Tropes

Livescience_2013 00590.txt

#Ancient Elephants Grazed Before They Had Teeth for It Ancient elephants switched from eating primarily leaves and shrubs to feeding on grass several million years before their teeth were adapted fully for grazing according to a new study. The findings indicate that as the ancestors to modern elephants evolved anatomical changes significantly lagged behind habitat and behavioral adaptations said Adrian Lister a paleontologist at the Natural history Museum in London England. It only makes sense that behavior is a powerful driver of evolution and that by taking the behavioral step to eat grass it imposes the selection pressure for the right kind of teeth Lister told Livescience. The idea has been around for around 100 years but there have been demonstrated few examples. This is the first example from the fossil record. About 10 million years ago during a time period known as the Miocene epoch the east African climate became dryer and cooler prompting the gradual spread of grasslands over areas that were forested once heavily. In Photos: Mammals Through Time What we find with a lot of mammal groups is that some species switched their diets Lister said. During this time the earliest true elephants went from what we describe as'browsers'which eat mostly leaves from trees and shrubs to what we call'grazers 'which mostly eat grass. Lister used data that looked for specific chemical signatures in the fossilized teeth of ancient elephants in east Africa. As animals'teeth grow and form chemical traces of food and water become locked into the enamel which enable paleontologists to determine the diets of extinct animals. By studying these fossilized teeth Lister noticed that the change in feeding behavior occurred about 7 million years ago which is about 3 million years before corresponding anatomical changes evident in the structure and shape of the teeth can be found in the fossil record. Since grass is tougher to eat than leafy greens grazing animals tend to have crowned higher teeth with more enamel ridges Lister said. This is because grazers tend to pick up more grit from the soil which can wear teeth down We don't see this change in crown height until about 4 million years ago so there's a lag of several million years Lister said. Even with the wrong teeth for it by starting to eat grass as food these animals were imposing a lot of selective pressure. But it required the behavioral change first. While Lister is still unsure why the gap between the behavioral and anatomical changes is so great he hopes future studies will be able to unearth more clues. The reason for the lag is not completely and satisfactorily explained Lister said. What I was hoping to do with this paper is show the kind of data that we can put together to answer these types of questions. We can see whether behaviors drive the evolutionary process which in my opinion has been sidelined in evolutionary biology. Now because we have the means to look at it directly in the fossil record we can try looking for it. Detailed results of the study were published online today (June 26) in the journal Nature. Follow Denise Chow on Twitter@denisechow. Follow Livescience@livescience Facebookâ & Google+.+Original article onâ Livescience. com i

< Back - Next >