Chemistry & chemical compounds

Chemical compounds (5314)
Chemistry & chemicals (2711)
Gases (1960)
Organic compounds (3729)

Synopsis: Chemistry & chemical compounds:

and sequester carbon as effectively as tropical rainforests. One of the kelp forest's most endearing denizens, the sea otter, is an important key to its survival.

In some places this valuable kelp carbon store is mown disappearing down by a hungry army of sea urchins.

So the otters are helping the forests to store as much carbon as they can. We tend to think that we can deal with the challenge of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere by planting more vegetation,

The acid inside the potato forms a chemical reaction with the zinc and copper, and when the electrons flow from one material to another,

which is 50-fold cheaper than a typical 1. 5 volt AA alkaline cell or D cell battery,

Meanwhile, Shell is preparing to anchor the world's largest floating offshore structure oe  the Prelude Floating Liquefied Natural gas facility oe  off Australia's northwest coast in 2014.

and will produce the natural gas equivalent of 100,000 barrels of oil per day. While few groups could afford to build a floating city capable of weathering such storms

And what is Shell going to do with Prelude once all the natural gas runs out? Â The infrastructure for a marine community will be waiting to be used.

Another widely used process for treating water that can expand our water resource is desalinisation.

However, desalinisation is energy-intensive and creates a hyper-saline brine that, when discharged, can harm aquatic ecosystems.

pushing saltwater through a membrane) and now to the utilization of carbon nanotechnology, which also reduces energy use (though not waste).

In The netherlands, a chemical plant in Terneuzen accepts more than 2. 6 million gallons of household wastewater each day.

Researchers in the 1976 study looked at fat by comparing whole, low-fat and fat-free milk.

drinking milk is encouraged still, as it is a good source of protein and calcium. But could very large quantities of milk present a problem?

whether the milk was full fat or skimmed. So was the milk causing the ulcers?

when the Prussian Surgeon general Friedrich Von Esmarch recommended in his influential 19th century handbook on battlefield medicine that burnt surfaces should be covered with an oil, grease or butter.

Greeks from the 4TH CENTURY BC preferred rendered pig fat while the Romans used a mixture of honey

but not that juicy Â. Another described it as"like an animal protein cake Â. Commercial cultured meat is at least a decade away,

The global positioning system with which birds are born appears to rely on particles of iron in the ear, nerves in the beak, a chemical reaction in the eyes,

Most plants, including most crops, use a chemical pathway for photosynthesis that binds three carbon atoms from the air.

But around 5%of plants have evolved a different pathway that binds four carbon atoms. This C4 pathway is not only more efficient at warmer temperatures,

that they are responsible for as much as 30%of all terrestrial carbon fixing, even though they make up a tiny percentage of plants.

Many of the proteins used in the C4 pathway are taken from C3 plants and have adapted to a new role.

and switching the biochemical make-up of enzymes and proteins to the C4 type. Corn offers a good model

and their photosynthetic activity sucked so much carbon from the air it contributed to the regional cooling event known as the Little Ice age.

Exploring new chemical reactions within dynamic gaseous and fluid environments, British and Danish artificial life researchers such as Rachel Armstrong and Martin Hanczyc are designing protocells oe a mix of chemicals

which behave in a similar way to regular cells. They oscillate, move, and generate skins of delicate material that could one day be used to clothe a building that grows

and rooftops have been designed to make the world's first carbon-neutral city. A vast central cluster of opening

Within each cell of the suspended filter array, valves draw humid air through chemical chambers where chalk-like precipitate forms, an incremental process of carbon fixing.

These compounds can range from green (like malachite itself a kind of copper carbonate) through turquoise to rich blue, depending on how much salt (more specifically,

Sometimes these copper glazes are crystalline, with regularly ordered arrays of atoms. But they can also be glassy,

meaning that the atoms are disordered rather. In fact, it seems likely that copper smelting stimulated not only glazing but the production of glass itself,

if there is some alkaline substance present. This could have been provided by wood ash, although some later recipes in the middle East used the mineral natron (sodium carbonate).

Yet why else should a copper compound come to be on the surface of a lump of quartz?

herbicides and other harmful chemical contaminants. At that point, vertical farming in tall buildings will replace less productive single-story greenhouses as the source of all city-grown produce.

which processes the city's rich chemical landscapes oe and it is no longer possible to tell which of these vibrant structures are artificial, or natural.

-which enables us to grow organisms that do not exist in nature by manipulating their DNA oe to create trees that produce a natural light-producing protein usually found in jellyfish.

Larsson's plan involves harnessing the metabolic powers of a sand-particle-fixing species of bacteria to produce sandstone

Charles Mann The Atlantic 24 april 2013 Fracking and shale gas have transformed America's energy balance.

we may well be recovering natural gas oe methane hydrate oe from beneath the oceans, tapping reserves perhaps twice as big as all other fossil fuels combined.

A live organism's many complex molecular interactions with its host may be key to triggering the desired immune-suppressing reaction.

Hotez and others including Weinstock's group are working on identifying the molecules responsible for the effects of treatment with worms

such as a protein that inhibits white blood cell activity and another with anticoagulant properties. Back in Wisconsin, Turk, who has no desire to travel to Mexico

and two environmental research departments at the University of Minnesota to shape a 130mph"carbon neutral  steam locomotive.

Without this"carbon sink  the world's ability to lock up carbon will be reduced compounding the effects of global warming.

genes or the quantum states of atoms oe is linked closely to the field of thermodynamics, which was devised originally to understand how heat flows in engines and other machinery.

which its liquid and gas states become indistinguishable. And a magnet such as iron has a critical temperature at

the magnetic poles of its constituent atoms are aligned no longer but become randomised and scrambled by the heat.

when they burn, with no net addition of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. As a result, they are viewed by many as one of the main ways the aviation industry can reduce its carbon footprint.

That's important when you realize that aviation currently accounts for around 2%of all greenhouse gas emissions according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,

Previous studies with the rapeseed fuel also show that there is a 25%reduction in particles

and up to 49%reduction in soot oe or black carbon-emissions compared to conventional fuel.

One of his main criticisms is that in some cases biofuels can lead to deforestation and a large increase in greenhouse gas emissions.

and gas pipelines and electricity towers to extract concessions from the central government. Other talks also outlined seemingly practical solutions for the country's future.

as would desalination plants along the coast, he said, but the costs to pipe that water to Sanaa, 2, 250m (7,

the underground lab searching for wimps Robin Mckee Observer 18 november 2012at Gran Sasso National Laboratory, nearly a mile beneath an Italian mountain range, scientists are trying to isolate the particles they believe hold the universe together.

Dark matter is believed to permeate the universe in the form of weakly interacting massive particles oe

designed to block out nearly all particles from cosmic rays that could hamper scientists'readings.""With its labyrinth of tunnels, uniformed guards and glittering racks of equipment, it is one of the world's most spectacular laboratories,

as the cost of rare earth metals and other resources slash profits, Â Kyle says. Perhaps, then, planned obsolescence will begin to reach its own expiration date.

000 chemicals including at least 70 known carcinogens. No one has made a"cigarette that is significantly decreased in all of these chemicals

and is still something people would want to smoke, even though the industry has worked on this for around 50 years,

while sticky hairs on their leaves can gather particles from the air, including radioactive elements like polonium-210.

compounds within them are converted into tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAS), a class of well-known and intensely studied carcinogens.

And when the smoker lights up, chemical reactions in the burning leaves fill the smoke with carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide and a cocktail of carcinogens oe the infamous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHS),

Many of the chemicals in tobacco smoke are also found in other everyday sources including foods.

"We tend to focus on the compounds that we know are dangerous, but that's maybe only a few hundred of the 4, 000 that are identified.

 Nicotine is a potent drug oe it's the one chemical that keeps smokers inhaling all the rest.

which were meant to allow fresh air to dilute the tar oe the collective term for the chemical gunge in smoke.

where is the chemical cure this time around? Or, is there any relief to be found in the myriad bed bug products and services on the market, from growth regulators to heat treatments?

chemical companies must provide extensive toxicity data to prove it is safe for indoor use,

There is the problem of figuring out how a chemical has to function in order to best kill bed bugs cheaply, efficiently and safely.

No chemical insecticide is immune to resistance, particularly if it is overused. Today, roughly 90%of bed bugs have a genetic mutation that makes them resistant to pyrethroids,

chemicals are not the sole answer. Neither, it seems, are any other options when used alone."

Still, chemicals and other tactics can be used in an integrated pest management strategy, where they are used sometimes sparingly along with heat treatments (bed bugs die at 45c), desiccants such as silica gel and diatomaceous earth that fatally dry the bugs out,

or IGRS, are chemicals that prevent bed bugs from completing their lifecycle, stunting their growth so they can't reproduce.

Sucking CO2 from the skies with artificial treesit may be a colourless, odourless and completely natural gas,

It only makes up a tiny fraction of the atmosphere (0. 04%of all the gas by volume oe

That's because unlike nitrogen or oxygen, carbon dioxide molecules absorb the Sun's heat rays

releasing stored carbon from millions of years ago. Eventually the atmosphere will reach a new balance at a hotter temperature as a result of the additional carbon dioxide,

lasting gas oe that temperatures will continue to rise for a few hundred years. We won't stop emitting carbon dioxide today, of course,

so that the greenhouse gas produced during fossil fuel burning can be removed from the exhaust emissions. The carbon dioxide can then be cooled

Another storage option is to use the collected gas to replace crude oil deposits, helping drilling companies to pump out oil from hard to reach places, in a process known as advanced oil recovery.

But what about the gas that is already out there? The problem with removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is that it's present at such a low concentration.

In a power plant chimney, for instance, carbon dioxide is present at concentrations of 4-12%within a relatively small amount of exhaust air.

Removing the gas takes a lot of energy, so it is expensive, but it's feasible. To extract the 0. 04%of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere would require enormous volumes of air to be processed.

and olivine rock, is a great sucker of carbon dioxide, sealing the absorbed gas as stable magnesium carbonate mineral.

which contain holes oe solidified gas bubbles from the basalt's formation from volcanic lava flows millions of years ago.

scientists are experimenting with dissolving the gas in water first and then injecting it into the rocks under high pressures.

However, Lackner thinks the gas is too useful to petrify. His idea is to use the carbon dioxide to make liquid fuels for transport vehicles.

although the UK's Met Office is more favourable) oe it starts to make economic sense for oil companies who would pay in the region of $100 per tonne to use the gas in enhanced oil recovery.

if the price of carbon rises, then this could lead to two effects. Investing in air capture will likely be seen as an equivalent to avoided emissions.

Nitrogen is a vital constituent of all proteins as well as other important molecules including DNA, but we can only use nitrogen once it has been broken down and combined into an  organic  molecule,

such as an amino  acid, for example. So for thousands of years, humans have come up with ingenious ways of replacing the nitrogen oe

The number of humans that could be fed from 1 hectare of land (2. 47 acres) rose from 1. 9 to 4. 3. Half of the protein in our bodies now comes from ammonia made in the Haber process.

Ten times more nitrogen is used to produce food than humans consume as protein, and not all the nitrogen in the food we eat is used even by our bodies oe the excess enters the environment through human waste.

Producing fertilisers also pollutes the atmosphere with climate-altering greenhouse gases. The Haber reaction requires burning fossil fuels

And other potent greenhouse gases, including nitrous oxide, are released also while making or using fertiliser. Transporting fertiliser also releases significant carbon emissions,

making it a dirty industry. So what's the answer? One school of thought advocates organic methods that use preindustrial methods of soil enrichment, such as muck-spreading, for example,

Artificial fertilisers cannot replace lost organic matter (carbon) in soils oe mulch is a useful way of restoring structural integrity

Making manure releases its own potent greenhouse gas oe methane. Planting legumes that fix nitrogen can take up space in the field that many farmers would prefer to dedicate to cash crops.

so that the protein in the crops we fertilise is used in the most efficient way. Meanwhile, traditional methods should be embraced.

irrigation,"green  chemicals and tools along with training manuals and advise on how to farm efficiently.

 says Dr Murray Cox from the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Massey University in  New zealand."

refrigerant chemicals ate away at the protective ozone layer; and carbon emissions caused a change in the global climate

and acidified the oceans. In addition, our voracious appetite for manufactured products has led to massive deforestation

and we're still pumping out greenhouse gases. Others point out that there is more than enough environmental space on this planet for everyone to live sustainably,

however, inappropriate flooding of vegetation can cause greenhouse gas emissions and poison the water for fish.

prosecution and ultimately chemical castration, which may have led him to take his own life while still only 41.

and I would also say for global temperature (caused by too many greenhouse gas molecules

and too few carbon sinks such as forests), although whether that's a two-,three, -or four-degree threshold,

the basis for governments'attempts to curb global warming gases. But progress on addressing the most critical global challenges,

and grammar in lengthy documents has stymied any real action on greenhouse gas emissions. And in the meantime almost all environmental problems targeted by the original summit have got worse rather than improved.

ranging from cataloguing stars in the distant corners of the universe with Galaxy Zoo to predicting the complex three dimensional structures of protein structures with Foldit.

and fold digital versions of protein molecules on their computer screens. Building the protein components needed for life involves a complex set of machinery in our cells translating information encoded in our genes into a sequence of amino acids,

which are wrapped then and folded by into a three-dimensional form designed to carry out its required function.

The amino-acid sequence dictates the shape the protein will eventually adopt, but even small proteins can potentially fold in a huge number of different ways,

and so it is always a challenge for computers to figure out which of the many possible structures is the best one.

With around 240,000 registered players Foldit is proving invaluable for researchers trying to solve the complex structural and folding patterns of proteins.

and pull proteins into their optimum shape, as long as they obey the rules of physics. The closer your attempts at protein origami adhere to those rules,

the more points you Get in recent months the game-playing volunteers have shown they can both actively predict protein structures

and design new proteins. Last September, scientists reported the structure of a key enzyme that allows HIV to replicate,

making it an obvious target for drugs. The precise protein structure had stumped them for almost 15 years,

but the Foldit community produced it within days. In January this year, gamers produced the first crowdsourced protein redesign oe revving up the performance of an enzyme for one of the most important reactions organic chemists use to build compounds ranging from drugs to pesticides.

Another online program, Phylo, is advancing scientists'knowledge of genetics by making a game out of DNA matching.

A key part of this grand ambition lies in the lines of test tubes frozen in liquid nitrogen in a Californian zoo.

the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells, and found that it is optimised to catch and release oxygen molecules in the cold.

Scientists could go one step further and test woolly mammoth red blood cells made from ips cells, Poinar says.

It is perfectly plausible to supply all the vitamins and minerals needed for a meal in pill form.

only a few organisms are able to break the tough chemical bond in the gas to create the nitrate form that plants

and animals use to develop proteins. Animal faeces contain many of these chemicals, and recycling essential nitrates from biomatter is the easiest and cheapest way of replenishing the soil.

In many places in the world, livestock dung is the only fertilizer available, but it is becoming scarcer because,

The methane gas produced by the bacteria is used then to fuel cooking stoves, and the decomposed manure can be spread on the fields as fertiliser.

meaning they produce greenhouse gas emissions during production. Give peas a chancea growing body of scientists is arguing that the common pastoral scene of a man in a hat driving a plough is causing some of the biggest damage to our soils.

he is making important cuts in costs and carbon emissions. We use the sheep to provide manure for the fields, which halves our fertiliser use,

and the lavish use of chemicals, the machinery sowing this new revolution includes supercomputers, molecular biology and arrays of sensors.

More than 100 different proteins play a role in photosynthesis interacting in countless different permutations, Long says.

For example, one potentially easy win they identified was to dial up production of just a single protein known as sedoheptulose bisphosphatase, or SBPASE.

they achieved a 20%increase in tobacco plants after adding a single cyanobacteria gene called inorganic carbon transporter B (Ictb.

Vitamin shakeincreasing the amount of food we produce is one thing. Producing nutritious food is another

zinc, Vitamin a and other micronutrients. Deficiencies can reduce IQ, lower disease resistance, stunt growth and even cause blindness,

a nutrient that the body can convert into Vitamin a. Developed in the 1990s, and field tested in the 2000s,

leaving more to make Vitamin a. As important, they also found a genetic marker that signals

and Melinda Gates Foundation, is releasing the fortified corn in Zambia, where more than half of children experience Vitamin a deficiencies.

So, any watching aliens are now looking at a radically changed Earth, on which the land surface, oceanic and atmospheric chemistry,

which now contains more carbon dioxide molecules oe and the oceans, which are more acidic because more of that carbon dioxide is dissolving into them.

And, because carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, we are changing the climate by melting glaciers and raising sea levels.

Its maker, Henkel, now sells it to defeat oedirt, blood, foods and other set in stains.

The real final frontier isnt in outer-space or inner-particle. Its in the space between mankinds ears.

Drinking Like crazy to Activate Hangover Brain Molecule This is a strange study: scientists ran an experiment b y giving the C. elegans worm small doses of alcohol to track the affects of withdrawal.

They also learned with a much bigger surprise that theres an actual oehangover molecule that can be quantified in the recovering brain http://www. stumbleupon. com/su/2k89pc/www. livescience. com/culture/hangover

-brain-molecule-100509. html http://ezinearticles. com/?/Alcohols-Effects-in-the-Brain&id=1319880 7. Scientists create Mice with Human brain Cells Fred Gage

LOICTHE Low Orbit Ion Canon, as it is affectionately called, was described this week in an excellent Gizmodo post:

or will it side with the chemical industry lobbyists controlling GM technology? Greenpeaces EU Director Jorgo Riss said. oeuntil safety issues of GMS are examined by independent experts,

Its easy to forget that along with the carbon footprint of the trees themselves tree lots are also a drain.

-What about chemicals, such as pesticides or fertilizers, used on marijuana plants? Should those be limited, as they are for food and tobacco?

Shackelford says hell borrow from federal tobacco regulations for limits on chemicals that can be used in material to be smoked or ingested.

Additionally, she said pumpkin leftovers call also be used as a fine body scrub simply by adding a little abrasive brown sugar.

ultrafine particles emitted by cars and trucks may also be to blame. These particles are so small they are able to enter the organisms.

The study exposed 20 ash trees to various radiation sources for a period of three months.

At the heart of this research saga are receptors protein molecules usually found on cell membranes that recognize

and bind to specific molecules on invading organisms, signaling the plant or animal in which the receptor resides to mount an immune response

The 1980s brought about an intense hunt for the genes that control production of the receptor proteins, followed by an oeavalanche of newly discovered receptor genes and mechanisms in the 1990s.

Another milestone included discovery in 2000 of the immune receptor in Arabidopsis known as FLS2 which demonstrated that a plant receptor could bind to a molecule that is present in many different microbial invaders.

Mark Haub said that on the convenience store diet his bad cholesterol also dropped by 20 per cent and his level of triglycerides, a form of fat, by 39 per cent.

The final third of his daily intake came in the form of a multivitamin pill and a protein shake

His body fat fell from 33.4 per cent to 24.9 per cent. Before his Twinkie diet, Mr Hub considered himself a healthy eater with a diet including whole grains, fibre

and with attention to portion size, cheese can fit into a low-fat, healthy diet, the department said.

because fat is what makes cheese appealing. oeconsumer acceptance of low-fat and fat-free cheeses has been limited,

it said. Agriculture department data show that cheese is a major reason the average American diet contains too much saturated fat.

Research has found that the cardiovascular benefits in cutting saturated fat may depend on what replaces it.

while switching to unsaturated fats has been shown to reduce the risk of heart disease. The departments nutrition committee issued a new standard this summer calling for saturated fat not to exceed 7 percent of total calories, about 15.6 grams in a 2, 000-calorie-a-day diet.

Yet the average intake has remained about 11 percent to 12 percent of total calories for at least 15 years.

cheese or yogurt each day can lose significantly more weight and more body fat than those who just cut calories.

By the times found that one-quarter of a medium thin-crust pie had 12 grams of saturated fat, more than three-quarters of the recommended daily maximum.

#Volcanoes Have shifted Asian Rainfall Powerful volcanoes potential to shift rain patterns Scientists have known long that large volcanic explosions can affect the weather by spewing particles that block solar energy and cool the air.

and the 1991 blowout of the Philippines Mount Pinatubo lowered average global temperatures by 0. 7 degrees F enough to mask the effects of manmade greenhouse gases for a year or so.

Large explosive eruptions send up sulfur compounds that turn into tiny sulfate particles high into the atmosphere,

whether proposed oegeoengineering schemes to counteract manmade climate change with huge artificial releases of volcanism-like particles might have unintended complex consequences.

The researchers uncovered extensive molecular differences in the brains of worker bees and queen bees which develop along very different paths when put on different diets.

Their work reveals for the first time the intricacies of the environmentally-influenced chemical marking of DNA called DNA methylation

This study provides the first documentation of extensive molecular differences that may allow honey bees to generate different reproductive and behavioural outcomes as a result of differential feeding with royal jelly.

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