The enzyme converts the sulfoxides (amino acids) in the onion into the unstable compound sulfenic acid which rearranges itself into something called syn-ropanethial-S-oxide.
Syn-ropanethial-S-oxide is a chemical irritant which causes the lachrymal glands to release tears when it comes in contact.
are working on to reduce the carbon tire track that autos leave on the environment#For instance,
the researchers introduced a new gene into them that manufactures a small decoy#molecule that mimics an important control element of the bird flu virus. The replication machinery of the virus is tricked into recognizing the decoy molecule instead of the viral genes
For example, researcher and app developer Foodpairing has broken down flavor to its molecular components and has compiled databases that can match the flavor of those ingredients against other completely different ingredients.
#This understanding of the chemical elements of food could help people get healthier by subbing in something that tastes like milk chocolate
to test how the major compounds worked together.#¢#¢Finally we had tested enough to understand just what a few drops can do to a recipe or product.
which radiation is used to heat the polarized molecules in food. The microwave is notable mostly as a gateway technology, leading to the culinary innovation of the late 20th century:
and Carbon-fiber Frames Plastic frames were tried back in the 90s, but they were too heavy.
But there are already planes in the air#made mostly of carbon fiber#that solve this problem. Carbon fiber is markedly stronger by weight than the aluminum used for most existing planes,
which means that the interior air pressure can be adjusted to more comfortable levels without the risk of damaging the fuselage.
but carbon fiber doesn t rust. That will allow a new system to maintain humidity at a more comfortable 15 percent (up from around 5 to 10 percent.
a psychiatrist and former British drug czar, has identified six compounds similar to benzodiazepines#a broad class of psychoactive drugs#that won t get you rip-roaring drunk
A Blood test for Depression This year, Eva Redei, a professor at Northwestern s Feinberg School of medicine, published a paper that identified molecules in the blood that correlated to major depression in a small group of teenagers.
Unfortunately, the breast is also masterful at converting these molecules into food in the way of breast milk.#
The energetic neutral atoms (ENA) are generated by charge exchange at the interface between the two gaseous media.
and Boston University suggest that the Ribbon of enhanced emissions of Energetic Neutral Atoms, discovered last year by a NASA Small Explorer satellite IBEX, could be explained by a geometric effect coming up because of approach of the Sun to the boundary between the Local Cloud of interstellar gas
and dust particles reducing noise pollution to the building improving the microclimate saving energy by sheltering the building from solar radiation in summer reducing rainwater run off
and particles of food, held together with electrostatic forces instead of something less appetizing like glue.
The food particles give the membrane flavor, and Edwards has been working on a variety of prototypes,
) Every-Atom Mapping of a Kernel of Wheat We are still a long ways away from being able to do this,
What role does every molecule play and what role do external forces play on it s development?
The brains of these novelty-seeking bees exhibit distinct patterns of gene activity in molecular pathways known to be associated with thrill-seeking in humans,
The researchers wanted to determine the molecular basis for these differences in honey bee behavior.
and molecular underpinnings.##The findings also suggest that insects, humans and other animals made use of the same genetic toolkit#in the evolution of behavior,
The tools in the toolkit#genes encoding certain molecular pathways#may play a role in the same types of behaviors,
It looks like the same molecular pathways have been engaged repeatedly in evolution to give rise to individual differences in novelty-seeking,
possibly transported from the other side of the world with a ginormous carbon footprint, when the stuff that comes out of your tap is safe and healthy?(
#Scientists working on building a better leaf Scientists are analyzing the molecular pathways that plants use for photosynthesis. For decades,
#Some plants, such as sugar cane and corn, already have a turbocharged Rubisco engine, thanks to a molecular pathway known as C4.
For a given amount of carbon gain, the plant uses less water,#Griffiths said. Making the grid more efficient Anne K. Jones,
a plant s molecular machinery generates more electrons than the Rubisco carbohydrate-producing engine can handle.
the process would be carbon-neutral because of the CO2 capture, Cogdell said. We can t do it yet,
Mershin has found a process which extracts the photosynthesizing molecules, called photosystem I from plant matter.
These molecules are stabilized then and spread on a glass substrate that s covered in a forest of zinc oxide nanowires and titanium dioxide sponges.#
In essence, Mershin has replaced the layer of silicon in conventional photovoltaic cells with a slurry of photosynthesizing molecules.
The study also suggests that increasing levels of air pollution from one continent may partly offset efforts to cut carbon emissions in another.
Enhanced surface ozone concentrations are produced through a chemical combination of hydrocarbon compounds and nitrogen oxides (nitrogen oxides are emitted into the atmosphere during high temperature combustion, for example by combustion of fossil fuels by motor vehicles and in coal fired power plants).
Shown above is the Ion Protonsequencer, the first benchtop sequencer to offer fast (under 8 hours), affordable (under $1,
It can be made more wholesome as production can be controlled at the molecular level phasing out the crude genetic modification.
#When particles fluoresce, they immediately emit absorbed light, instead of than storing and emitting it over time as with phosphorescence (think#oeglow-in-the-dark shirt#).
As we apply new molecular scale technologies to solar panels the cost per watt is coming down rapidly.
an atom in a wall, a grain of rice in a rice field. But the truth is,
#And a few yards away in the laboratory, robotic arms mix together some compounds to produce the desired cells.
#Carbon-negative energy now a reality In 2007, officials from Berkeley, California shut off the electricity to an artists space known as the Shipyard.
what it says is the world s only carbon-negative power source. Located in one of the grittiest areas of town, where train tracks, garbage,
All Power Labs makes machines that use an ancient process called gasification to turn out not only carbon-neutral energy,
but also a carbon-rich charcoal by-product that just happens to be a fertilizer so efficient that Tom Price, the company s director of strategic initiatives, calls it#oeplant crack.#
Global climate change is a result of too much carbon being put into the sky, most scientists agree,
burning the biomass releases the carbon back into the atmosphere. By comparison, because there s no combustion in All Power Labs gasification process,
the carbon isn t released into the air. Rather, it is pulled from the biomass and converted into charcoal.
the process of releasing carbon is reversed, Price argued. Charcoal waste is generated by the machine but the charcoal is rich with carbon
and makes a very efficient fertilizer. That s why All Power Labs has sold already more than 500 of its machines#many to some of the world s poorest nations.
The algae produces a chemical compound which is converted by the coral into its own UV-blocking sunscreen,
if the compound can be isolated, it could potentially be modified into a human oral sunscreen that would protect both the skin and the eyes.
That s the breadth of a mechanical pencil lead. It represents a huge engineering challenge, Powell said,
But RNA molecules are pretty fragile. So the discovery shocked and intrigued many biologists.##oeit s just a very neat new physiologic mechanism,#says Ken Witwer, a molecular biologist at Johns hopkins university in Baltimore.#
#oehow is it that a small RNA, or any RNA, could survive this trip from the mouth, with all these enzymes in saliva, down into the stomach, with the acidic environment there,
that mirnas are#oeessential functional molecules#in Chinese herbal remedies. Finally some people#like the author of acontroversial*column published in The Atlantic#used the study to argue that genetically modified organisms (GMOS) are harmful to eat (despite loads of evidence to the contrary.
In the other new paper, Stephen Chan of the Brigham and Women s Hospital in Boston found that healthy athletes did not carry detectable levels of plant mirnas in their blood after eating fruit chock-full of those molecules.
a molecular biologist, argues in his book,#oebrain Rules, #that if we were to design an almost perfect anti-brain environment,
and rooftops have been designed to make the world s first carbon-neutral city. A vast central cluster of opening
Within each cell of the suspended filter array, valves draw humid air through chemical chambers where chalk-like precipitate forms, an incremental process of carbon fixing.
or clean everything with bleach, or even wash your clothes every day. Getting dirty isn t so bad..#
Epigenetic regulation refers to the turning on and off of genes by molecules not the genes themselves.
For example, a series of cloned mice were shown to express an RNA molecule that inactivated one of the female s X chromosomes.
When the RNA molecule was removed cloning efficiency of the mice increased nearly ninefold. Based on previous work, the Japanese researchers sought to improve their cloning efficiency by using a chemical called trichostatin A that inhibits the powerful epigenetic protein histone deacetylase.
Bacteria that uses a tiny molecular machine to kill attacking viruses could change the way that scientists edit the DNA of plants,
they found that the bacteria combined Cas9 with genetic material to create#oehoming molecules#that attack viruses.
Bacteria, like human beings and almost every other living thing, keeps its genetic code in a library of DNA molecules.
the organism copies the DNA into a related molecule called RNA. Cas9 can be paired with an RNA transcript to target a matching DNA sequence
and how will achieving this milestone for ultra tiny storage particle change the tech industry?
We ve made comparable performance improvements while developing other applications based on the formation of an ion depletion zone.
At the junction of the channel an embedded electrode neutralizes some of the chloride ions in seawater to create an ion depletion zone that increases the local electric field compared with the rest of the channel.
The Ion depletion zone prevents salt from passing through which creates fresh water out of salt water.
That changes the particle s chemical composition and shape so the tag color now would be different.
Molecular Gastronomists 130. Bio-Meat Factory Engineers 131. Supply Chain Optimizers 132. Urban Agriculturalists Why ship food all the way around the world when it can be grown next door 133.
Over the course of the 1970s, neuroscientists like Quik learned that the nicotine molecule fits into receptors for the neurotransmitter acetylcholine like a key into a lock.
Milk contains a vast cocktail of molecules, and immunoglobin A (Iga or SIGA) is one of them.
Caffeine is not the main bitter compound in coffee. Rather the pungent perpetrators are antioxidants.
s because the electrons that spin around the nucleus of a mercury atom have just weak links
or bonds with other mercury atoms at room temperature keeping the metal in a liquid state according to the Discovery Channel.</
Compounds in cranberries called proanthocyanidins prevent E coli bacteria which are a common cause of UTIS from adhering to the urinary tract according to a 2001 in the journal Urology as well as a 2000 study in the journal Nutrition.
</p><p>These seeds contain high amounts of plant estrogen-like compounds.</</p><p>A study of nearly 3000 breast cancer patients and 5000 women without the disease suggested that higher consumption of these seeds as well as soybeans reduced the risk of breast cancer after menopause.
compounds derived from these plants have been used to create many medicines including the antimalarial drug quinine originally found in the Amazon's cinchona tree.
For example copper compounds burn blue strontium compounds let off a crimson hue and sodium blazes a bright yellow.
or the reindeer as the hallucinogenic compounds are excreted this way without some of the harmful chemicals present in the fungi
and food particles trapped in the tongue and freshens your breath.</</p><p>Be careful though if you'
or hcg that's found only in pregnant women marking the first time a single compound was discovered that could indicate pregnancy status. To determine the presence of hcg a sample of the woman's urine was injected into an immature female mouse frog or rabbit.
and an assortment of compounds including sheep's blood. Used correctly the e. p. t. was 97 percent accurate for positive results and 80 percent accurate for negative results.
We've found that terrestrial carbon is respired and basically turned into carbon dioxide as it travels down the river.
A compound called lignin forms the main part of a tree's woody tissue and is the second most common component of terrestrial plants the researchers said.
In fact only 5 percent of the Amazon rain forest's plant-based carbon ends up reaching the ocean the researchers said.
The carbon cycle While these findings have important implications for global carbon models they also shed light on the ecology of the Amazon as well as other river ecosystems.
We're thinking that as rain falls over the land it's taking with it these lignin compounds
Since there are no reliable fossil records for carpenter bees the researchers used a technique called molecular phylogenetics.
But Ascher who wasn't involved in the current research said studies that use molecular phylogenetics tend to be speculative in their reliance on unrealistic and insufficiently justified evolutionary models.
Carbon isotope dating revealed the cave had been used in the Mesolithic period between 9210 and 8340 B c
Separately the researchers also analyzed carbon and nitrogen isotopes or variants of the same elements with different molecular weights.
Because different foods contain different ratios of heavy and light isotopes the team was able to pinpoint the diets of the ancient people.
Isotope analysis also revealed the latter group subsisted on a diet of mainly freshwater fish while the farmers ate more domesticated animals.
maternal genetic makeup of Europe was mostly in place by about 3500 years ago study co-author Wolfgang Haak a molecular archaeologist at the University of Adelaide in Australia wrote in an email.
when the glacier was said advancing Connor basing the date on radiocarbon ages of the newly revealed wood.
We address a longstanding debate in archaeology that has implications beyond northern Germany researcher Almut Nebel a molecular geneticist at Christian-Albrechts University told Livescience.
Whether or not your dog vomits immediately take it to the vet's office where additional treatments may include activated charcoal to absorb the toxin IV fluid treatment and dialysis.
They found that wild tomatoes in northern locales lacked the ability to make defensive compounds
Northern lights Dazzle in Night-Sky Images Particles that get discharged from the sun during such geomagnetic storms zip toward Earth at breakneck speed.
As the particles slam into Earth's magnetic field they bump into atoms and molecules of oxygen nitrogen and other elements.
Dazzling light shows with hues most commonly of pink green yellow blue violet and occasionally orange and white depending on what elements the particles collide with. 2. Animals respond testes swell Living things respond to the light
The results show that women who ate high amounts of compounds called anthocyanins most commonly through eating strawberries
and blueberries were 32 percent less likely to have a heart attack over a two-decade period compared with women who consumed low amounts of the compounds.
Another group got bee candy without any special compounds added. The team then dissected the mid-gut
But scientists should try supplementing the corn syrup with these compounds and hoping that replaces the good stuff in the honey Evans told Livescience.
This produced a massive flux of photons near the visible range (typical of excited atoms) that filled the early universe.
</p><p></p><p>The presence of Carbon-12 in ancient rocks suggests that life began On earth about 3. 8 billion years ago.
This means that DNA or some precursor molecule had assembled and could begin its relentless self-replication that drove the evolution of life.
But how did such a fragile and complex molecule assemble?</</p><p>Organic molecules have now been seen throughout the universe.
They can be found in the spectral signatures of stars and gas clouds and the Murchison<a href=http://www. space. com/23164-supernova-explosion-seeded-solar-system-meteorites. html target=blank>meteorite</a>that fell to Earth in 1969 contained
Or maybe it was just the chance sloshing together of molecules that was bound to happen somewhere.
Scientists can sort out different species by looking at variations in DNA sequences that code for a molecule universal among all living cells.
#Broccoli Compound Could Prevent Radiation Sickness A byproduct of a chemical found in broccoli could prevent acute radiation poisoning new research suggests.
The compound which is derived from broccoli cabbage and other cruciferous vegetables prevents rats exposed to lethal doses of radiation from dying.
If follow-up studies show the treatment works in humans the compound could be given to people before
Past work had shown that a compound derived from broccoli called 33'-diindolylmethane (DIM) showed promise as a cancer-preventive agent possibly
When it was given prior to radiation exposure the compound also shielded rats from radiation's effects.
It's a very interesting and surprising result because of the whole body protection from radiation said Gary Firestone a molecular biologist at the University of California Berkeley who studies DIM
Clinical trials are needed to test the compound's effectiveness in humans Firestone told Livescience. Such trials should be relatively easy as DIM is approved for human use
210000 Workers to Cut Carbon Pollution. The views expressed are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the publisher.
The source then was an ingredient maker in China that added melamine an inedible compound used in plastics into pet food.
and the flavorful compounds within the fruit become diluted resulting in a bland final product.
Cesium isotopes have longer half-lives (cesium-137 has a half-life of 30 years) and are a concern for years after their release into the environment.
and food particles that team up with bacteria to form plaque. Plaque produces acid that damages tooth enamel causes cavities and sets the stage for periodontal or gum disease.
 Compounds called polyphenols found in black and green teas slow the growth of bacteria associated with cavities and gum disease.
Polyphenols suppress the genes of bacteria that control the production of smelly compounds in the mouth Wu said.
Some compounds in raisins also affect the growth of bacteria associated with gum disease Wu has found.
So far some 370 gigatons of carbon (Gtc) have been emitted into the atmosphere over the span of the industrial era.
and if some amount of carbon is drawn down into the biosphere and soil through efforts like reforestation and more efficient agriculture.
To Cut Carbon A Decade Is Too Long to Wait (Op-Ed) Even with immediate aggressive reductions Hansen said it was likely that by the end of the century temperatures would pass the 1-degree mark
Sachs Hansen and their co-authors advocate a carbon tax to limit emissions. Not only would such a carbon tax be relatively easy to scale to a global system
but it would also take the health and environmental effects of fossil fuels into account putting clean energy from wind to nuclear on an equal footing.
In the same vein the choice of using a carbon tax over other possible tools to reduce emissions was a matter of judgment about political goals he added.
The government has set a goal of making the country carbon neutral by 2021 Much of its electricity already comes from clean sources like hydro-geothermal
Last year Coopedota a Costa rican coffee cooperative produced the world's first crop of carbon-neutral coffee
The country produces just a few-hundredths-of-a-percent of global carbon pollution. The rest of the world including the United states needs to take strong action not merely to adapt to the changes that are already upon us
but to reduce carbon emissions now. The IPCC draft maintains that it's not too late for emissions cuts to change the planet's climate course
And many states by improving energy efficiency and shifting to clean energy are already moving into position to meet upcoming limits on carbon pollution from existing power plants
limits on carbon pollution from power plants. Urge the EPA to support strong limits on carbon pollution.
Because Costa rica no matter how much coffee it makes (or does not make) cannot wake up the world on its own.
Yoneshiro said the experiment might not have continued for long enough to see white-fat-burning effects of the compounds.
#Cold war Nuclear Radiation Creates Anti-Poaching Tool (ISNS)--Radioactive carbon atoms created during 20th-century nuclear bomb tests could help save elephants
and other endangered species. A new study published in this week's issue of the journal of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences shows that carbon-14 a radioactive version of the common carbon atom can be used to determine
Nuclear bomb testing Carbon-14 is produced naturally by cosmic rays interacting with atoms in the Earth's atmosphere.
But in the 1950s and 1960s the United states and the former Soviet union conducted hundreds of aboveground nuclear bomb tests that nearly doubled the concentration of carbon-14 in the atmosphere.
and since then the concentration of carbon-14 has been steadily declining as natural processes remove it from the atmosphere.
and animals in the food chain absorb the carbon atoms explained study coauthor Thure Cerling a geochemist at the University of Utah.
An atomic time marker Scientists figured out long ago that by measuring the concentration of carbon-14 in tissue
and comparing it to recorded levels of atmospheric carbon-14 they could determine when that tissue formed.
The margin of error for the most recent years will increase as the carbon-14 concentration returns to their natural background levels.
or bone because those tissues continue to incorporate carbon over time Uno explained. What you really want is tissue that locks in the carbon as it grows
and is touched never again. That's why hair and horn and teeth and tusks are such good targets
Currently the radiocarbon test costs about $500 and takes about one month to complete. Uno estimates the technique should work for dating new tissue for the next 15 years or so by
which time carbon-14 is expected to drop to natural levels. In addition to helping combat poaching Cerling
what the animal was eating by adding data from stable carbon isotopes. Potential uses Samuel Wasser a conservation biologist at the University of Washington who did not participate in the study said the new study is a very important development
and reduced carbon emissions within Coca-cola's manufacturing operations and advanced more-sustainable agriculture. Saving the Planet is Good Business (Op-Ed After six years the outcomes of our efforts are encouraging.
In fact physicists have been able to send tiny particles called muons which are similar to electrons forward in time by manipulating the gravity around them.
</p><p>Ordinary matter atoms fall down due to the pull of gravity but the same might not be true of antimatter
Scientists wondered whether antimatter atoms would instead fall up when pulled by gravity and whether such a thing as antigravity exists.</
Ancient Mars Could Have supported Primitive Life NASA Says</a p><p></p><p>A newfound particle discovered at the world's largest atom smasher last year is indeed a Higgs boson the particle thought to explain how other
particles get their mass scientists reported today (March 14) at the annual Rencontres de Moriond conference in Italy.</
The Higgs is referred sometimes to as the God particle to the chagrin of many scientists who prefer its official name.</
<a href=http://www. livescience. com/27888-newfound-particle-is-higgs. html target=blank>Confirmed!
Newfound Particle Is a Higgs Boson</a p><p></p><p>A medieval headstone and skeleton have been found underneath a parking lot in Scotland
Plant Canoodling Is Weird Without Gravity</a p><p></p><p>Scientists have identified tentatively several particles lurking deep inside the Earth's mantle that could reveal how much heat the planet produces
and confirm that the Earth formed from materials from the sun.</p><p>The wacky particles are called geoneutrinos or the antimatter partners of neutrinos (exotic fundamental particles that can pass right through Earth) that form deep within the Earth
Every matter particle has an antimatter partner particle that has an opposite charge and when the two meet they annihilate each other.
<a href=http://www. livescience. com/27835-particles-reveal-earth-thermal-history. html target=blank>Wow!
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