Synopsis: Transport & travel: Air travel: Aircraft:


popsci_2013 01073.txt

Sixty-eight years ago today an American B-29 bomber named Enola Gay dropped Little Boy the first atomic bomb ever used in war on the Japanese city of Hiroshima.

My grandfather later whose brother was killed at Pearl harbor flew fighter planes for the US. He rarely talked about his time in the war


popsci_2013 01087.txt

toys wristwatches airplane parts food. Now scientists are working to apply similar 3-DâÂ#Ârinting technology to the field of medicine accelerating an equally dramatic change.

It's more complicated than a model for a jet plane. Instead of printing a test tube out of plastic to do chemistry in let's print our test tube out of tissue.


popsci_2013 01299.txt

'when objects orbit each other be they planets stars or galaxies. Let's not forget how pretty it would be to see all the gasses in the atmosphere freeze


popsci_2013 01391.txt

but couldn't quite bring yourself to move To that makes it different from the other top-tier Android phones on the market like the Samsung Galaxy S IV a more-of-the-same sequel to a phone we didn't much like last year. iphone users might look at a Galaxy S

The pure Android Galaxy 4 and HTC One cannot be purchased from a a carrier and run $599+.

My'ancient'Galaxy S2 modified to my tastes and recently updated to Android 4. 2 blows away my buddies vanilla iphone 5 in almost all regards period.


popsci_2013 01430.txt

This might be enough to colonize the galaxy. Small frogs organs and embryos are able to survive freezing.


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VIA VON BRAUN TAG BOEING 707 REMOTED JETS EDWARDS AIRBASE 197o'S FACT! SO HITLER'S SILVERSTIEN BILDERBERGS MILDENSTIENS!

NOW REMOTE BOEING 707 JETS. 1970s FACT! 2013 REMOTE BOEING EAGLE SCAN DRONE. YOUR GOOSES ARE COOKED!

VIA VON BRAUN TAG 707 REMOTED JETS EDWARDS AIRBASE 197o'S FACT! SO HITYLER YOUTHEN BOEHNER TOM FRIEDMAN JESSIE HOLDER!

NOW REMOTE BOEING 707 JETS. 1970s FACT! 2013 REMOTE BOEING EAGLE SCAN DRONE. YOUR GOOSES ARE COOKED!


popsci_2013 01600.txt

Michaud a 72-year-old grandfather and former Exxonmobil engineer has spent his golden years trying to manufacture tornadoes--tornadoes that he believes could eventually power the world.

or tornado would be more effective because it would be easier to capture the energy of moving air via a turbine than to capture the energy involved in condensation.

He made his first prototype of the Atmospheric Vortex Engine (AVE) a machine that produces mini tornadoes--in 2005

***To understand how artificial tornadoes could generate electricity it helps to know how a tornado works in the natural world.

Tornadoes start when conditions are just right when air closest to the Earth's surface is at least 20 degrees Celsius warmer than the air above.

Higher up the wind speed of the tornado will spin the wheels of attached turbines generating energy.

And the vortexes that would result could rise a whopping 15 kilometers in the air (natural tornadoes have clocked in at almost 9 kilometers high.

What you're doing is feeding it from the bottom he says adding that simply closing the lower vents that feed hot air will stop the cycle and kill the tornado.

if the vortex engines remove hot air from surrounding areas they could actually prevent a tornado from occurring as there's less heat to start one.**

http://www. popsci. com/technology/article/2013-05/iran-unveils-new-stealth-drone-isnt#comment-301696 LIKE A 1970 MARVEL TOY THERMIC JET PLANE MODEL!

TAG 707 REMOTED JETS FOR ONLY TESLA G. E. ROCKET DYNE ALL REMOTE ROCKET NIKESIGHT'SCOVERT ROSWELL AND EDISON!

like 707 jumbo jet's were boeing martinlocheed skunkwork's and the space shuttle did a piggy back jumbo jet boeing fact!

and 707's were all remote control in the 70's! at edwards air force base fact!

NASA KNEW ABOUT REMOTE BOEING 707 JETS ON 2001 SEPTEMBER 11TH! ALL WITH CEASERS AND REMOTEPILATES!?

AND AIRPLANE PETER GRAVES! ABOUT 1970'S A FACT! I CITE GET SMART! 2013 REMOTE BOEING EAGLE SCAN DRONE.

ON GERMAN JET FRANKFURTHORTON HITLER DRONES ALLC. I. A f. B. I. NOW. BOTH SIEZED IN 1945!

mayor and tag f b i. and c i a. and john boehner or brennanfor REMOTE JUMBO JET 1970 707's A FACT!

for jumbo jet 707's! and northrup boeing's on skunkworks remote control tower at edwards high desert like roswell E t. air base!

DRONE BOEING 1970s 707 JET! ALL REMOTE AT EDWARDS HIGH DESERTS NORAD UTAH EVERY KIKE NIKE SIGHT KNOWS!

BOEING FOR 707 REMOTE 1970 JUMBO JETS AND JOHN BOEHNERS N s. A BUSH SPOKE N w. O. ALL ADOLPH HITLERS!

U f o)))http://www. popsci. com/technology/article/2013-05/iran-unveils-new-stealth-drone-isnt#comment-301696 LIKE A 1970 MARVEL TOY THERMIC JET PLANE MODEL!

TAG 707 REMOTED JETS FOR ONLY TESLA G. E. ROCKET DYNE ALL REMOTE ROCKET NIKESIGHT'SCOVERT ROSWELL AND EDISON!

like 707 jumbo jet's were boeing martinlocheed skunkwork's and the space shuttle did a piggy back jumbo jet boeing fact!

and 707's were all remote control in the 70's! at edwards air force base fact!

NASA KNEW ABOUT REMOTE BOEING 707 JETS ON 2001 SEPTEMBER 11TH! ALL WITH CEASERS AND REMOTEPILATES!?

AND AIRPLANE PETER GRAVES! ABOUT 1970'S A FACT! I CITE GET SMART! 2013 REMOTE BOEING EAGLE SCAN DRONE.


popsci_2013 01638.txt

JET PLANE MODEL! MATCH LITE JET ENGINE! JOHN JET ROCKET INSTANTSUPER MARVEL TOY DRONE JET FLIGHT! I have a great role for you (2?

TAG 707 REMOTED JETS FOR ONLY TESLA G. E. ROCKET DYNE ALL REMOTE ROCKET NIKESIGHT'SCOVERT ROSWELL AND EDISON!

like 707 jumbo jet's were boeing martinlocheed skunkwork's and the space shuttle did a piggy back jumbo jet boeing fact!

and 707's were all remote control in the 70's! at edwards air force base fact!

NASA KNEW ABOUT REMOTE BOEING 707 JETS ON 2001 SEPTEMBER 11TH! ALL WITH CEASERS AND REMOTEPILATES!?

AND AIRPLANE PETER GRAVES! ABOUT 1970'S A FACT! I CITE GET SMART! 2013 REMOTE BOEING EAGLE SCAN DRONE.

ON GERMAN JET FRANKFURTHORTON HITLER DRONES ALLC. I. A f. B. I. NOW. BOTH SIEZED IN 1945!

mayor and tag f b i. and c i a. and john boehner or brennanfor REMOTE JUMBO JET 1970 707's A FACT!

for jumbo jet 707's! and northrup boeing's on skunkworks remote control tower at edwards high desert like roswell E t. air base!

DRONE BOEING 1970s 707 JET! ALL REMOTE AT EDWARDS HIGH DESERTS NORAD UTAH EVERY KIKE NIKE SIGHT KNOWS!

BOEING FOR 707 REMOTE 1970 JUMBO JETS AND JOHN BOEHNERS N s. A BUSH SPOKE N w. O. ALL ADOLPH HITLERS!

U f o)))http://www. popsci. com/technology/article/2013-05/iran-unveils-new-stealth-drone-isnt#comment-301696 LIKE A 1970 MARVEL TOY THERMIC JET PLANE MODEL!

TAG 707 REMOTED JETS FOR ONLY TESLA G. E. ROCKET DYNE ALL REMOTE ROCKET NIKESIGHT'SCOVERT ROSWELL AND EDISON!

like 707 jumbo jet's were boeing martinlocheed skunkwork's and the space shuttle did a piggy back jumbo jet boeing fact!

and 707's were all remote control in the 70's! at edwards air force base fact!

NASA KNEW ABOUT REMOTE BOEING 707 JETS ON 2001 SEPTEMBER 11TH! ALL WITH CEASERS AND REMOTEPILATES!?

AND AIRPLANE PETER GRAVES! ABOUT 1970'S A FACT! I CITE GET SMART! 2013 REMOTE BOEING EAGLE SCAN DRONE.

ON GERMAN JET FRANKFURTHORTON HITLER DRONES ALLC. I. A f. B. I. NOW. BOTH SIEZED IN 1945!

mayor and tag f b i. and c i a. and john boehner or brennanfor REMOTE JUMBO JET 1970 707's A FACT!

for jumbo jet 707's! and northrup boeing's on skunkworks remote control tower at edwards high desert like roswell E t. air base!

DRONE BOEING 1970s 707 JET! ALL REMOTE AT EDWARDS HIGH DESERTS NORAD UTAH EVERY KIKE NIKE SIGHT KNOWS!

BOEING FOR 707 REMOTE 1970 JUMBO JETS AND JOHN BOEHNERS N s. A BUSH SPOKE N w. O. ALL ADOLPH HITLERS!


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while he flew around the world in a private jet burning fossil fuel and using many times more energy than the average household.


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This is What's Causing Climate Changeif you tried to list the biggest contributors to greenhouse gas emissions you might say cars or cows or airplanes.

Greenhouse gases from fossil fuel burning are broken further down into type (coal oil natural gas) and then even further to specifics like cars airplanes and industries like paper or iron production.


popsci_2013 01832.txt

so long as an operator on board another aircraft could see it at all times. That undermines the whole reason for using a drone of course

but requiring another plane to follow along behind it defeats the whole point of using an unmanned plane in the first place.

and perhaps replace manned surveillance aircraft potentially reducing the risk to both pilots and firefighters.

If distance or the smoke of a wildfire obscures a drone from observers on the ground a piloted aircraft must be sent aloft to keep an eye on it.

The evaluations by wildfire experts are part of larger questions on how to incorporate these aircraft originally used for military purposes into civilian missions.

Their potential usefulness particularly their ability to pinpoint hot spots and fly in thick smoke that would ground other aircraft was shown in an Alaskan fire nearly four years ago.

The fire which burned over 447000 acres roughly half the size of Rhode island northeast of Fairbanks was generating so much smoke that no planes were permitted to fly overhead.

âÂ#Âoethe smoke was so thick no one was flying that s why they came to usã¢Â# said Rosanne Bailey a retired Air force brigadier general who is the deputy director of the Alaska Center for Unmanned Aircraft Systems Integration

âÂ# The reason cited most often by firefighting experts is the requirement that the aircraft be followed

The Army has lent the Interior department 41 small drone aircraft that have been used for environmental monitoring including tracking migratory wildfowl.

what we could do aerially against a helicopter or a light fixed-wing airplane. âÂ# John Gould the aviation chief at the B. L. M. who along with Mr. Hanks is based at the National Interagency Fire Center in Boise Idaho had a similarly cautious perspective.


popsci_2013 01909.txt

The reason black carbon doesn't wreak more havoc on the environment is that it has a short lifetime in the lower atmosphere precipitation washes away black carbon emissions from planes and other sources within a matter of weeks.

Moroever rockets produce over 1000 times more black carbon per unit of fuel than standard aircraft.

In contrast the radiative forcing of the black carbon placed for just a few weeks into the atmosphere by jets is less than 1/10 of that of its carbon dioxide.**


popsci_2013 01956.txt

It is a tailless strike fighter-sized unmanned aircraft currently under development by Northrop grumman as part of the U s. Navy s Unmanned Combat Air System Carrier Demonstration (UCAS-D) program.

http//www. popsci. com/users/d-j-derrick-vonbraun-horton-remote-munition-drone-hitlersonlike A 1970 MARVEL TOY THERMAC JET PLANE MODEL!

TAG 707 REMOTED JETS FOR ONLY ESLA G. E. ROCKET DYNE ALL NIKE SIGHT'S ROSWELL AND EDISON!

A EDWARDS AIRBASE 197o'S REMOTE 707 727 JUMBO JET FACT! SO HITLER YOUTHEN BOEHNER TOM FRIEDMAN JESSIE HOLDER!

NOW REMOTE BOEING 707 JETS. 1970s FACT! 2013 REMOTE BOEING EAGLE SCAN DRONE. YOUR GOOSES ARE COOKED!


popsci_2013 02014.txt

Imagine compressing a weird space-apple from all sides until a jet of space-apple juice explodes out of a tiny point before the apple turns into a black apple hole.

Imagine compressing a weird space-apple from all sides until a jet of space-apple juice explodes out of a tiny point before the apple turns into a black apple holei disagree.

Events generating GRBS will also tend to be accompanied by hyper-relativistic plasma jets which do travel close to but not quite at the speed of light.

but this article isn't talking about plasma jets. Nisi credideritis non intelligetis.@@Moose Billisarius;


popsci_2013 02281.txt

Samsung Announces Enormous Phone Called Galaxy Mega""Somewhere at Samsung's sprawling campus deep in the headquarters of the mobile phone division there is a Powerpoint slide with a simple line graph.

Whenever a reviewer says phones like the newly announced Samsung Galaxy Mega which has either a 6. 3

and increasingly useless list of numbers that constitute speed as the Galaxy S 4 . I won't list them here.

The Samsung Galaxy Mega will be available in May starting in Europe. One day when the cell phone is big enough

Reviewers hated the Galaxy Note. Turns out they were completely wrong. I personally agree that this phone is going to be a little too large.

-and despite the plastic backing everyone complains about on the Galaxy S series it is a brilliant design b c it is lightweight cheap and replaceable

I have a galaxy note and when I hold up an iphone its screen looks like a minature toy.

I remember when the first Galaxy Note came out. At the time it seemed similar in size to a Kindle...

I've begged them for a Galaxy SIII or SIV with a slide-out keyboard but apparently that would be...


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The safety of nuclear energy is equal to flying an airplane. On a typical day life is good

but when an airplane falls from the sky and you are in it it only ends in as a gigantic disaster.

Flying (at least flying in commercial airliners which the rest of your comment indicates you were talking about) is by far the safest mode of transportation.

because every airliner crash becomes a major international news story. Meanwhile tens of thousands of auto (and cycle) deaths every year barely rate a mention in the local paper.

over unsuspecting populations. 2. Comparing radiation received from an airplane flight to exposure to nuclear radiation


popsci_2013 02683.txt

#Yesterday morning an Alitalia pilot reported seeing a remote-controlled aircraft near New york's JFK AIRPORT where he was landing.

Until then unmanned aircraft are governed by model airplane rules and model airplane rules are pretty lax.

Older laws for model aircraft forbade flying anything above 400 feet. This is still a recognized guideline by the Academy of Model Aeronautics the lobbyist group that represents model aircraft hobbyists

but the height ceiling hasn't been on the books since at least 2012. Instead unmanned remotely piloted aircraft have to be visible to the naked eye

which might mean just a couple hundred feet in cloudy weather or much further than the recommended 400 feet in good weather.

Visual range notwithstanding 1750 feet of altitude is well beyond the reach of most commercially available model aircraft.

While the 2012 act re-authorizing the FAA removed the height ceiling for model aircraft it was very clear about boundaries around an airport.

Flying a drone within 5 miles of an airport requires notifying that airport; otherwise you risk prosecution.

Model aircraft regulations let you fly anything under 55 pounds and following AMA guidelines everything from absolute altitude to size to any sensors a drone might have on board is legal.

Finally there's H r. 658 SEC. 336 (a) 4. This part of the 2012 FAA reauthorization states explicitly flying a model aircraft is legal

only if the aircraft is operated in a manner that does not interfere with and gives way to any manned aircraft.

Flying within 200 feet of an airliner definitely absolutely in no uncertain terms violates that law

so let's just say this is very illegal. Should the incident worry us? Probably. Think about your last driving commute

It's incredibly unlikely that model airplanes will regularly pose as great a threat as geese

but the introduction of a whole new category of aircraft to the skies will make things a lot more crowded.

Until then we're stuck with the increasingly outdated model airplane laws we have. A clarification on the FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012 cited earlier.

Rather than setting out specific legal restrictions on model aircraft the law as written spells out five criteria that

if met put the model aircraft beyond FAA regulation. These criteria are hobbyist purpose under 55lbs kept in line of sight doesn't interfere with manned aircraft

and if flown within 5 miles of an airport the air traffic controller is notified beforehand.

and model airplanes that don't meet those five criteria. It just doesn't. A drone besides a remote camera is also a remote weapon.

This part of the 2012 FAA reauthorization states explicitly flying a model aircraft is legal only if the aircraft is operated in a manner that does not interfere with

and gives way to any manned aircraft. Flying within 200 feet of an airliner definitely absolutely in no uncertain terms violates that law

so let's just say this is very illegal. How is that very illegal? It was not in the airliner's way

and it didn't interfere with it. It was just close. Also it couldn't have been close very long because

I doubt it was going at most third as fast as the jet...No harm no foul.

I suppose a civilian drone with an attach laser pointer pointing into the cockpit of a plane would be bad too.@

@gizmowiz FAA guidelines are VERY stringent about object ingestion and the resulting after effects. If a small drone were ingested it would cause the failure of the engine.

Jets can fly on one engine. It would mean that the flight would be promoted to emergency status

If the drone was only 200 feet away from the plane that is a bit worrisome. But I'd wait to hear results from the full investigation before judging it completely.

If the quadcopter operator was intentionally trying to get close to the plane that is reckless and should be punished IMO

and a first-person view (FPV) model aircraft enthusiast who has studied this extensively. The truth is that at present there are absolutely no legally binding rules or regulations governing hobbyist model aircraft.

The FAA's rules which include the mythical 400'altitude limit are in fact nothing more than advisory guidelines.

And the model aircraft provision in the law passed by Congress last year do nothing more than define the parameters to qualify for a relatively narrow exemption for a particular subset of model aircraft from any future FAA regulations.

which may affect certain types of model aircraft but those have yet to even be published let alone take legal effect.

Now I certainly don't condone flying any kind of model aircraft at 1500'in the middle of an approach route to a major airport

And doing so in that particular place could indeed still be considered illegal under a general provision in the Federal Aviation Regulations prohibiting careless or reckless operation of an aircraft.

either imposing any kind of altitude requirement on recreational model aircraft or requiring you to keep the model in visual line of sight.

While the FAA officially expects model aircraft to remain within visual line of sight and recommends that you stay below 400'there is no actual legally enforceable requirement to do so.

I usually do stay below 400-500 feet to make sure to stay away from aircraft which except for around airports almost always fly much higher.

I always make sure to take every safety precaution possible keeping aware of any aircraft in the area

and the last time an airplane pilot reported seeing a drone in the air it turned out to be a wayward Chinese lantern.

But if there really was a quadcopter near the airliner I just want people to know that such foolishness is extremely rare among drone hobbyists who are generally very good at flying safely

In an area like this where everything having to do with these pilotless aircraft is coming under scrutiny they've got their work cut out for them.

No one is assignedlike A 1970 JET MARVELFLASH GORDON! THERMIC JET PLANE MODEL! MATCH LITE JET ENGINE! JOHN JET ROCKET INSTANTSUPER MARVEL JET DRONE FLIGHT!

I have a great role for you (2? Me Too! OR AMY GOODMAN ALEX JONES!

like 707 jumbo jet's were boeingmartinlocheed skunkwork's and thespace shuttle did a piggy backjumbo jet boeing fact!

NASA KNEW ABOUT REMOTEBOEING 707 JETS ON 2001september 11th! ALL WITH CEASERS AND REMOTEPILATES!?AND AIRPLANE PETER GRAVES!

ABOUT 1970'S A FACT! I CITE GET SMART! 2013 REMOTE BOEING EAGLE SCAN DRONE.

ON GERMAN JET FRANKFURTHORTON HITLER DRONES ALLC. I. A f. B. I. NOW. BOTH SIEZED IN 1945!

mayor and tag f b i. and c i a. and john boehner or brennanfor REMOTE JUMBO JET 1970707's A FACT!

for jumbo jet 707's! and northrup boeing's onskunkworks remote control tower at edwards high desert like roswell E t. air base!

DRONE BOEING1970S 707 JET! ALL REMOTE AT EDWARDS HIGH DESERTS NORAD UTAH EVERY KIKE NIKESIGHT KNOWS!

REMOTE 1970jumbo JETS AND JOHN BOEHNERSN. S. ABUSH SPOKE N w. O. ALL ADOLPHHITLERS! YOUTHEN NAZI HANS BLIX AND IECCHMANN FITS SILVERSTIEN GUN CONTROLFIENSTIEN!

CONNET BOEING REMOTE 707 JETS EDWARDS FEDERALS IMCE JOHNSON! ALL NIXON INVESTIGATED EVERY FEDERAL! BARAC OBAMA BUSHES OPEC RAG HEAD PAWN OF UNITED NATIONS AND MAORE THAN THAT BILDERBERG BOHEEMIAN GROVES!

M d. N. A.))JOHN MOON WOLF LONDON No one is assignedlike A 1970 JET MARVELFLASH GORDON!

THERMIC JET PLANE MODEL! MATCH LITE JET ENGINE! JOHN JET ROCKET INSTANTSUPER MARVEL JET DRONE FLIGHT! I have a great role for you (2?


popsci_2013 02908.txt

As a comparison any given American has about a. 01%chance of dying in a plane crash.


popsci_2013 02917.txt

#Even Hobby Drones Could Be made Illegal In Texason a hazy day last January an unmanned aircraft enthusiast piloted his camera-equipped drone in the vicinity of a Dallas meatpacking plant cruising around 400 feet in the air.

When he retrieved the remote-controlled aircraft he noticed something odd in the photos: A crimson stream which appeared to be blood leaking into a river tributary.

The Federal Aviation Administration is in the process of drafting new rules governing unmanned aircraft in civilian airspace including military-style aircraft.

But in the meantime plenty of cheap easy-to-use aircraft are already popular among hobbyists and increasingly activists and law enforcement.

which would make it a misdemeanor to take photos with an unmanned aircraft. It's unique

because it criminalizes taking any data--photos sound temperature even odor--of private property using an unmanned aircraft without the permission of the property owner.

Ben Gielow general counsel and government relations manager for the Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems International countered that limiting privacy concerns to unmanned aircraft makes little sense.

what about aircraft doing the same type of mission taking the same pictures? What about satellites and Google earth?

if you have a picture from a manned aircraft or an unmanned aircraft? This is really a data issue;

and underscores why hobbyists and aircraft makers should be taking a more active role in explaining the technology's potential benefits.

Gielow and others described unmanned aircraft as simply another tool easily cheaply and legally used by law enforcement and civilians for a host of reasons.

The U s. Geological Survey which has a vibrant drone program uses unmanned aircraft to look at fault zones woodlands wildfires invasive species and more.

Because of this there's no reason why a privately owned human-occupied aircraft can't fly over private property.

Gooden countered that drones expand access--you'd hear a manned airplane or helicopter--and they glimpse areas


popsci_2013 03017.txt

when the Vikings were farming on Greenland. It was named Greenland for a reason. See interglacial.


popsci_2013 03058.txt

When we translate material things from genes to jet planes into numbers we can analyze and manipulate them far more easily.


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Tornadoes ice storms wildfires and drought now routinely overwhelm the nation's aging electrical infrastructure inflicting sweeping blackouts.


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Otherwise you may be horrified at how your car the airplane you may have flown in or the building you work in were designed.


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which you can think of basically like an airplane wing. These curved shapes create the force known as lift.


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From time to time Pomerantz gently corrals the spider with the tip of a small paintbrush to prevent it from running off this white plane


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According to Stuart Sumida a biologist at California State university at San bernardino who served as a consultant on Guardians of the Galaxy an alien advanced enough to master space travel would need to have a large brain.


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General Hap Arnold once remarked that without war we would probably never have developed the airplane


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He then moved to the Bay Area to work for Dow chemical on plastic composites including ones for the new stealth bomber.


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Traditional fixed-wing aircraft rely on a steady flow of air over the wings. The same is true of helicopters and rotors.

The aircraft has a 16.5-centimeter wingspan; it can fly vertically and horizontally and hover in place against gusting wind.


ScienceDaily_2013 02086.txt

Their second robot resembles a small airplane. Launched like a javelin it uses a single electric motor

We can map much more territory with the plane because it can fly three times farther Messinger said.

and sends it to the aircraft Messinger said. It is then as simple as launching it flipping a switch


ScienceDaily_2013 02561.txt

The Southeast already experiences extreme weather events including floods droughts heat waves cold outbreaks winter storms severe thunderstorms tornadoes and tropical cyclones.


ScienceDaily_2013 03196.txt

#Galaxy growth examined like rings of a treewatching a tree grow might be more frustrating than waiting for a pot to boil

Galaxies outlive trees by billions of years making their growth impossible to see. But like biologists reading tree rings astronomers can read the rings in a galaxy's disk to unravel its past.

Using data from NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) and Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) scientists have acquired more evidence for the inside-out theory of galaxy growth showing that bursts of star formation in central regions were followed one to two billion years later

by star birth in the outer fringes. Initially a rapid star-forming period formed the mass at the center of these galaxies followed later by a star-forming phase in the outer regions.

Eventually the galaxies stop making stars and become quiescent said Sara Petty of Virginia Tech Blacksburg Va. lead author of a paper appearing in the October 2013 issue of the Astronomical Journal.

This later star-forming phase could have been caused by minor mergers with gas-rich neighbors which provide the fuel for new stars.

The discovery may also solve a mystery of elderly galaxies. The galaxies in the study known as red and dead for their red color and lack of new star births have a surprising amount of ultraviolet light emanating from the outer regions.

Often ultraviolet light is generated by hot young stars but these galaxies were considered too old to host such a young population.

The solution to the puzzle is likely hot old stars. Petty and colleagues used a new multi-wavelength approach to show that the unexplained ultraviolet light appears to be coming from a late phase in the lives of older stars

Both telescopes have large fields of view allowing them to easily capture images of entire galaxies.

The synergy between GALEX and WISE produces a very sensitive measurement of where the hot older stars reside in these red-and-dead galaxies said Don Neill co-author of the paper from the California Institute of technology Pasadena.

This allows us to map the progress of star formation within each galaxy. Ned Wright of UCLA a co-author of the study

Caltech led the Galaxy Evolution Explorer mission and was responsible for science operations and data analysis. JPL managed the mission

Graphics and additional information about the Galaxy Evolution Explorer are online at http://www. nasa. gov/galex and http://www. galex. caltech. edu. Story Source:


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