Carbon

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Synopsis: Chemistry & chemical compounds: Chemical compounds: Carbon:

and sequester carbon as effectively as tropical rainforests. One of the kelp forest's most endearing denizens, the sea otter, is an important key to its survival.

In some places this valuable kelp carbon store is mown disappearing down by a hungry army of sea urchins.

So the otters are helping the forests to store as much carbon as they can. We tend to think that we can deal with the challenge of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere by planting more vegetation,

pushing saltwater through a membrane) and now to the utilization of carbon nanotechnology, which also reduces energy use (though not waste).

Most plants, including most crops, use a chemical pathway for photosynthesis that binds three carbon atoms from the air.

But around 5%of plants have evolved a different pathway that binds four carbon atoms. This C4 pathway is not only more efficient at warmer temperatures,

that they are responsible for as much as 30%of all terrestrial carbon fixing, even though they make up a tiny percentage of plants.

and their photosynthetic activity sucked so much carbon from the air it contributed to the regional cooling event known as the Little Ice age.

and rooftops have been designed to make the world's first carbon-neutral city. A vast central cluster of opening

Within each cell of the suspended filter array, valves draw humid air through chemical chambers where chalk-like precipitate forms, an incremental process of carbon fixing.

and two environmental research departments at the University of Minnesota to shape a 130mph"carbon neutral  steam locomotive.

Without this"carbon sink  the world's ability to lock up carbon will be reduced compounding the effects of global warming.

As a result, they are viewed by many as one of the main ways the aviation industry can reduce its carbon footprint.

and up to 49%reduction in soot oe or black carbon-emissions compared to conventional fuel.

releasing stored carbon from millions of years ago. Eventually the atmosphere will reach a new balance at a hotter temperature as a result of the additional carbon dioxide,

if the price of carbon rises, then this could lead to two effects. Investing in air capture will likely be seen as an equivalent to avoided emissions.

Transporting fertiliser also releases significant carbon emissions, making it a dirty industry. So what's the answer?

Artificial fertilisers cannot replace lost organic matter (carbon) in soils oe mulch is a useful way of restoring structural integrity

and carbon emissions caused a change in the global climate and acidified the oceans. In addition, our voracious appetite for manufactured products has led to massive deforestation

and too few carbon sinks such as forests), although whether that's a two-,three, -or four-degree threshold,

he is making important cuts in costs and carbon emissions. We use the sheep to provide manure for the fields, which halves our fertiliser use,

they achieved a 20%increase in tobacco plants after adding a single cyanobacteria gene called inorganic carbon transporter B (Ictb.

Its easy to forget that along with the carbon footprint of the trees themselves tree lots are also a drain.

as they are offset by carbon fixation in photosynthesis. As a result, they do not contribute to increasing the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere. mroe via sciencedauly. com Share Thissubscribedel. icio. usfacebookredditstumbleupontechnorati i

#Croplands Are Chipping Away at Carbon Stocks? This is all you will find if you live in NE Voice of experience Natures capacity to store carbon,

the element at the heart of global climate woes, is steadily eroding as the worlds farmers expand croplands at the expense of native ecosystem such as forests.

The tradeoff between agricultural production and maintaining natures carbon reservoirs native trees, plants and their carbon-rich detritus in the soil is becoming more pronounced as more and more of the worlds natural ecosystems succumb to the plow.

The problem, experts say, is most acute in the tropics, where expanding agriculture often comes at the expense of the tropical forests that act as massive carbon sinks because of their rich diversity and abundance of plant life.

The seriousness of the problem is documented in the most comprehensive and fine-grained analysis of the worlds existing carbon stocks and global crop yields.

The study is published online this in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) by a team of researchers from the University of Wisconsin-Madison, the University of Minnesota, Stanford university, Arizona State university and The Nature Conservancy.

and agricultural productivity in the tropics. oewe analyzed the tradeoffs between carbon storage and crop production at a level of detail that has never been possible before,

the tropics release nearly twice as much carbon to the atmosphere for each unit of land cleared,

a UW-Madison graduate student and the lead author of the new study. oetropical forests store a tremendous amount of carbon,

not only do you lose more carbon, but crop yields are not nearly as high as they are in temperate areas. oethis creates a kind of double whammy for a lot of tropical agriculture:

we have to clear carbon-rich ecosystems to create tropical croplands, and unfortunately they often have lower yields than temperate systems,

carbon stocks are diminished by as much as 75 tons. Such attrition, say West and his colleagues, makes a strong case for intensifying agriculture on already-converted land instead of putting new fields into production. oeone path is to expand agricultural land,

#First-Ever Carbon Map Shows Global Warming in Perus Amazon Image shows an area of road building and development adjacent to primary forest in red tones,

You can see the effects of global warming in a new high-resolution map that shows carbon locked up in tropical forest vegetation

or REDD, initiative could create financial incentives to reduce carbon emissions from forest destruction and overuse,

high-resolution methods to keep track of the carbon. Scientists say the map, from the study of an area the size of Switzerland, is the breakthrough that could make REDD work.

in cooperation with the World Wildlife Fund and the Peruvian Ministry of the Environment. oewhat were showing here for the first time is an ability to not only map the carbon that is in the forest,

Organic soils also were superior in carbon sequestration, microbial biomass, enzyme activity, and micronutrients. Via Treehugger Share Thissubscribedel. icio. usfacebookredditstumbleupontechnorati r

a plan announced by President Hu Jintao late last year called for China to reduce its carbon emissions per unit of economic output by 40 to 45 percent by 2020,

Carbon emissions are a measurement of a countrys man-made emissions of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide.

Even if China meets its energy-efficiency goal this year and its carbon goal by 2020, its total carbon emissions are still on track to rise steeply in the next decade, according to forecasts by the International Energy Agency.

That is because of factors including rapid growth in the Chinese economy growing car ownership and rising ownership of household appliances.

The soil in developing countries is assumed furthermore often to be carbon-rich and thus a significant emitter of carbon dioxide,

several national economists insist that it may take 50 years for biofuels to repay their carbon footprint strictly due to the indirect soil impact.

and diesel and had a net carbon benefit. However, even the weakest-performing alternative still attained twice the EU standard that biofuels reduce greenhouse gases by at least 35 percent compared with fossil fuels.

Efforts to curb forest loss around the world as a means of cutting carbon emissions just got a boost:

and sequestering substantial quantities of atmospheric carbon in new plant growth and reactivated soils. Surely this is a perfect example of the potential power of human and technological collaboration.

and sequester carbon. But first, they have to deal with that pesky little thing called evidence Biochar really is a promising product

while simultaneously trapping carbon in the soil. The science on the second goal is a little more clear-cut than the first.

Biochar definitely does imprison carbon, and does it better than normal charcoal, said John Bonitz,

The charcoal left behind by a campfire, for instance, is made chemically up of carbon joined to lots and lots of oxygen molecules,

and has lost most of its carbon to burning. Like sorority girls in a slasher film

and leaving the carbon that does remain to drift back into the atmosphere. Subtract the oxygen,

however, and the carbon molecules get toughorming ring structures that dont easily shatter and are more resistant to microbial attack,

That means less carbon in the atmosphere. Its also good news for anyone whod like to see carbon neutral

or even carbon negative, biofuel production. Of course, thats in a test tube. oetheres a whole suite of caveats that come along with those estimates

because we cant mimic the natural environment in the laboratory, Spokas said. In fact, most of what we know about biochar comes from the lab. Spokas team is one of the first in the United states to start running tests in the (literal) field,

and offers links to companies that offset the carbon cost of your trip. Maravu Plantation Fiji is known best for its beaches,

The on-road transportation sector releases significant amounts of carbon dioxide, black carbon, and ozonell substances that cause warming.

savannah and shrub fires emits large amounts of organic carbon particles that block solar radiation. The new analysis offers policy makers and the public a far more detailed and comprehensive understanding of how to mitigate climate change most effectively,

including carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, organic carbon black carbon, nitrate, sulfate, and ozone. The team also considered how emissions from each part of the economy can impact clouds

particularly sulfates and organic carbon, can make clouds brighter and cause them to last longer,

At the same time, one type of aerosol called black carbon, or soot, actually absorbs incoming solar radiation, heats the atmosphere,

Oil refiners and truckers filed suit this week against a measure to reduce the carbon content of gasoline and diesel.

And it would suspend the regulation to slash carbon intensity of fuels by 10%.%However, half of the states measures to bring greenhouse gases down to 1990 levels by 2010 would survive,

Forests and their soils store the majority of the Earths terrestrial carbon stock. Small changes in their growth rate can have significant ramifications in weather patterns, nutrient cycles

The availability of the soybean genome may provide some key solutions. oewe can now zero in on the control points governing carbon flow towards protein

Scientists work out how much carbon is being absorbed by measuring the density of wood height and width of different tree species over time.

which highlights the critical role forests play in the global cycling of carbon and therefore the speed and severity of future climate change.

Scientists from MIT have discovered that by coating carbon nanotubes in bee venom, they can create ultra-sensitive detectors for explosives such as TNT,

and fellow chemical engineers coated one-atom-thick tubes of carbon with protein fragments found in bee venom,

and reduces its potential carbon footprint. The bottle is made from switch grass, pine bark, corn husks and other materials.

Further the trees killed from drought rot in the coming years will release over 5 billion tons of CO2#nearly equivalent to the amount of carbon released by the US in 2009 from the burning of fossil fuels.

And that doesnt include the carbon emissions released during forest fires. The scientists believe that if droughts of this magnitude continue at this frequency,

the Amazon rainforest will no longer be able to act as a carbon emission sponge, which will amplify the impacts of

what carbon is being released into the atmosphere today. They wont know the full impact of the droughts until they can complete forest measurements

#The carbon isnt the only immediate concern. As we noted last year, the economies of the communities dependent on flowing rivers are also hit hard by the droughts.

From carbon to communities the Amazon rainforests are of vital importance, but changes in global climate are proving to take their toll.

are working on to reduce the carbon tire track that autos leave on the environment#For instance,

and Carbon-fiber Frames Plastic frames were tried back in the 90s, but they were too heavy.

But there are already planes in the air#made mostly of carbon fiber#that solve this problem. Carbon fiber is markedly stronger by weight than the aluminum used for most existing planes,

which means that the interior air pressure can be adjusted to more comfortable levels without the risk of damaging the fuselage.

but carbon fiber doesn t rust. That will allow a new system to maintain humidity at a more comfortable 15 percent (up from around 5 to 10 percent.

possibly transported from the other side of the world with a ginormous carbon footprint, when the stuff that comes out of your tap is safe and healthy?(

For a given amount of carbon gain, the plant uses less water,#Griffiths said. Making the grid more efficient Anne K. Jones,

the process would be carbon-neutral because of the CO2 capture, Cogdell said. We can t do it yet,

The study also suggests that increasing levels of air pollution from one continent may partly offset efforts to cut carbon emissions in another.

#Carbon-negative energy now a reality In 2007, officials from Berkeley, California shut off the electricity to an artists space known as the Shipyard.

what it says is the world s only carbon-negative power source. Located in one of the grittiest areas of town, where train tracks, garbage,

All Power Labs makes machines that use an ancient process called gasification to turn out not only carbon-neutral energy,

but also a carbon-rich charcoal by-product that just happens to be a fertilizer so efficient that Tom Price, the company s director of strategic initiatives, calls it#oeplant crack.#

Global climate change is a result of too much carbon being put into the sky, most scientists agree,

burning the biomass releases the carbon back into the atmosphere. By comparison, because there s no combustion in All Power Labs gasification process,

the carbon isn t released into the air. Rather, it is pulled from the biomass and converted into charcoal.

the process of releasing carbon is reversed, Price argued. Charcoal waste is generated by the machine but the charcoal is rich with carbon

and makes a very efficient fertilizer. That s why All Power Labs has sold already more than 500 of its machines#many to some of the world s poorest nations.

That s the breadth of a mechanical pencil lead. It represents a huge engineering challenge, Powell said,

and rooftops have been designed to make the world s first carbon-neutral city. A vast central cluster of opening

Within each cell of the suspended filter array, valves draw humid air through chemical chambers where chalk-like precipitate forms, an incremental process of carbon fixing.

We've found that terrestrial carbon is respired and basically turned into carbon dioxide as it travels down the river.

In fact only 5 percent of the Amazon rain forest's plant-based carbon ends up reaching the ocean the researchers said.

The carbon cycle While these findings have important implications for global carbon models they also shed light on the ecology of the Amazon as well as other river ecosystems.

Carbon isotope dating revealed the cave had been used in the Mesolithic period between 9210 and 8340 B c

Separately the researchers also analyzed carbon and nitrogen isotopes or variants of the same elements with different molecular weights.

when the glacier was said advancing Connor basing the date on radiocarbon ages of the newly revealed wood.

Whether or not your dog vomits immediately take it to the vet's office where additional treatments may include activated charcoal to absorb the toxin IV fluid treatment and dialysis.

</p><p></p><p>The presence of Carbon-12 in ancient rocks suggests that life began On earth about 3. 8 billion years ago.

210000 Workers to Cut Carbon Pollution. The views expressed are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the publisher.

So far some 370 gigatons of carbon (Gtc) have been emitted into the atmosphere over the span of the industrial era.

and if some amount of carbon is drawn down into the biosphere and soil through efforts like reforestation and more efficient agriculture.

To Cut Carbon A Decade Is Too Long to Wait (Op-Ed) Even with immediate aggressive reductions Hansen said it was likely that by the end of the century temperatures would pass the 1-degree mark

Sachs Hansen and their co-authors advocate a carbon tax to limit emissions. Not only would such a carbon tax be relatively easy to scale to a global system

but it would also take the health and environmental effects of fossil fuels into account putting clean energy from wind to nuclear on an equal footing.

In the same vein the choice of using a carbon tax over other possible tools to reduce emissions was a matter of judgment about political goals he added.

The government has set a goal of making the country carbon neutral by 2021 Much of its electricity already comes from clean sources like hydro-geothermal

Last year Coopedota a Costa rican coffee cooperative produced the world's first crop of carbon-neutral coffee

The country produces just a few-hundredths-of-a-percent of global carbon pollution. The rest of the world including the United states needs to take strong action not merely to adapt to the changes that are already upon us

but to reduce carbon emissions now. The IPCC draft maintains that it's not too late for emissions cuts to change the planet's climate course

And many states by improving energy efficiency and shifting to clean energy are already moving into position to meet upcoming limits on carbon pollution from existing power plants

limits on carbon pollution from power plants. Urge the EPA to support strong limits on carbon pollution.

Because Costa rica no matter how much coffee it makes (or does not make) cannot wake up the world on its own.

#Cold war Nuclear Radiation Creates Anti-Poaching Tool (ISNS)--Radioactive carbon atoms created during 20th-century nuclear bomb tests could help save elephants

and other endangered species. A new study published in this week's issue of the journal of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences shows that carbon-14 a radioactive version of the common carbon atom can be used to determine

Nuclear bomb testing Carbon-14 is produced naturally by cosmic rays interacting with atoms in the Earth's atmosphere.

But in the 1950s and 1960s the United states and the former Soviet union conducted hundreds of aboveground nuclear bomb tests that nearly doubled the concentration of carbon-14 in the atmosphere.

and since then the concentration of carbon-14 has been steadily declining as natural processes remove it from the atmosphere.

and animals in the food chain absorb the carbon atoms explained study coauthor Thure Cerling a geochemist at the University of Utah.

An atomic time marker Scientists figured out long ago that by measuring the concentration of carbon-14 in tissue

and comparing it to recorded levels of atmospheric carbon-14 they could determine when that tissue formed.

The margin of error for the most recent years will increase as the carbon-14 concentration returns to their natural background levels.

or bone because those tissues continue to incorporate carbon over time Uno explained. What you really want is tissue that locks in the carbon as it grows

and is touched never again. That's why hair and horn and teeth and tusks are such good targets

Currently the radiocarbon test costs about $500 and takes about one month to complete. Uno estimates the technique should work for dating new tissue for the next 15 years or so by

which time carbon-14 is expected to drop to natural levels. In addition to helping combat poaching Cerling

what the animal was eating by adding data from stable carbon isotopes. Potential uses Samuel Wasser a conservation biologist at the University of Washington who did not participate in the study said the new study is a very important development

and reduced carbon emissions within Coca-cola's manufacturing operations and advanced more-sustainable agriculture. Saving the Planet is Good Business (Op-Ed After six years the outcomes of our efforts are encouraging.

Sending their roots down into bare soil cover crops can increase soil carbon provide slow-release nitrogen

Trees absorb greenhouse gases and carbon emissions. They produce oxygen and perpetuate the water cycle by releasing water vapor into the atmosphere.

Effects of deforestation Forests are complex ecosystems that are important to the carbon and water cycles that sustain life on earth.

Carbon Emissions: Healthy forests help absorb greenhouse gasses and carbon emissions that are caused by human civilization

and contribute to global climate change. Without trees more carbon and greenhouse gasses enter the atmosphere.

To make matters worse trees actually become carbon sources when they are cut burned or otherwise removed. oetropical forests hold more than 210 gigatons of carbon and deforestation represents around 15 percent of greenhouse gas emissions according to the WWF.

Water Cycle: Trees play an important part in the water cycle grounding the water in their roots

and releasing it into the atmosphere. In the Amazon more than half the water in the ecosystem is held within the plants.

The new results published in several studies today (June 3) in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) were found by analyzing the fraction of different carbon isotopes or atoms of the same chemical with different molecular weights

The 10 Biggest Mysteries of the First Humans Diet insight Because plants using different methods of photosynthesis to grow absorb different amounts of carbon isotopes the ratio of those isotopes in dental enamel can reveal insights

For instance so called C3 plants absorb more of the heavy isotope carbon-13 into tissue than do C4 or CAM plants.

To analyze what the ancient human ancestors were eating the team analyzed the fraction of different carbon isotopes in teeth from every early human fossil that could be sampled:

#Earthworms Trap Carbon, But Do They Influence Climate Change?(ISNS)--Earthworms have long been the organic gardener's friend.

or burned it releases carbon dioxide. But in a process called stabilization earthworms convert the digestible carbon to a form that stays in the soil.

They re stabilizing it through their fecal material. That type of carbon is more resistant to decay said Deborah Neher of the University of Vermont in Burlington.

 Earthworms ingest the organic matter or litter that lies atop the soil. The litter is ground to a pulp in their gizzard broken down and digested by their gut bacteria

Their excrement also adds physical structure to the soil that holds in the carbon reduces erosion

They measured the carbon dioxide emission carbon mineralization and carbon stabilization of a batch of soil with just microbes and compared that with a batch of soil with microbes and earthworms.

They found that earthworm-stocked soil releases no more carbon dioxide than soil with microbes alone. In fact the earthworms excreted carbon that stuck in the ground rather than releasing it into the air.

Essentially earthworms created a carbon trap. We're losing the litter on the surface of the soil

which has affects on future forest composition but a lot of that may be moving deeper into the soil

and holding the carbon there said Neher. The carbon is just moving into deeper layers in the soil.

Many of the proposed ideas to reduce greenhouse gas emission involve trapping carbon in the soil

but these small creatures have beaten us to it. Other new studies find that the fecal matter of millipedes

and oribatid mites also transform carbon into its more decay resistant form. The second study was conducted over 54 days too short a time to judge the total effect of earthworms on the environment.

and the carbon in the soil and thus potentially changing the forest permanently. Yosemite Aflame:

Potassium can also be acquired through thermal methods such as the reduction of potassium compounds with calcium carbide (Cac2) carbon silicon or sodium.

And when scientists dug up carbon from past wildfires those that took place before Europeans arrived they made a startling discovery.

and other seagrasses which globally can store up to twice as much carbon as the world's temperate and tropical forests according to a separate study.

(because there is less vegetation to suck up precipitation) as well as released additional carbon and nitrogen from dead decaying trees.

On the small scale there may be local increases in stream flow carbon or nitrogen but overall there is very little change after a bark beetle infestation Ewers said.

Trees sequester carbon that would otherwise end up in the atmosphere warming the globe Roddick said.

Syngenta's disinformation campaign about the safety of atrazine didn't just draw directly from the playbook used by Big Carbon and Big Tobacco however.

and are likely an important source of carbon emissions that hasn t been accounted adequately for in climate models according to NASA.

To find out when this wet period took place the scientists used radiocarbon dating a technique that measures the ratio of different forms of carbon to find an object's age.

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