primates

Primates

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Adoption is also fairly common among nonhuman primates. It's been seen in red howler monkeys in Venezuela,

black-fronted titi monkeys and woolly spider monkeys in Brazil, and even among chimpanzees. But in all of those cases the adoption has always been within species. Storks adopt stork chicks,

howler monkeys adopt infant howlers. In captivity, there are occasionally cross-species adoptions, such as between rhesus and Japanese macaques or among different types of marmoset.

But these species are related closely, and have similar behaviour. Given that, perhaps the most striking instance of adoption in the wild was between completely different types of monkeys.

In 2004, researchers noticed an infant marmoset travelling with a group of capuchin monkeys at the Green Wing Valley wildlife reserve in Brazil.

For at least 14 months the marmoset was raised by its adoptive capuchin group, alternating between two primary female foster mothers.

In one strange case, a marmoset (pictured) was adopted by much bigger capuchin monkeys (Thinkstock) One reason the adoption was

so surprising is because marmosets and capuchins are so different. For one thing, a fully grown capuchin weighs perhaps 3-4kg (7-8lbs),

but a fully grown marmoset maxes out at less than 500g (1lb). The two species also have different feeding patterns

and different parenting styles. Despite those differences, the juvenile marmoset became wholly integrated into its adoptive social group.

It travelled and fed with the group, responded to alarm vocalisations given by members of the group,

and played, the researchers wrote in the American Journal of Primatology. During social play with their unlikely friend, the juvenile capuchins actually adjusted the force of their movements to account for the puny marmoset's size and strength.

And the adult capuchins, including the dominant male, were extremely tolerant of the impostor. The marmoset would patiently watch the adults crack nuts between two rocks and sneak an occasional snack

Capuchins travel by leaping from tree to tree. Given its size, the marmoset often struggled to keep up.

The capuchins all but ignored the marmoset's distress cries, despite being within hearing distance. Like many human adoptions,

the match wasn't always perfect. How did it happen? It's likely that the adult capuchins were predisposed simply to care for young primates.

They're also extremely tolerant of infants in the first place. In addition, given how small the marmoset is compared to the capuchins,

they didn't need to give up too much of their own food so that it might survive. A female capuchin would barely notice a tiny marmoset clinging to her fur,

making it reasonable to assume that the infant didn't slow her down at all. It seems as if the drive to care for helpless infants is fairly universal among species that care for their own young oe and even between different animals.

What else could explain our own species'obsession with puppies kittens and other baby animals?

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How salmon help keep a huge rainforest thrivingthe Great bear Rainforest is vital to the health of the planet.

This enormous habitat covers 32,000 Â sq km (12,000 Â sq Â mi) on the Pacific coast of Canada,

helping purify both air and water, and is unspoiled an home to grizzly bears, wolves and cougars.

if chimpanzees have theory of mind. At the time, researchers thought that deception might be a good way to get at the question,

if chimpanzees could be taught to deceive fellow chimpanzees. If a snack was hidden in one box,

The researchers only managed to teach two of four chimpanzees to do this, and it took them a whopping five months to get it right.

Chimpanzees have trouble comprehending the pointing gesture in the first place. Pointing with their hands and fingers is not part of their own behavioral repertoire.

Â Then, in 1987, science writer Virginia Morell witnessed a now-classic example of apparent chimpanzee deception while visiting Jane Goodall at Gombe National park in Tanzania.

The two were hiding in a feeding station, a spot where Goodall and her team sometimes handed bananas out to passing chimps.

standard behavior for a chimpanzee. After promptly devouring the whole bunch oe chimpanzees tend not to share food,

even with their infants oe Beethoven settled down for an afternoon nap, leaving a hungry Dilly to groom him.

as chimpanzees normally do watched, but simply as Goodall placed the banana outside on the ground.

Â And it certainly was a stretch to say that this meant chimpanzees had theory of mind.

Â One way that researchers tried oe experimentally oe to get at the question of chimpanzee theory of mind in the subsequent years was"gaze-following Â. Could a chimpanzee tell what you're looking at by following your gaze?

In 1996, psychologists Daniel Povinelli and Timothy Eddy gave some juvenile chimps a test: the apes were given a choice to ask for food

either from a human who could see them clearly, or from to a human whose eyes were hidden,

It seemed that the young chimps didn't care whether a human was actually able to see them

Â If chimps couldn't even understand what others could and couldn't see, then it seems unlikely that they could deceive, let alone attribute more sophisticated goals and intentions to others.

and Eddy had thrust their chimpanzees into a strange situation. The experiments had arbitrary conditions that were perhaps not obvious to the chimps,

such as the rule that they were allowed only to make one choice per trial. From the chimp's perspective, it could actually be quite reasonable to beg from everyone until someone hands over a tasty treat.

The flaws of such experiments led evolutionary anthropologist Brian Hare to develop a more naturalistic,

species-appropriate test for chimpanzees. That meant he had to think like a chimpanzee. What he devised was a clever situation in

which a subordinate chimp could compete for food with a more dominant chimp. Â In his experiments, Hare set up enclosures containing two chimps, one at either end.

He placed food in the centre. Thanks to well placed barriers, sometimes both chimps could see the food;

sometimes only one. Â In one instance, Hare allowed a dominant and a subordinate chimp to watch as he put food in the middle.

However, the food was obscured from the dominant one once it was placed down. Â As is typical for chimpanzees in this sort of scenario,

the subordinate all but ignored the food, leaving it for the dominant. Subordinate chimps know better than to take food from dominant group members,

just as Dilly knew not to let Beethoven catch her eating that banana. Even though the dominant couldn't see the food,

it knew where it was. Then Hare added a twist: when the dominant chimp was replaced with a second dominant who hadn't seen the food oe all she could see was opaque barriers oe the subordinate had no problem gobbling it down.

The conclusion? Chimpanzees don't just know what others see; they also know what others know.

Animal trickery Â The so-called Hare task has since been adapted and modified for a wide range of animals.

A clever experiment in which rhesus monkeys could steal food either from a silent box or from a box outfitted with bells showed that they anticipated

as do many primates. But not all species explicitly avoid contact with yuck-inducing substances.

As wild reindeer and primates also avoid faeces, domestication isn't the key, so what is it?

bringing us closer to monkeys and apes, for example, which are traded internationally for bushmeat and pets.

Chimpanzees perform even better in their maths tests, succeeding in this sort of task 90%of the time.

In one experiment, researchers placed a chimpanzee in front of two sets of bowls that contained chocolate pieces.

the chimps had to select the set that had combined the largest number of chocolate pieces,

including gorillas, rhesus, capuchin, and squirrel monkeys, lemurs, dolphins, elephants, birds, salamanders and fish. Recently, researchers from Oakland University in Michigan added black bears to the list of the numerically skilled.

But the real maths wizards of the animal kingdom are the ants of the Tunisian desert (Cataglyphis fortis). They count both arithmetic and geometry as parts of their mathematical toolkit.

Such is the case for Tonkean macaques (Macaca tonkeana), a group of fruit-loving monkeys that live in the forests of Sulawesi,

Indonesia. Fruit trees are distributed randomly throughout the forest, with some areas containing more fruit than others.

So Tonkean macaques must decide which direction they will move in search of food, and they make those choices by majority vote.

When a particular Tonkean macaque wishes to move the group, he or she walks a few steps in the desired direction, pauses,

The other monkeys then decide whether to support the direction suggested, or whether to offer an alternative.

Like most primates, Tonkean macaques maintain a strict social hierarchy but all group members vote when it comes to these sorts of decisions.

or more dominant individuals who make decisions for other monkey species, such as the closely related rhesus macaques.

Democracy in this form is limited not to primates. African buffalo (Syncerus cafer) are large bovines distantly related to domestic cows that can be found grazing in forests, grasslands and swamps across the African continent.

Food patches vary for African buffalo, based on previous grazing history by the herd as well as by other species

Unlike the Tonkean macaques, only the adult female African buffalo are allowed to vote. But like the monkeys, all adult females vote regardless of their position within the dominance hierarchy.

Also like the monkeys, any female may propose a travel route. One thing animals don't appear to do,

though, is explicitly select their leaders, as humans do. For elephants, it's automatically the oldest female.

Chimpanzees are led by the male who is able to retain hold over his position as most dominant.

But group decision-making is not unique to our species. Even the smallest worker bee, the youngest Tonkean macaque,

When an infant chimpanzee dies, his or her mother will carry the lifeless body around for days.

When a three-month-old female chimpanzee was killed in June at the LA Zoo keepers allowed Gracie to retain her infant's body for several days

so that she'd be able to carry out this sort of chimpanzee grieving process. This chimpanzee ritual was described in depth after researchers in Zambia chanced upon a female named Masya who was interacting with the dead body of her four-month-old infant.

Writing in the American Journal of Primatology, researcher Katherine Cronin speculates: The behaviours expressed by this female chimpanzee

when she first endures physical separation from her dead infant provide valuable insight into Â the possible ways in which chimpanzees gather information about the state of responsiveness of individuals around them (hence learning about Ëoedeath').

'Similar practices have been observed among gorillas, baboons, macaques, lemurs, and geladas. Elephants, dolphins, and chimpanzees all have complex social behaviours that we only partly understand.

most of the information that we do have comes from non-experimental case studies thanks to quick-thinking researchers.

The mortician who carefully embalms the recently deceased may have a great deal more in common than he realises with the chimpanzee who painstakingly removes parasites from her dead infant.

What bonds us with the chimpanzee in this sense is that we are, in our different ways,

along with unstudied primate species and subspecies of bears, some people believe the legends could describe distant relations.

range from surviving collateral hominid species, such as Homo neanderthalensis or Homo floresiensis, to large primates like Gigantopithecus,

For example, the Indonesian cryptid Orang Pendek("short person Â) is described often in Indonesian folklore as a small, hairy, manlike creature not dissimilar to Homo floresiensis.

"In the light of the Flores skeleton, a recent initiative to scour central Sumatra for'Orang Pendek'can be viewed in a more serious light.

and bush in search of new forms of life, there is no reason why the same should not apply to new species of large primate,

or the Orang Pendek to show us real evidence, or otherwise hold your peace, Â he says.

A plan being mooted to save the orangutan an endangered ape that shares territory with tigers, is to charge tourists a hefty"conservation fee Â to see them.

Permits to view mountain gorillas in Rwanda cost at least $500. Moral imperativeperhaps the biggest problem with conserving the tigers'habitats,

though, is that the cats typically inhabit the crowded regions of the world most heavily populated by humans,

and from a drill, a monkey species that lives in tiny, dwindling pockets of west Africa.

For instance, a recent study found that making a chimeric rhesus monkey oe a process needed to resurrect a monkey species from frozen cells oe is much trickier than a mouse."

I only have to do it once to drill and sow. Considering that it costs him 9. 9 gallons (45 litres) of fuel an hour for 14-hour days over 2 weeks

Dissecting and Cementing Marmosets Brains Scientists crack open the marmosets scull, vacuum out swaths of brain tissue to cause visual blind spots,

The marmoset is strapped to an EEG machine to track brain activity, before being brought in the back

since human brains and marmoset brains are completely different. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Cambridge university primates http://www. humanecharities. org. au/experiments/marmosets. html 11.

#10 Unbelievable Animal Friendships This macaque was rescued from Neilingding Island in China after his mother abandoned him

Take this baby macaque, abandoned by its mother and close to death until it became best friends with a pigeon.

The macaque is thriving and the pair are inseparable. But they arent the only tear-jerking, unbelievable friendships youll find in the animal world:

Who says that orangutans and tigers, dogs and deer, cats and birds cant all be friends somehow?

Youre not likely to find a wild Sumatran tiger thats friends with a wild orangutan,

but at the Taman Safari animal hospital in Indonesia, abandoned primates Nia and Irma have no problem snuggling with Dema and Manis month-old tigers.

and rope swinging for the orangutans. Christian the lion wasnt found in the wild: He was bought at Harrods in the 1960s by John Rendell and Ace Bourke,

adding that wearers did not have to worry about real monkeys because the underwear did not smell like a banana.

It might look like one of those cheap extendable gorilla-head grippers but dig deeper and youll find that the boys from TT have done their homework.

Garnish with cocktail monkey. http://drinkify. org Share Thissubscribedel. icio. usfacebookredditstumbleupontechnorati e

#Grains of rice genetically modified to produce human blood Blood protein from genetically modified rice could ease demand for blood donations.

6.)Koko the gorilla has loved cuddling and nurturing kittens since 1984. Gorilla Foundation volunteer Janis Turner arranged to have a litter of orphaned kittens visit Koko in September 2009,

and Koko became especially enamored with a tiny orange kitten named Tigger, pictured here. Something fascinated her about Tigger,

) Wild long-tailed macaque monkey in Bali, Indonesia. He stunned animal lovers around the world

The monkey was spotted in a forest protectively nuzzling and grooming the ginger kitten, making sure no harm came to it.

The extraordinary sight was captured by amateur photographer Anne Young while on a holiday to the Monkey Forest Park in Bali s Ubud region...

These problems mean that the longest survival time for pig organs in nonhuman primates to date ranges from a few days for lungs to around six to eight months for hearts,

#Most women are experts at knowing how to activate the monkey-part of the male brain.

They even use live monkeys to do their research...If this truly improves her looks, perhaps she should consider wearing a mask#an extra thick mask to keep the ugliness from seeping through...

Gorilla Wire Via Fox Business Share Thissubscribedel. icio. usfacebookredditstumbleupontechnorati h

#Glass of milk can contain a cocktail of up to 20 chemicals Scientists found a host of chemicals used to treat illnesses in animals and people in samples of cow, goat and human breast milk.

In the 1970s, Herbert Terrace, a psychologist at Columbia University, trained a chimp named Nim Chimpsky to recognize 125 different sign language gestures

#Scientists Fatten up Monkeys to Study Human Obesity Shiva is twice his normal weight and carries much of it in his belly.

Shiva belongs to a colony of monkeys who have been fattened up to help scientists study the twin human epidemics of obesity and diabetes.

The overweight monkeys also test new drugs aimed at treating those conditions. We are trying to induce the couch-potato style#

who directs the obese resource#at the Oregon National Primate Research center here. We believe that mimics the health issues we face in the United states today.#

#The corpulent primates serve as useful models, experts say, because they resemble humans much more than laboratory rats do,

a caged monkeys food intake is much easier for researchers to count and control. Nonhuman primates dont lie to you,#said Dr. Grove,

who is a neuroscientist. We know exactly how much they are eating.##To allow monitoring of their food intake,

some of the obese monkeys are kept in individual cages for months or years, which also limits their exercise.

That is in contrast to most of the monkeys here who live in group indoor/outdoor cages with swings

demand for the overweight primates is growing as part of the battle against the nations obesity epidemic, according to Dr. Grove and other researchers working with such monkeys in Florida,

Rhythm Pharmaceuticals, a start-up company in Boston, tested its experimental diet drug on some of the Oregon monkeys.

In another study, a group of academic researchers is using the monkeys to compare gastric bypass surgery with weight loss from forced dieting.

what cannot be done with people#kill some of the monkeys to examine their brains and pancreases.

The primate center here, which is part of Oregon Health and Science University, has more than 4, 000 monkeys, mostly rhesus macaques.

About 150 of them are the rotund rhesuses. Some receive daily insulin shots to treat diabetes,

and some have clogged arteries. One monkey died of a heart attack a few years ago at a fairly young age.

Shiva a young adult, gained about 15 pounds in six months and weighs about 45 pounds, twice the normal weight for his age.

Like other monkeys with a weight problem, he carries much of the excess in his belly, not his arms and legs.

The monkeys daily diet consists of dried chow pellets, with about one-third of the calories coming from fat, similar to a typical American diet,

because they stuck to the monkeys teeth. They also drink a fruit-flavored punch with the fructose equivalent of about a can of soda a day.

In all, they might consume about twice as many calories as a normal-weight monkey. Dr. Grove and researchers at some other centers say the high-fructose corn syrup appears to accelerate the development of obesity and diabetes.

who helped create an obese baboon colony at the Southwest National Primate Research center in San antonio. Still,

and monkeys get fat because of a high-fat diet is not a good suggestion, #she said.

Dr. Hansen, who has been doing research on obese monkeys for four decades, prefers animals that become naturally obese with age,

one of her monkeys who she said was at one time the worlds heaviest rhesus, at 70 pounds,

But obese baboons in San antonio doubled or tripled their food intake when they got the drug.

Some companies see no need to use primates to study obesity and diabetes, saying it is almost as easy to do human studies.

Monkey studies can cost up to several million dollars. The animals are so precious that only a small number can be used.

Doing primate studies is about as difficult as doing human studies from an ethical standpoint,

Animal rights activists say primate studies subject animals to needless suffering like the stress of being caged.

what they said were mistreated and unhealthy monkeys. Jim Newman, a spokesman for the primate center, said the accusations were unfounded and that after both instances,

inspectors from the Department of agriculture found no violations of rules. Activists also question whether the studies are needed.

when pregnant monkeys ate the high-fat diet, their offspring had metabolic problems. The babies were also more prone to anxiety

Terrorizing Monkeys with Mr. Potato Head is Research?##Alisa Mullins of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals wrote in November.

She also questioned the need to study fat monkeys: Gee, couldnt he have hung out at the local Mcdonalds

the monkeys are housed in pairs and separated only at meal times so that researchers can monitor what each monkey eats.

These are said social animals Janice D. Wagner, a professor of pathology there. We think they are happier that way.#

the obese monkeys are following. This is a booming industry in China, #said Dr. Grove. They have colonies of thousands of them.#

Sheep can also pass psychological tests that monkeys would fail, according to their study. Dr Laura Avanzo and Dr Jennifer Morton were studying neurodegeneration with a focus on Huntingdons disease

Only humans and other primates find these kind of responses easy; most other large animals struggle with them,

Animal behavioural specialists have focused for decades their attention on monkeys during testing. Dr Avanzo and Dr Morton believe this is because sheep,

#Scientists plan to clone Brazil s endangered species Black Lion Tamarin, the most endangered of the eight species in Brazil Scientists in Brazil want to expand a mass effort to clone the populations of eight

black lion tamarin (Leontopithecus chrysopygus; bush dog (Speothos venaticus; Brazilian aardvark, also known locally as coati (Nasua nasua;

The black lion tamarin, the most endangered of the eight species, is the only one that lives exclusively in Brazil.

Instead of short climbing walls, there should be towering monkey bars. Instead of plastic crawl tubes, there should be tall, steep slides.

but using Rhesus monkeys and, unfortunately, the results were very, very similar. Those monkeys ended up developing mammary glands that were altered by the chemical in ways that made it more likely to get breast cancer.#

#Williams says she likes plastics and wouldn t tell her kids to stay away from Legos, but she still cautions women in their childbearing years against using an abundance of plastic products.

In a year, that means each person throws away almost 400 pounds of food, the weight of an adult male gorilla.

Witwer s team fed monkeys a Silk fruit and protein shake, which happens to contain high levels of mir-168 and other plant mirnas.

But when looking at the monkeys blood, the PCR data were much more variable.##oewe weren t completely confident in the accuracy of the method,

HIV probably didn t jump to humans through human-monkey sex, but through hunting of monkeys for food that led to blood-to-blood contact.

SOURCE: Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives In Medicine. 24.)) Dogs and cats don t see in shades of grey.

Corning, whose toughened Gorilla glass became the screen of choice for many smartphones, will provide phones with curved glass edges as soon as this year.

A Samsung concept shows off a tablet-sized screen that can be rolled up Even after the success of Gorilla Glass,

which makes seed drills and other devices pulled along behind tractors. Planters have changed radically since they were simple boxes that pushed seeds into the soil at fixed intervals.

To put the drug to the test, Quik treated rhesus monkeys with Parkinson s with nicotine. After eight weeks, she reported in a landmark 2007 paper in the Annals of Neurology

the monkeys had half as many tremors and tics. Even more remarkably, in monkeys already receiving L-dopa, the standard drug for Parkinson s,

nicotine reduced their dyskinesias by an additional one-third. Studies of nicotine in humans with Parkinson s are supported now under way

Chimp smoking a cigarette! Is there no limit to the tobacco companies sleaziness in finding new markets?..

. Whereas chimps walk an average of about 2 to 3 kilometers per day (1. 2 to 1. 9 miles) spending most of their time foraging

#7 Iconic Animals Humans Are Driving to Extinction It's hard to imagine a world in which elephants orangutans lions

Orangutans In Borneo and Sumatra large companies are destroying forests and replacing them with big swaths of palm tree monocultures (plots where only one plant is grown

which don't provide suitable habitat for most animals) threatening the future existence of orangutans said Lee Hannah a senior fellow in climate change biology at Conservation International a global group devoted to saving endangered animals

There are only about 6000 wild orangutans left and about 1000 are being killed each year primarily from habitat destruction according to the Orangutan Project an environmental group

whose mission is to save the animals. Â Rhinos Rhino poaching has doubled more than since 2010 in South africa according to the country.

Lemurs Since humans arrived in Madagascar about 2000 years ago about 15 to 20 species of lemurs primates with foxlike faces have gone extinct likely due to habitat loss

whose males grew nearly as large as gorillas said University of Illinois primatologist Paul Garber