Synopsis:
2.0.. agro: Grazing:
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African buffalo (Syncerus cafer) are large bovines distantly related to domestic cows that can be found grazing in forests, grasslands and swamps across the African continent.
Food patches vary for African buffalo, based on previous grazing history by the herd as well as by other species
then the herd separates for the night, grazing at different locations, and reconvenes in the morning.
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as we convert vast tracts of wild vegetation to agricultural or grazing areas, for example. Fishing on an industrial scale to provide for billions has altered dramatically marine diversity.
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or livestock grazing, has played a big role in the decline of entire civilisations, including in Mesopotamia, Greece, Rome and Central america, according to University of Washington soil scientist David Montgomery.
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blazing a trail across continents to clear trees for grazing and agriculture, enabling societies to develop from hunter-gatherers to rooted civilizations that produced complex technologies.
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and seek the best grazing areas when their body condition is strong. In like fashion, the common wildebeest on the African Serengeti are less vulnerable to attack by lions
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puts the differences down to a lower reliance on grazing and fertiliser suppressing clover on conventional farms.
#Organic dairying standards prescribe a reliance on forage, especially grazing, and, in the absence of nitrogen fertiliser, tend to encourage swards of red and white clover,
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only later to realize that elephant grazing itself was highly beneficial to thwart the encroachment of the desert.
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which is something that is not currently possible in livestock grazing, even with all of the technologies that we have.
Livescience_2013 00360.txt
Donald Pfister a Harvard university biologist who studies fungi suggests that Siberian tribesmen who ingested fly agaric may have hallucinated that the grazing reindeer were flying.
Livescience_2013 00568.txt
and a different protective layer called eitihallium that keeps grazing animals from chomping too much of the algal surface Halfar said.
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and shrubs to feeding on grass several million years before their teeth were adapted fully for grazing according to a new study.
Since grass is tougher to eat than leafy greens grazing animals tend to have crowned higher teeth with more enamel ridges Lister said.
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and vegetation developed alongside very large numbers of grazing animals which traveled in packs were constantly moving sometimes quite frantically
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But at the time this grass-eating horse roamed the planet the region would have been covered in grasslands and shrubby woods rich grounds for grazing.
With crowns worn flatter than the teeth found on its ancestors it seems this creature became adapted to a life of grazing.
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The goal of the large USDA study is to develop more weather-resilient grazing systems for beef cattle in the southern plains Rice told Livescience.
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as if one placed among a grazing herd a perfect horse a prize-winner with resounding hooves one of the dreams that dwell below the rock...
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and other human-caused changes such as grazing and replanting were behind the rapid spread of the Rim Fire fire experts say.
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Without their crucial landscaping services including grazing on plants and leaf litter biomass builds up on the forest floor and frequently causes wildfires.
Replacement tortoises on the Mascarene Island of Rodrigues are restoring seed dispersal and grazing patterns after only seven years on the island.
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Grazing animals have teeth that are adapted to continually grow replacing the worn tooth surfaces quickly.
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and 13 sites without carcasses to monitor the grazing activity of herbivores such as elephants wildebeest and zebras.
Initially the grazing animals avoided the carcass sites but over time they became attracted to these corpse-fertilized areas.
This research has important implications for our understanding of anthrax in grazing wildlife and livestock Turner said.
and to determine how different grazing animals respond to these infectious anthrax carcass sites. It remains uncertain
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or in places where little or no grazing occurs). Given that this year FWP extended the season by two months increased the number of wolves one could kill from one to five and authorized the use of electronic calls (some
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Because horses are prohibited from grazing in designated grazing areas to prevent them from competing for food with cattle some farmers have been letting horses graze unattended in forests.
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Adaptation involves diversifying crop portfolios combining grazing with cropping using water and other inputs more efficiently and using seeds
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the sun-grazing comet ISON. My own early attempts at seeing comet ISON were disappointing at best.
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Horses are banned from grazing in cattle areas so farmers would set them free in the Wolong preserve
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and tested successful systems of rotational grazing on native grasslands that increase economic productivity and also protect native habitat.
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, many landowners try to boost their income by clearing a hectare or two each year for farms or cattle grazing.
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The team reports its findings in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 1 Lions normally dine on grazing animals such as zebra and wildebeest
the maneaters'diets consisted primarily of grazing animals. But in the final months, the authors say,
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or to clear land for agriculture and grazing. The index also takes into account the investment risk based on each country's capacity to monitor
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Then she campaigned to get mountain villagers to switch from grazing goats to sheep, as she saw that the goats were destroying the pine forests.
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Habitat loss, resulting from the conversion of natural habitats for agriculture and livestock grazing is the biggest threat to plants'survival,
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Because the dung of grazing animals would be expected to contain a high proportion of wild plants,
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The change in the growing season may mean there is less grassland biomass available for grazing says Xu.
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Australian grazing trial ignites debate: Nature Newsto ecologists overseas, the invitation might sound tempting. It offers travel to Australia
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and grazing on some land usually protected in conservation programmes. Climategate closed Regional police have closed their investigation into the November 2009 release of e-mails from scientists at the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) at the University of East Anglia (UEA) in Norwich
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it could save trees that might otherwise be cleared for crops or for grazing. Studies show that the types of omega-3 fatty acids found in oily fish help to protect against heart disease, arthritis, Alzheimer s disease and even depression.
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Only in the 1970s did researchers realize that a fungus living in symbiosis with tall fescue grass was responsible for making cattle grazing on infected pastures ill.
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and herds of grazing cattle. Giant truck stops glow on the horizon and mile-long trains tug boxcars loaded with grain to places as far away as Mexico and California.
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Perhaps satellites that could simply concentrate solar neutrinos via grazing incidence would be a more viable source of neutrinos than man-made ones.
And yes it is now possible to use grazing incidence to reflect neutrinos. This same technology could be used to weaken nuclear waste.
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These include grazing fodders like hay and straw and silage (a feed created from the entire cereal plant not just the grain).
while in New zealand milk cows get just 10 percent of their diet from grains and 90 percent from grazing.
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Meat v. dairy grazing animals v. poultry and porkthe study shows that ruminant animals (cows sheep
For example the low livestock feed efficiencies and high greenhouse gas emission intensities in Sub-saharan africa are determined largely by the fact that most animals in this region continue to subsist largely on vegetation inedible by humans especially by grazing on marginal lands
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We might replicate some of the modes of exploitation other than grazing which once existed such as the systematic and regular stripping of areas of heather and its roots.
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'and with crowns worn flatter--more signs the horses had adapted to a grazing life. Analyses of the isotopic composition of the enamel confirmed that E. woldegabrieli subsisted on grass.
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and spears while their animals are out grazing. The building of livestock enclosures or bandas to protect livestock at night
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and surroundings including bedding and grazing areas.#¢#¢Wild turkeys are birds that were domesticated not or fed by humans--they're essentially hunted for the meal.
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Adding to these problems current agricultural subsidy systems favour intensive grazing on the remaining semi-natural grasslands with strong negative effects on butterfly diversity.
Examples include later grazing rotational grazing with parts of semi-natural grasslands grazed only in late summer in some years and careful choice of grazers.
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Bioforsk is therefore conducting field trials where the aim is to reduce tick populations in sheep grazing areas by using a tick pathogenic fungus called Metarhizium.
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But changes in grazing pressure and pollination can also affect the genetic composition of natural plant populations according to a new study.
but also increases the risk of damage from grazing animals and seed-eating insects. To investigate how pollinators
and grazing animals affect the characteristics of natural plant populations these researchers studied bird's eye primrose populations in alvar grasslands on the Baltic island of Ãand.
but on the other hand it is damaged more frequently by grazing animals and seed predators. In field experiments the scientists have shown that grazing pressure
and pollination intensity determine whether the short or the tall primrose morph reproduces more successfully.
The results show that altered grazing pressure leads to rapid changes in the genetic composition of the primrose populations specifically in the proportion of short plants.
The grazing pressure on the alvar grasslands of Ãand has increased dramatically in the last fifteen years
The study shows that grazing pressure impacts not only which plants dominate but also the genetic composition of the plant populations.
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Policies in Chitwan's buffer zone such as prohibiting livestock from freely grazing in the forests and community-based forest management improved habitat quality.
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Policies in Chitwan's buffer zone such as prohibiting livestock from freely grazing in the forests and community-based forest management improved habitat quality.
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For example in the Arctic where about 500 gigatons of carbon is stored in permafrost large grazing mammals like caribou
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Current research using the Gigapan system is investigating processes including plant response to grazing and precipitation patterns.
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and a huge surge in the number of grazing animals occurred during just the past decade--especially sheep and goats that cause more damage than cattle.
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Zebras walk an unmarked route that takes them to the next best place for grazing while overhead thundering cloudbursts of late October rains drive new plant growth filling pockmarks across this largest inland delta in the world.
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Livestock grazing in grizzly bear habitat adjacent to the national park and bison herbivory in the park likely also contribute to high foraging pressure on shrubs
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#Grazing slugs hinder grassland restorationselective grazing by slugs may prevent key grassland species from taking hold
--and drawbacks--of grazing by larger vertebrates such as cows and sheep but we haven't studied in detail the impact slugs might have particularly on very young plants in meadows that we are trying to restore
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Patch-burn grazing involves dividing a pasture into three parts and burning a third of the pasture each year.
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whether animals ate diets based on tree and shrub leaves and fruits or upon grasses and grazing animals.
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#Cattle grazing and clean water are compatible on public lands, study findscattle grazing and clean water can coexist on national forest lands according to research by the University of California Davis. The study published in the journal PLOS ONE is the most comprehensive examination of water quality
on National Forest public grazing lands to date. There's been a lot of concern about public lands and water quality especially with cattle grazing said lead author Leslie Roche a postdoctoral scholar in the UC Davis Department of Plant sciences.
We're able to show that livestock grazing public recreation and the provisioning of clean water can be compatible goals.
In California 500 active grazing allotments support 97000 livestock across 8 million acres on 17 national forests.
With an annual recreating population of over 26 million California's national forests are at the crossroad of a growing debate about the compatibility of livestock grazing with other activities dependent upon clean safe water the study
There is no real evidence that we're creating hot spots of human health risk with livestock grazing in these areas.
The study was conducted in 2011 during the grazing and recreation season of June through November.
They included key cattle grazing areas recreational lands and places where neither cattle nor humans tend to wander.
They found no significant differences in fecal indicator bacteria between grazing lands and areas without recreation or grazing.
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Joseph Craine research assistant professor in the Division of Biology at Kansas State university examined how climate change during the next 50 years will affect grazing animals such as bison and cattle in the Great plains.
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--and the absence of grazing or hay production on the fields prior to planting spinach reduced the risk sevenfold.
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of grains grasses and meat and dairy from grazing animals. In four new studies of carbon isotopes in fossilized tooth enamel from scores of human ancestors and baboons in Africa from 4 million to 10000 years ago a team of two dozen researchers found a surprise
and sedges--that grazing animals discovered a long time before about 10 million years ago when African savanna began expanding Cerling says.
when human ancestors began getting much of their grass by eating grass-eating insects or meat from grazing animals.
or large grazing animals like zebras wildebeest and buffalo it also would appear they ate C4 grasses.
Both species went extinct perhaps due to competition from hooved grazing animals. Modern Theropithecus gelada baboons live in Ethiopia's highlands where they eat only C3 cool-season grasses.
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Besides the atmospheric impacts wildfires also modify terrestrial ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration soil fertility grazing value biodiversity and tourism.
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Researchers suggested that one of the most effective restoration approaches would be to minimize the cumulative impact of grazing by better managing the timing frequency of grazing
Cheatgrass was found by this study to be extremely tolerant of even intensive grazing and the findings raise serious concern about proposals to use cattle grazing to help control its spread in areas where native bunchgrasses still persist.
The study outlines the complex ecological processes that can promote cheatgrass invasion and the indirect role overgrazing plays in that process.
This also has grazing implications: cheatgrass is a short-lived annual grass that dries out quickly
Using data from 75 study sites researchers found that high levels of cattle grazing were associated with reduced bunchgrass cover with wider
If the level and amount of gaps indicates that it's necessary changes in grazing could help restore bunchgrass cover maintain a diversity of native grass species
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Previous research has shown that glades are preferred the grazing sites of many large African mammals. Donihue et al.'
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i e. cultivation of soybeans and grazing of cattle the study allocates the emissions to countries based on domestic consumption and international trade of Brazilian soybeans and beef.
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Drifting seaweed usually thought of as a nuisance also plays a part in this process providing an important habitat for the grazing animals that keep the seagrass clean.
These tiny animals by going about their daily business of grazing are integral to keeping healthy seagrass beds healthy.
Our results provide convincing field evidence that grazing by small animals can be just as important as good water quality in preventing nuisance algae blooms and keeping seagrass beds healthy.
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and energy source forestry and grazing practices evolved and reforestation and habitat regeneration occurred in parts of the their former range the bears rebounded.
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In 2009 it was estimated that about a third of Uganda's wetlands had been lost to growing crops and grazing.
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and a refuge for 11 globally-threatened bird species. They are also a vital fishing grazing and traditional rice farming resource for around 1. 1 million people.
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The study demonstrates that grazing by these large herbivores maintains plant species diversity while warming reduces it Post said.
Some areas on which these warming chambers were placed were left open to grazing by caribou and musk ox--two ecologically important large herbivores in the Arctic--while separate 800-square-meter areas that also received warming chambers were fenced off to exclude the animals.
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More than 90 percent of the lemurs'forest habitat has already been cleared for logging farming and grazing.
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The study took into account the state of different breeds the multiple implications of their conservation the interaction with other animal species (wild and domestic) and the consequences of goat grazing from an environmental point of view.
It is a reality that the grazing of these animals can cause damaging effects on the environment
its virtues and defectspoor handling of grazing which does not consider the livestock species and their most fitting habitat is the main cause of the damaging effects that goats can cause on the environment.
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The ice keeps reindeer from grazing on their winter pastures and also reduces food accessibility for the rock ptarmigan
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Growing grass more efficiently through strategic irrigation fertilization and grazing strategies can significantly improve yield
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'whereby plants can compensate for grazing by growing more but this ability changes with environmental stress Long said.
when these plants aren't stressed they can compensate for their grazing by scale insects by growing more Long said.
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We find that allowing controlled grazing by goats or other livestock in severely affected marshes can reduce the stem density of phragmites cover by about half in around three weeks said Brian R. Silliman lead author of the new study and Rachel Carson associate professor of marine conservation
In addition to restoring views the controlled grazing allowed native plant species to reestablish themselves in the test plots over time.
In this study we show that sustainable low-cost rotational livestock grazing can suppress the unwanted tall grass
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Their latest research appears in the peer-reviewed journal PLOS ONE in an article Fire and Grazing Influences on Rates of Riparian Woody plant Expansion along Grassland Streams.
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while grazing livestock degrade habitat. One-third of all U s. federally endangered birds are Hawaiian species
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Fire reduction grazing intensity climate change and increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are held some widely beliefs as to the cause.
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The region is an important area for grazing cattle. In a typical year ranchers annually burn thousands of acres of grassland to reduce the abundance of undesirable trees
and shrubs while promoting nutritionally rich grass for that summer's grazing. Currently burning of Flint Hills prairie is concentrated typically in late April.
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or even fatal for grazing animals says York U Biology Professor Dawn Bazely who worked with University of Cambridge researcher Andrew Tanentzap and York U researcher Mark Vicari
Inspired by an earlier study that showed that moose grazing and saliva distribution can have a positive effect on plant growth the research team set out to test an interesting hypothesis
which they then smeared onto clipped samples of red fescue grass carrying the toxic fungus simulating the effect of grazing.
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and the biochemical and biophysical processes involved in the growth of forage plants such as Stylosanthes capitata Vogel a legume utilized for livestock grazing in tropical countries such as Brazil.
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and move their herds to wherever the vegetation offers the best grazing at the time.
Although our model focuses on nomadic grazing systems and only considers the most important drivers it reflects the consequences of the dramatic change in land use patterns in arid regions says Prof.
However our approach is restricted not to studying grazing systems. It can be used anywhere where the dynamics of ecosystem services are linked closely to people's livelihoods.
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since 1970 including studies of corals seaweeds grazing sea urchins and fish. The results show that the Caribbean corals have declined by more than 50%since the 1970s.
We must immediately address the grazing problem for the reefs to stand any chance of surviving future climate shifts.
The report also shows that some of the healthiest Caribbean coral reefs are those that harbour vigorous populations of grazing parrotfish.
and grazing sea urchins and set aside one-third of its coastal waters as marine reserves says Ayana Johnson of the Waitt Institute's Blue Halo Initiative which is collaborating with Barbuda in the development of its new management plan.
This report confirms that vigorous populations of grazing parrotfish are a common attribute of the healthiest Caribbean coral reefs.
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The leaf-tailed gecko is a large nocturnal gecko from Madagascar threatened with extensive habitat loss from cattle grazing logging agriculture and collection for the pet trade.
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However an equivalent amount is lost through logging clearing of land for grazing and growing biofuel crops such as palm oil soya bean and sugar.
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and grass-grazing baboons digest different diets researchers have shown that ancestral human diets so called paleo diets did not necessarily result in better appetite suppression.
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association with grazing animals such as cattle and other livestock. This bird is native to tropical and subtropical Africa southern Europe and western Asia.
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#Summer grazing enables high milk yield of dairy cowspart-time grazing is a good alternative to full-time silage diet of dairy cows.
Grazing is also a visible part of ethical milk production. When planned properly the milk yields of rotationally-grazed dairy cows remain as high at pasture as in indoor feeding.
Agriculture & Forestry) Senior Researcher at the MTT Agrifood Research Finland detected in his doctoral dissertation study that the principles of feeding planning normally used for silage feeding also apply to grazing.
Dietary experiments provide information of forage digestibilitythe objective of the doctoral dissertation was to seek dietary factors that limit the milk yield of grazing cows.
In addition to these the use of part-time grazing was studied as a summer feeding strategy. The control group was in full-time silage feeding indoors.
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The current scarcity of dwarf birch seems to be a combination of the effects of global warming deer grazing and burning plants and trees on moors.
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the rule that properly managed grazing is important for lesser prairie chickens and improperly managed grazing can impact them in a negative mannerâ#Lee said. â#oehaying of native grass might not be allowed.
Itâ##s not specified but I think it could probably be implied that a grazing plan could be required. â#Lee said he anticipates ranchers will face more changes for grazing including possibly allowing only a certain number of livestock on a particular piece of rangeland
and limiting the length of time they are allowed to graze for the numbers of lesser prairie chickens to increase.
if producers will be required to have a grazing management plan in place but Lee said that is how he interprets it
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and limits photosynthesis. Particular types of bacteria consume methane creating food for grazing insects and consequently the rest of the food web including trout.
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Our findings imply that management of overabundant grazing animals would be beneficial for conservation of plant biodiversity says Horvitz who is also a founding member of UM's Institute of Theoretical and Mathematical Ecology.
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#Reindeer grazing may counteract effects of climate warming on tundra carbon sinklocal reindeer grazing history is an important determinant in the response of an ecosystem's carbon sink to climate warming say researchers at the Arctic
The grazing history between these areas had varied for the past 50 years. Carbon balances showed that under the current climate lightly grazed dwarf-shrub-dominated tundra were a stronger carbon sink than heavily grazed graminoid-dominated tundra.
Thus tundra with a long history of intensive grazing showed a weak response to climate warming.
The significance of reindeer grazing history to tundra carbon balances has not been studied previously. The present results may modify climate models that predict the effects of global warming on global carbon cycles.
The study shows that it is critical to know the grazing history before the responses of tundra carbon balances to climate warming can be understood.
Different tundra systems possess highly varying grazing histories as a result of past and present reindeer management practices.
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Grazing fuel and foodapproximately 20%of the world's population depend on these areas of land for their livelihoods including their use for grazing fuel and food.
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And grazing works in a way that is also natural and simple. The herbivores or grazing and browsing animals feed on tall grasses that block sunlight from reaching the ground making the light available to other plants.
That's the key finding of a five-year study carried out at 40 different sites around the world
In each group one plot was fenced to keep grazing animals out. One was treated with a set dose of fertilizers to mimic the effect of excess nutrients from human sources
But grazing animals cut down the light-blocking plants and give the others a chance to bloom.
which humans have changed globally grazing and fertilization can control ground-level light. Light appears to be very important in maintaining or losing biodiversity in grasslands.
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The researchers found that the impacts of deer grazing on vegetation were resulted severe and in bare soil
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when conventional grazing and mixed-farming practices are replaced with industrial systems that prioritise short-term production. Policies to encourage high welfare efficient management should consider cultural as well as natural factors.
Despite ruminant livestock's poor image as major greenhouse gas emitters sustainably managed grazing can increase biodiversity maintain ecosystem services
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