical fish eating more algae than the native fish.

The native temperate fish actually ate adult algae at a greater rate than the tropical rabbitfish.

However the two rabbitfish consumed both young and adult algae whereas native fish only ate adult algae.

and having one species that targets adult algae and another species that removes the youngest algal recruits preventing them from making a forest says Dr Vergã s. This research highlights the need to work out how the interactions between different species will change in a warming ocean.

To expedite the formal naming process required by the International Code of Nomenclature for algae fungi

A major concern is the response of calcifying organisms such as corals algae mollusks and some plankton because their ability to build shell

Streptomycin in addition to being used a drug to fight disease is used also as a pesticide in fruit to combat the growth of bacteria fungi and algae.

when polluted runoff from a rapidly developing watershed overwhelmed the Bay's waters with nutrients causing algae blooms that blocked out much-needed sunlight for underwater plants.

and allows algae on which they feed to smother the reefs. Reefs protected from overfishing as well as other threats such as excessive coastal pollution tourism

Carbon from forest debris has a different elemental mass than carbon produced by algae in the aquatic food chain.

tiny translucent creatures that also feed on algae. The fish then feed on the zooplankton. Until recently algae were believed to be the only source of food for zooplankton

but the new research builds on previous work that showed they also feed on bacteria from forest matter drained into lakes.

in order to stimulate the growth of algae which sequesters carbon. The approach ranked as the study's least viable strategy in part

because less than a quarter of the algae could be expected to eventually sink to the bottom of the ocean which would be the only way that carbon would be sequestered for a long period of time.

Additionally increasing the algae blooms would likely wreak havoc by decreasing the oxygen available for other marine life.

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