Chemical compounds

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Synopsis: Chemistry & chemical compounds: Chemical compounds:

and sequester carbon as effectively as tropical rainforests. One of the kelp forest's most endearing denizens, the sea otter, is an important key to its survival.

In some places this valuable kelp carbon store is mown disappearing down by a hungry army of sea urchins.

So the otters are helping the forests to store as much carbon as they can. We tend to think that we can deal with the challenge of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere by planting more vegetation,

which is 50-fold cheaper than a typical 1. 5 volt AA alkaline cell or D cell battery,

pushing saltwater through a membrane) and now to the utilization of carbon nanotechnology, which also reduces energy use (though not waste).

The global positioning system with which birds are born appears to rely on particles of iron in the ear, nerves in the beak, a chemical reaction in the eyes,

Most plants, including most crops, use a chemical pathway for photosynthesis that binds three carbon atoms from the air.

But around 5%of plants have evolved a different pathway that binds four carbon atoms. This C4 pathway is not only more efficient at warmer temperatures,

that they are responsible for as much as 30%of all terrestrial carbon fixing, even though they make up a tiny percentage of plants.

and their photosynthetic activity sucked so much carbon from the air it contributed to the regional cooling event known as the Little Ice age.

and rooftops have been designed to make the world's first carbon-neutral city. A vast central cluster of opening

Within each cell of the suspended filter array, valves draw humid air through chemical chambers where chalk-like precipitate forms, an incremental process of carbon fixing.

These compounds can range from green (like malachite itself a kind of copper carbonate) through turquoise to rich blue, depending on how much salt (more specifically,

Sometimes these copper glazes are crystalline, with regularly ordered arrays of atoms. But they can also be glassy,

meaning that the atoms are disordered rather. In fact, it seems likely that copper smelting stimulated not only glazing but the production of glass itself,

if there is some alkaline substance present. This could have been provided by wood ash, although some later recipes in the middle East used the mineral natron (sodium carbonate).

Yet why else should a copper compound come to be on the surface of a lump of quartz?

Larsson's plan involves harnessing the metabolic powers of a sand-particle-fixing species of bacteria to produce sandstone

A live organism's many complex molecular interactions with its host may be key to triggering the desired immune-suppressing reaction.

Hotez and others including Weinstock's group are working on identifying the molecules responsible for the effects of treatment with worms

and two environmental research departments at the University of Minnesota to shape a 130mph"carbon neutral  steam locomotive.

Without this"carbon sink  the world's ability to lock up carbon will be reduced compounding the effects of global warming.

genes or the quantum states of atoms oe is linked closely to the field of thermodynamics, which was devised originally to understand how heat flows in engines and other machinery.

the magnetic poles of its constituent atoms are aligned no longer but become randomised and scrambled by the heat.

As a result, they are viewed by many as one of the main ways the aviation industry can reduce its carbon footprint.

Previous studies with the rapeseed fuel also show that there is a 25%reduction in particles

and up to 49%reduction in soot oe or black carbon-emissions compared to conventional fuel.

the underground lab searching for wimps Robin Mckee Observer 18 november 2012at Gran Sasso National Laboratory, nearly a mile beneath an Italian mountain range, scientists are trying to isolate the particles they believe hold the universe together.

Dark matter is believed to permeate the universe in the form of weakly interacting massive particles oe

designed to block out nearly all particles from cosmic rays that could hamper scientists'readings.""With its labyrinth of tunnels, uniformed guards and glittering racks of equipment, it is one of the world's most spectacular laboratories,

as the cost of rare earth metals and other resources slash profits, Â Kyle says. Perhaps, then, planned obsolescence will begin to reach its own expiration date.

while sticky hairs on their leaves can gather particles from the air, including radioactive elements like polonium-210.

compounds within them are converted into tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAS), a class of well-known and intensely studied carcinogens.

"We tend to focus on the compounds that we know are dangerous, but that's maybe only a few hundred of the 4, 000 that are identified.

That's because unlike nitrogen or oxygen, carbon dioxide molecules absorb the Sun's heat rays

releasing stored carbon from millions of years ago. Eventually the atmosphere will reach a new balance at a hotter temperature as a result of the additional carbon dioxide,

if the price of carbon rises, then this could lead to two effects. Investing in air capture will likely be seen as an equivalent to avoided emissions.

Nitrogen is a vital constituent of all proteins as well as other important molecules including DNA, but we can only use nitrogen once it has been broken down and combined into an  organic  molecule,

such as an amino  acid, for example. So for thousands of years, humans have come up with ingenious ways of replacing the nitrogen oe

Transporting fertiliser also releases significant carbon emissions, making it a dirty industry. So what's the answer?

Artificial fertilisers cannot replace lost organic matter (carbon) in soils oe mulch is a useful way of restoring structural integrity

 says Dr Murray Cox from the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Massey University in  New zealand."

and carbon emissions caused a change in the global climate and acidified the oceans. In addition, our voracious appetite for manufactured products has led to massive deforestation

and I would also say for global temperature (caused by too many greenhouse gas molecules

and too few carbon sinks such as forests), although whether that's a two-,three, -or four-degree threshold,

In January this year, gamers produced the first crowdsourced protein redesign oe revving up the performance of an enzyme for one of the most important reactions organic chemists use to build compounds ranging from drugs to pesticides.

and release oxygen molecules in the cold. Scientists could go one step further and test woolly mammoth red blood cells made from ips cells,

he is making important cuts in costs and carbon emissions. We use the sheep to provide manure for the fields, which halves our fertiliser use,

they achieved a 20%increase in tobacco plants after adding a single cyanobacteria gene called inorganic carbon transporter B (Ictb.

which now contains more carbon dioxide molecules oe and the oceans, which are more acidic because more of that carbon dioxide is dissolving into them.

The real final frontier isnt in outer-space or inner-particle. Its in the space between mankinds ears.

Drinking Like crazy to Activate Hangover Brain Molecule This is a strange study: scientists ran an experiment b y giving the C. elegans worm small doses of alcohol to track the affects of withdrawal.

They also learned with a much bigger surprise that theres an actual oehangover molecule that can be quantified in the recovering brain http://www. stumbleupon. com/su/2k89pc/www. livescience. com/culture/hangover

-brain-molecule-100509. html http://ezinearticles. com/?/Alcohols-Effects-in-the-Brain&id=1319880 7. Scientists create Mice with Human brain Cells Fred Gage

LOICTHE Low Orbit Ion Canon, as it is affectionately called, was described this week in an excellent Gizmodo post:

Its easy to forget that along with the carbon footprint of the trees themselves tree lots are also a drain.

ultrafine particles emitted by cars and trucks may also be to blame. These particles are so small they are able to enter the organisms.

The study exposed 20 ash trees to various radiation sources for a period of three months.

and bind to specific molecules on invading organisms, signaling the plant or animal in which the receptor resides to mount an immune response

Another milestone included discovery in 2000 of the immune receptor in Arabidopsis known as FLS2 which demonstrated that a plant receptor could bind to a molecule that is present in many different microbial invaders.

#Volcanoes Have shifted Asian Rainfall Powerful volcanoes potential to shift rain patterns Scientists have known long that large volcanic explosions can affect the weather by spewing particles that block solar energy and cool the air.

Large explosive eruptions send up sulfur compounds that turn into tiny sulfate particles high into the atmosphere,

whether proposed oegeoengineering schemes to counteract manmade climate change with huge artificial releases of volcanism-like particles might have unintended complex consequences.

The researchers uncovered extensive molecular differences in the brains of worker bees and queen bees which develop along very different paths when put on different diets.

This study provides the first documentation of extensive molecular differences that may allow honey bees to generate different reproductive and behavioural outcomes as a result of differential feeding with royal jelly.

as they are offset by carbon fixation in photosynthesis. As a result, they do not contribute to increasing the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere. mroe via sciencedauly. com Share Thissubscribedel. icio. usfacebookredditstumbleupontechnorati i

#Croplands Are Chipping Away at Carbon Stocks? This is all you will find if you live in NE Voice of experience Natures capacity to store carbon,

the element at the heart of global climate woes, is steadily eroding as the worlds farmers expand croplands at the expense of native ecosystem such as forests.

The tradeoff between agricultural production and maintaining natures carbon reservoirs native trees, plants and their carbon-rich detritus in the soil is becoming more pronounced as more and more of the worlds natural ecosystems succumb to the plow.

The problem, experts say, is most acute in the tropics, where expanding agriculture often comes at the expense of the tropical forests that act as massive carbon sinks because of their rich diversity and abundance of plant life.

The seriousness of the problem is documented in the most comprehensive and fine-grained analysis of the worlds existing carbon stocks and global crop yields.

The study is published online this in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) by a team of researchers from the University of Wisconsin-Madison, the University of Minnesota, Stanford university, Arizona State university and The Nature Conservancy.

and agricultural productivity in the tropics. oewe analyzed the tradeoffs between carbon storage and crop production at a level of detail that has never been possible before,

the tropics release nearly twice as much carbon to the atmosphere for each unit of land cleared,

a UW-Madison graduate student and the lead author of the new study. oetropical forests store a tremendous amount of carbon,

not only do you lose more carbon, but crop yields are not nearly as high as they are in temperate areas. oethis creates a kind of double whammy for a lot of tropical agriculture:

we have to clear carbon-rich ecosystems to create tropical croplands, and unfortunately they often have lower yields than temperate systems,

carbon stocks are diminished by as much as 75 tons. Such attrition, say West and his colleagues, makes a strong case for intensifying agriculture on already-converted land instead of putting new fields into production. oeone path is to expand agricultural land,

but they believe it could be due to compounds known as polyphenols. It is thought they increase the sensitivity of white blood cells known as helper T cells,

natural molecules produced by the sheeps immune systems to fend off infections such as influenza or those caused by parasitic worms.

Martin said. oethese conditions are great to get at the details of how hosts are dealing with parasites at the molecular and cellular level,

Researchers have discovered that the fruit is rich in compounds that widen blood vessels -and may cut the risk of heart attacks and strokes.

But watermelon is an edible source of L-citrulline-a compound vital in the production of nitric oxide,

#First-Ever Carbon Map Shows Global Warming in Perus Amazon Image shows an area of road building and development adjacent to primary forest in red tones,

You can see the effects of global warming in a new high-resolution map that shows carbon locked up in tropical forest vegetation

or REDD, initiative could create financial incentives to reduce carbon emissions from forest destruction and overuse,

high-resolution methods to keep track of the carbon. Scientists say the map, from the study of an area the size of Switzerland, is the breakthrough that could make REDD work.

in cooperation with the World Wildlife Fund and the Peruvian Ministry of the Environment. oewhat were showing here for the first time is an ability to not only map the carbon that is in the forest,

Every few days sanitize your cutting boards with a solution of one tablespoon bleach in one gallon of water.

The organic strawberries had significantly higher antioxidant activity and concentrations of ascorbic acid and phenolic compounds.

Organic soils also were superior in carbon sequestration, microbial biomass, enzyme activity, and micronutrients. Via Treehugger Share Thissubscribedel. icio. usfacebookredditstumbleupontechnorati r

which mop up harmful molecules, can help protect arteries and prevent the DNA damage that leads to cancer.

because it has higher levels of healthy Vitamin e compounds and antioxidants. But according to Dr Xus team, varieties of rice that are black

a plan announced by President Hu Jintao late last year called for China to reduce its carbon emissions per unit of economic output by 40 to 45 percent by 2020,

Carbon emissions are a measurement of a countrys man-made emissions of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide.

Even if China meets its energy-efficiency goal this year and its carbon goal by 2020, its total carbon emissions are still on track to rise steeply in the next decade, according to forecasts by the International Energy Agency.

That is because of factors including rapid growth in the Chinese economy growing car ownership and rising ownership of household appliances.

The 118 chemical elements, from hydrogen to ununoctium, came alive in vivid images that could be rotated with a swipe of the finger.

oeto the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that characterizes molecular mechanisms for improved mixed-pentose utilization obtained by evolutionary engineering of a recombinant S. cerevisiae strain.

The soil in developing countries is assumed furthermore often to be carbon-rich and thus a significant emitter of carbon dioxide,

several national economists insist that it may take 50 years for biofuels to repay their carbon footprint strictly due to the indirect soil impact.

and diesel and had a net carbon benefit. However, even the weakest-performing alternative still attained twice the EU standard that biofuels reduce greenhouse gases by at least 35 percent compared with fossil fuels.

tropospheric ozone and particle emissions were included also in the study, as well as emissions from the use of biofuels in light and heavy vehicles.

Efforts to curb forest loss around the world as a means of cutting carbon emissions just got a boost:

and sequestering substantial quantities of atmospheric carbon in new plant growth and reactivated soils. Surely this is a perfect example of the potential power of human and technological collaboration.

Researchers suggest that certain compounds in bee venom reduce inflammation and pain and a combination of all its ingredients helps the body to release natural healing compounds.

The alternative treatment remains unproven by evidence-based medicine but it has been used to treat other wasting diseases and arthritis. via Arbroath Share Thissubscribedel. icio. usfacebookredditstumbleupontechnorati o

and sequester carbon. But first, they have to deal with that pesky little thing called evidence Biochar really is a promising product

while simultaneously trapping carbon in the soil. The science on the second goal is a little more clear-cut than the first.

Biochar definitely does imprison carbon, and does it better than normal charcoal, said John Bonitz,

The charcoal left behind by a campfire, for instance, is made chemically up of carbon joined to lots and lots of oxygen molecules,

and has lost most of its carbon to burning. Like sorority girls in a slasher film

and leaving the carbon that does remain to drift back into the atmosphere. Subtract the oxygen,

however, and the carbon molecules get toughorming ring structures that dont easily shatter and are more resistant to microbial attack,

That means less carbon in the atmosphere. Its also good news for anyone whod like to see carbon neutral

or even carbon negative, biofuel production. Of course, thats in a test tube. oetheres a whole suite of caveats that come along with those estimates

because we cant mimic the natural environment in the laboratory, Spokas said. In fact, most of what we know about biochar comes from the lab. Spokas team is one of the first in the United states to start running tests in the (literal) field,

Another tool, isotope ratio analysis, can determine subtle differences between food whether a fish was farmed or wild, for example,

and offers links to companies that offset the carbon cost of your trip. Maravu Plantation Fiji is known best for its beaches,

some 25 to 75 million years earlier than either the fossil record or previous molecular studies suggest. oeif you just looked at the fossil record,

or late Jurassic, said Michael Donoghue of Yale university. oemost molecular divergence times have shown that they might be older than that,

This disconnect between molecular and fossil estimates is not unheard of, the authors explained. oewe see the same kind of discrepancy in other groups too,

is that the molecular methods may be amiss. oeif the angiosperms originated 215 million years ago,

the researchers used a method that allows for variable rates of evolution across the plant family tree. oerates of molecular evolution in plants seem to be correlated with changes in life history,

he explained. oeolder methods assume that rates of molecular evolution dont change too radically from one branch of the evolutionary tree to another.

the problem hasnt entirely disappeared. oeas we develop better molecular methods, people would like it

if the molecular dates reconciled with the fossil record. Then everybody would be said happy Donoghue. oebut

and particles that have potential to alter Earths climate. They have discovered and described certain airborne chemicals that can trap incoming sunlight

The on-road transportation sector releases significant amounts of carbon dioxide, black carbon, and ozonell substances that cause warming.

savannah and shrub fires emits large amounts of organic carbon particles that block solar radiation. The new analysis offers policy makers and the public a far more detailed and comprehensive understanding of how to mitigate climate change most effectively,

including carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, organic carbon black carbon, nitrate, sulfate, and ozone. The team also considered how emissions from each part of the economy can impact clouds

particularly sulfates and organic carbon, can make clouds brighter and cause them to last longer,

At the same time, one type of aerosol called black carbon, or soot, actually absorbs incoming solar radiation, heats the atmosphere,

Researchers at Imperial College London have managed to transforms sugars found in fast growing trees and grasses into a large molecule, known as a polymer,

said John Vogel, a lead author and molecular biologist with the Agricultural research service (ARS), USDAS chief intramural scientific research agency.

but reactions of residual smoke constituents with atmospheric molecules such as nitrous acid have been overlooked as a source of harmful pollutants.

Oil refiners and truckers filed suit this week against a measure to reduce the carbon content of gasoline and diesel.

And it would suspend the regulation to slash carbon intensity of fuels by 10%.%However, half of the states measures to bring greenhouse gases down to 1990 levels by 2010 would survive,

Forests and their soils store the majority of the Earths terrestrial carbon stock. Small changes in their growth rate can have significant ramifications in weather patterns, nutrient cycles

The availability of the soybean genome may provide some key solutions. oewe can now zero in on the control points governing carbon flow towards protein

Critical to the growth of this mobile device market is the global supply of rare earth metals,

forming new compounds, and building a layer-by-layer aesthetically pleasing menu item with perfect texture and shape.

who hopes that further study of molecular DNA may help explain other reproductive issues as well,

because the technology is shrinking in size until it reaches the particle size of dust.

The use of a rice seed bioreactor could provide an economical and safe approach for the production of non-animal derived compounds.#

the physical and chemical transformation of these ingredients into new compounds; and finally their modeling into aesthetically pleasing and delectable textures and shapes.

the robotic chef handles the physical and chemical transformation of these ingredients into new compounds

Philips food printer Philips Food Creation#device has been inspired by the so-called molecular gastronomists. These are chefs who deconstruct food

a 3d molecular food printer that relies on the experimental molecular cooking technology. New designs for printed food The Molã culaire is based on the same layer-by-layer printing technique that arranges small particles from a set of ingredients.

Within minutes, it prints out three-dimensional desserts, complex structures, shapes for molecular dishes, and patterns for decorating a meal.

Virtually limitless food presentation styles and techniques According to Yanko Design, you simply insert a blister pack into the reservoir, place Molã culaire on top of a plate,

There is no such thing as a pork molecule#The labels we use today to describe our diets, labels such as vegetarian, Kosher, glucose free, vegan,

and lactose intolerant, will be replaced with new terminology as we determine, on a molecular level, which foods our body has a positive reaction to.

There are no such things as a pig molecules, or a fish molecules, or a wheat molecules.

We have other types of molecules that make up plants and animals, but on the molecular level there is no such thing as vegetarian and non-vegetarian molecules.

So in the future, will you be asking your spouse to go to the store and pick up a new kiwi and eggplant cartridge so you can print dinner tonight?

Those days may be coming sooner than you think. By Futurist Thomas Frey Author of Communicating with the Future#-the book that changes everything Via Futuristspeaker. com Share Thissubscribedel. icio. usfacebookredditstumbleupontechnorati c

#Vitamins and dietary supplements offer little benefit, may be harmful: Study The study found a small increase in the risk of death among older women who took dietary supplements.

These smart dust#particles, as he called them, could be used to monitor everything. Acting like electronic nerve endings for the planet

Scientists work out how much carbon is being absorbed by measuring the density of wood height and width of different tree species over time.

which highlights the critical role forests play in the global cycling of carbon and therefore the speed and severity of future climate change.

Every product is a compound of different pieces of nature, whether it is a cell phone, a car, a stone floor or a wood board;

and then briefly blanches them in oil at 340 degrees Fahrenheit to tighten their network of interlaced starch molecules.

but the length of the molecules usually prevents complete crystallization. Weak Van der waals forces can also play a role in a crystal structure;

Scientists from MIT have discovered that by coating carbon nanotubes in bee venom, they can create ultra-sensitive detectors for explosives such as TNT,

and fellow chemical engineers coated one-atom-thick tubes of carbon with protein fragments found in bee venom,

with the ability to detect even single molecules of the chemicals, and further, they can even detect the molecules the explosive chemicals form into as they break down.

The sensors can provide experts with a fingerprint#of each explosive as well as the state of its breakdown.

But the sensors arent just useful for explosives#the researchers found that the coated nanotubes can also detect two pesticides that contain nitro-aromatic compounds.

and the team is still working out a compression system to ensure that any molecules in the air come into contact with the tubes

The creation of the human-made compound requires temperature of at least 1, 500°C (2, 732°F). This,

and compounds called polyphenols#also present in substances including blueberries, tea and dark chocolate#stimulate the breakdown of fats in the blood

They have glands that produce a defensive compound, which has a strong odor that repels predators,

and reduces its potential carbon footprint. The bottle is made from switch grass, pine bark, corn husks and other materials.

Study Researchers found that chocolates contain more healthy plant compounds and antioxidants, gram-for-gram, than fruit juice.

They have proved that it is packed with more healthy plant compounds and antioxidants gram-for-gram than fruit juice and provides far more nutritional goodness than food experts had thought previously.

The compounds in dark chocolate are just as good as the botanical compounds in fruit. Cacao seeds should be considered a super fruit

Further the trees killed from drought rot in the coming years will release over 5 billion tons of CO2#nearly equivalent to the amount of carbon released by the US in 2009 from the burning of fossil fuels.

And that doesnt include the carbon emissions released during forest fires. The scientists believe that if droughts of this magnitude continue at this frequency,

the Amazon rainforest will no longer be able to act as a carbon emission sponge, which will amplify the impacts of

what carbon is being released into the atmosphere today. They wont know the full impact of the droughts until they can complete forest measurements

#The carbon isnt the only immediate concern. As we noted last year, the economies of the communities dependent on flowing rivers are also hit hard by the droughts.

From carbon to communities the Amazon rainforests are of vital importance, but changes in global climate are proving to take their toll.

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