But it's also been exploited to clean contaminated water and as a source to produce pharmaceuticals.
Simple and primitive a duckweed plant consists of a single small kidney-shaped leaf about the size of a pencil-top eraser that floats on the surface of the water with a few thin roots underwater.
or transport water from distant roots to their leaves so they're a relatively soft and pliable plant containing tiny amounts of woody material such as lignin and cellulose.
This is probably linked to the plant's ability to utilize excess nitrogen in contaminated waters.
Instead water backed up and flooded forested and agricultural lands along the lower Cache River and north of the Cache River leveeâ#Olson said.
erosion open dumping private property rights water quality continuation of government farm conservation programs Post Creek Cutoff stream bank erosion open flow on the Cache River dissemination of accurate and timely information
and commercialized by Sensoil Innovations Ltd. to compare the water quality across the entire unsaturated zone under organic and conventional greenhouses in Israel.
and soil hydraulic properties and allows real time continuous tracking of water in deep sections of the vadose zone from land surface to groundwater.
While groundwater pollution is attributed usually to a large array of chemicals high nitrate concentration in aquifer water is the main cause for drinking-water well shutdowns.
The study funded by the Israel Water Authority was conducted in commercial greenhouses on the Southern part of the coastal aquifer in Israel.
and beverages provided by parents have resulted in little to no improvement in the amount of fruits vegetables whole grains and/or water.
Incentives identified by the summer day camps were distributed based on points accumulated by the children and staff for bringing fruits vegetables and water.
or reduced lunch researchers noted increases of 12%for fresh fruit 11%for vegetables and 14%for water brought on average from baseline to posttest.
The main reason for that yield increase is rice water weevil control. Gore said seed treatments are effective in both conventional rice varieties and hybrids.
Although they do not provide 100 percent control of rice water weevil seed treatments do provide significant benefits in rice he said.
and count the rice water weevil larvae. An infestation of one larva per core will result in about a 1 percent yield loss Gore said.
We're targeting primarily rice water weevils and they only move into the field when producers establish the permanent flood about three to six weeks after planting Gore said.
Gore said all of the seed treatments are water soluble and water can have both positive and negative effects on seed treatments.
Because rice is grown in aquatic or semiaquatic environments we needed to find out how different water management practices might impact the seed treatments'performance he said.
Andrew Adams an MSU graduate student from Greenville set up tests in grower fields across the Delta and at the Delta Research and Extension Center.
To determine the impact of a delayed flood we looked at flood timings of six and eight weeks after planting
Adams tested zero one and two flushes with water across a rice field to check the efficacy of three different seed treatments.
The management practice that showed significant improvement in rice water weevil control beyond the seed treatment was a foliar overspray with a pyrethroid on hybrid rice Gore said.
We needed to pinpoint those complex fluctuations without having the data obscured by the deep water underneath.
In addition Makira's forests serve as a zone of watershed protection providing clean water to over 250000 people in the surrounding landscape.
Since such a clear transition is seen not in the Baltic region perhaps the hazardous North Atlantic waters were simply too difficult to fish effectively until new technologies arrived making dairying the only sustainable option.
and coastal waters could become a renewable source of food plastics health products and fuel as a result of new research announced today.
Plans include the largest commercial cultivation of the single-cell organisms in water raceways lakes and photobioreactors.
and corn or biodiesel from rapeseed and palm oil are in direct competition with food for arable land and water.
and alligators they think of them waddling on the ground or wading in water--not climbing trees.
They found that four species climbed trees--usually above water --but how far they ventured upward
or falling into the water when an approaching observer was as far as 10 meters away.
which can cause detrimental effects on local sheep and goats via the water supply. Kansas State university's Ronette Gehring is an associate professor of clinical pharmacology in the of anatomy and physiology department of the university's College of Veterinary medicine.
In 1993 an outbreak of cryptosporidium in the water supply sickened 400000 people in Greater Milwaukee he said.
Beaked whales a widespread but little-known family of toothed whales distantly related to sperm whales are found in deep ocean waters beyond the edge of the continental shelf throughout the world's oceans.
Xerophytes--species of plants that have adapted to survive in environments with little water--fit well in green roof construction plans creating lightweight roofs that don't compromise ancient buildings'structural concerns.
or semi-intensive green roofs and additionally found that the use of grape marc compost in the substrate allowed for less water consumption
Authors of a study published in Hortscience noted that current methods used to determine moisture needs for citrus are limited in that they do not account for effects of cold acclimation on water requirements.
Evidence suggests that at least some changes in plant water deficits occur as a result of cold temperatures and not dry soil noted Robert Ebel lead author of the study.
Changes in citrus water relations during cold acclimation and independent of soil moisture content are understood not well.
and results showed that cold temperatures promoted stomatal closure higher root resistance lower stem water potential lower transpiration and lower stem water potential.
Leaf relative water content was not different for cold-acclimated trees compared with the control trees.
Our modern understanding of plant water relations has evolved mainly from studying growing plants at warm temperatures
#Can workshops on household water use impact consumer behavior? In Florida where population growth drought and saltwater intrusion are affecting finite water sources researchers are looking for effective ways to educate consumers about household water use habits.
Despite an average annual rainfall of 55 inches Florida was included on the Natural resources Defense Council's list of states with the greatest risk of water shortages in the coming years;
the daily total state domestic water use in Florida is the fourth highest in the United states. A large proportion of Florida's water is used not for human consumption
but is used for irrigating residential landscapes. In fact a recent South Florida Water Management District study reported that outdoor water use in their area constitutes up to 50%of total household water consumption
and that up to 50%of the water applied to lawns is wasted through evaporation or overwatering.
Universities and municipalities are addressing this critical environmental concern through outreach and extension programs designed to educate the public about water conversation.
But are these workshops effective in actually helping participants reduce their water use? Tatiana Borisova and Pilar Useche from the University of Florida conducted a study published in Horttechnology to determine the effectiveness of free 2-hour irrigation management workshops conducted by the Florida Cooperative Extension service in cooperation with a local water provider
in order to find out if there were short-and long-term impacts of workshop participation. Landscape management outreach programs have been implemented by regional and local agencies Cooperative Extension services
and other organizations to encourage more efficient irrigation water use and residential water conservation explained lead author Borisova.
However limited information exists about the effectiveness of such programs. The team studied actual water use data for 12 months before
and after workshops and then compared water use data from workshop participants with the water use of households that did not participate in the workshop.
They found statistically significant reduction in water use only in the month of the workshop.
Although the workshop has an impact on water use this impact is noted very short-lived Borisova.
For workshop participants and nonparticipants water use returns to the base level immediately in the months following the workshop.
The authors added that reinforcement of the educational message received during the workshop is required probably to sustain water-use reductions over time.
The team also found that the effect of workshop attendance depended on the sample of the households considered.
For example in the subsample of the low water-use households water use tended to increase following the workshop.
The overall objective of the workshop was to improve the irrigation efficiency by reducing water wastes.
However households with low average water use may already be technically efficient and workshop attendance cannot reduce their irrigation water use further without negatively affecting the yard aesthetics
and plant health explained Borisova. Borisova and Useche recommend development of a comprehensive evaluation approach for water use programs that includes evaluation of actual water use reductions
in order to more accurately quantify program impact design more effective educational programs and better target the programs to consumers.
In one practical example demonstrated at Rice plasmon excitation in gold nanoparticles produces heat that instantly turns even ice-cold water into steam.
And during extreme heat chicks without waterproofing can't take a dip in cooling waters as adults can.
Growers harvest more citrus in some parts of their groves than others possibly because of differences in soil from one acre to another water or disease Lee said.
#Electrical generator uses bacterial spores to harness power of evaporating watera new type of electrical generator uses bacterial spores to harness the untapped power of evaporating water according to research conducted at the Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired
Water evaporation is the largest power source in nature Sahin said. Sunlight hits the ocean heats it up
and flowers as well as human-made materials such as a sheet of tissue paper lying in a dish of water.
Unlike raisins which cannot reform into grapes spores can take on water and almost immediately restore themselves to their original shape.
Three-toed sloths tend to appear a mottled green color thanks to algae growing in a combination of water trapped by unique cracks in the sloth's hair
Besides reducing pollutants in the air these buffers can protect water quality store carbon cool urban heat islands
Human activities such as agriculture fossil fuel combustion wastewater management and industrial processes are increasing the amount of nitrous oxide in the atmosphere.
Researchers sprayed plots with water insecticide or fungicide every week for 17 months. They found that the fungicide Amistarâ dealt a significant blow to diversity reducing the effective number of species by 16%.
The researchers conducted surveys of terrestrial salamanders which don't rely on water or streams to examine patterns of their abundance relative to timber harvest and species movement behavior.
In particular excess water threatens cotton with increased runoff leaching of soil and inputs needed for cotton cultivation.
and part of the Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources. â#oethe increased value of longer and stronger lint at 10 cents per pound would be at least $100 per acre more income from the lint for each
which limited ingredients of beer to barley hops and water was enacted in Bavaria in 1516
or even stop growing altogether in response to adverse conditions such as water shortage or high salt content in soil
and collected leafless dormant twigs from each species and placed them in cups of water in their lab. Over the following weeks they observed how quickly each species was be able produce their leaves in these unseasonably warm lab conditions.
The only difference between an underwater wave and the water around it is its density due to temperature
or salinity differences that cause ocean water to become stratified. Though invisible to the eye the boundary between colder saltier water below and warmer less-salty water above can be detected instrumentally.
That boundary layer can resemble the ocean's surface producing waves that reach towering heights travel vast distances
and can play a key role in the mixing of ocean waters helping drive warm surface waters downward
In the years since scientists have come to a greater appreciation of the significance of these giant waves in the mixing of ocean water--and therefore in global climate.
While the submerged waves raise the surface of the water by less than an inch long-term satellite data can clearly discern this difference.
and transmission lines and in some cases providing sources of water and food we are subsidizing ravens
#Minimizing water use, maintaining productivityas the climate warms up more and more farmers in Switzerland need to irrigate their crops.
This is problematic because many rivers carry less water. If the increase in water use is limited agricultural production will not be lowered significantly.
This conclusion was reached on the basis of models created in a project of the National Research Programme Sustainable Water Management (NRP 61.
Climate change will lead to regional water shortages. If the use of river water is regulated not both water quality
and biodiversity could be affected negatively. Overuse can be avoided by redirecting water from larger bodies of water via pipes and distribution networks.
This comes at a considerable price and has an impact on the environment. Testing options on the basis of case studiesresearchers of an NRP 61 project investigated alternatives not in terms of sourcing more water but rather in terms of reducing the agricultural need for water.
Based on models and an interdisciplinary approach they tested a variety of options for a dry area (Plain of the Broye) and an area less dry (Lake of Greifen) up to 2050.
They also took into consideration a number of economic and political conditions. The aim is to maintain productivity
while minimising the use of water and the impact on the environment says JÃ rg Fuhrer leader of the project Water demand in Swiss agriculture and sustainable adaptive options for land and water management
Farmers in these areas need to limit the climate-related increase of water use and at the same time the losses in production and income.
Step-by-step change to more water-sensitive productionthe aspect of the study that deals with farm management shows that farms will take measures to reduce their water needs
if the price of water rises and water quotas are introduced. An environmental performance analysis shows however that agricultural production will continue to negatively impact the environment
even if all measures considered in the study are taken. Further steps towards a resource-efficient practice are necessary in particular
and rules to encourage a step-by-step transition towards an agricultural production that is more economical with water.
and the related risks for agriculture. 1st Agroscope Sustainability Conferenceon 23 january 2014 the Institute of Sustainability Studies at Agroscope will organise a conference on Water in agriculture--today and tomorrow.
They studied the responses of 15 test subjects to the taste of sweet chilli sauce orange juice bitter tea coffee and soup and a water control.
and then rinsed their mouths with pure water at 40 °C until the taste had gone.
Many people tend not to drink enough water or eat enough fruit and vegetables and even fall below the recommended five portions a day.
It's now known that much of the thinning is due to a deep oceanic inflow of Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) on the continental shelf neighbouring the glacier.
This warmer water then makes its way into a cavity beneath the ice shelf melting it from below.
The passage of this warmer water was made easier by the unpinning of the ice shelf from an underwater ridge.
The ridge had acted in effect as a wall preventing warmer water from getting to the thickest part of the shelf.
The top of the thermocline (the layer separating cold surface water and warm deep waters) was found to be about 250 metres deeper compared with any other year for
which measurements exist. This lowered thermocline reduces the amount of heat flowing over the ridge.
High resolution simulations of the ocean circulation in the ice shelf cavity demonstrate that the ridge blocks the deepest ocean waters from reaching the thickest ice.
including  105 billion gallons of water (that's enough to supply New york city...for 100 days) and greenhouse gas emission equivalent of 800,000 car trips from one end of the U s. to the other,  according to the Natural resources Defense Council.
Solar thermal (hot water) and heat pump systems (ground-loop'geothermal'or air-exchanging systems for space heating) can also be good investments,
If you want to keep your nose above water in the future, you'll want to be debt-free
Seeing the energy or water we use per task, then will help drive a transformation in energy efficiency.
potholes or water problems by uploading photos or using an app to identify the problem.
A capitalist's view on water conservation (or, why a price on water is impractical) Laura Shenkar,
Calif.-based firm that advises companies on corporate water strategy and the use of water technologies in commercial and industrial markets.
We spoke to her about the venture capital buzz around water tech, the practical problem with a price on water and the leverage points that are needed to make the sector attractive to investors and the general population.
Smartplanet: You're based in Silicon valley. Tell us a bit about the VC scene as it pertains to water.
LS: I see water from the perspective of an IT-intensive investment that would become a real engine of commerce.
 We all know that there's a limited amount of water On earth. As there are more people
and business, there's less to go around. I focus on the crack in the beginning of the industry. Those  early streams of success. The Internet 20 years ago was not one concept,
 The difference with water is that the Internet is a nice thing to have,
but we all know we'll continue to need water. Are people's minds changing?
They don't need really to worry in developed countries about getting water to drink. But  there are certain areas where you have the opportunity to use water more mindfully.
Venture capitalists earn very large returns when they accurately predict something that no other investors are seeing.
 One, this is a very obvious proposition--you're never going to stop needing water.  Two, there is very little investment today.
We've asked water experts about why it matters. What does not? What's just noise?
Water is 30 years behind the energy utility. The last thing you want to be innovative about is water.
You want the same technology to give you clean Water right? A large percentage of investment is in industrial applications.
On average, agriculture uses about 70 percent of the water in the world. I'm talking to you from California.
Eighty-five to ninety percent of the water in this state is used in agriculture. Why would you conserve water in the urban environment
when the farmers are flooding the fields? I moved from Israel seven years ago. Everything in Israel has irrigation--80 percent of the country.
Not because it saves water; it's because you're lazy. It just works. California is indicative of the world as a whole.
Water here is an asset to farmers. They're so pressed in their economic model that environmental concern is not impactful to them.
If there's something more incendiary than raising water prices, it's raising food prices. They're desperately trying to lower the cost of their input to make that food.
A price on water seems harder than it sounds. So how do you get there?
The trigger that has worked best in California is the relationship of water and energy. Water is a mass--it must be stored.
There is a true energy cost anytime you try to move water. And an infrastructure cost.
I can make as much desalinated water as you want, but there's a cost. That discussion actually makes policy move faster than talking about water for
what it's worth. The other question is, where in the world do you hit scarcity issues?
When you hit those, water rights go out the door. You need enough water for each person to drink
and bathe for each person in an area. That's mission critical. Â After that, you need water to cool a nuclear reactor.
You don't really want to turn them down. Â Then you start to see a baseline water need that is significant--and that's no fun, no agriculture, business, nothing.
 Then you start to look at business needs. Ecosystem needs--lakes and rivers need a certain amount of water for them to survive.
You need to limit pollution. Getting water policy to move anywhere in the world requires a true water shock.
In terms of policy it's such political football. What comes from a good intentioned effort is distorted small
Water becomes an interesting event. If you look at places that might consider sponsoring technology, it's usually
because they have a dire water need to they have the academic and business base for it.
The water industry is the benchmark for the most conservative industry On earth. It's truly not a worldwide problem yet.
California is hard up for water, but other states such as Pennsylvania are not. How do you capture a population's interest
Pennsylvania has plenty of water. And it's occasionally addicted to energy. New york and Pennsylvania are sitting on an enormous reserve of natural gas, the Marcellus Shale.
One who sees water technology as a critical issue. The water management on-site in hydrofracking areas has issues with accountability and oversight.
They're under regulatory scrutiny. This is the first perfect storm I've seen for water technology.
SP: Because fracking uses a lot of water and is under the political microscope, regulatory scrutiny will force companies to use less of it.
LS: Right. Â You need to assume that the most essential thing for life is plentiful
if you're going to move the needle on water. It's not an easy thing for investors or policymakers to swallow.
If you take a capitalist view of water --I want to do good in the world, but my job is to be a VC--you're creating a mechanism that can be profound in solving problems where policy has succeeded not.
Water is Job No. 1 for municipalities but it's so essential that the problem is distorted.
You look at water, and you know you have to do more
A design to grow mature urban forestswe've all been there: you're walking, running,
while better filtering rainwater. Here's an example of a Silva Cell at Vancouver's Olympic Village:
but deny water from entering. It's the best work we've ever done, Vu said.
there wouldn't be any hot water for the public baths. Of course there would be.
and many people were buying imported bottled water to drink. My father wanted to go see the disaster zone.
and I bought bottled water  because my parents drink well water and it scares me to think what might be in their soil.
But when I go back in April, I might not take those precautions anymore. It â¢s so expensive, first of all
and there â¢s no way I can afford to buy water for that long. So I need to be more lax about it.
I think it â¢s illegal to just get it from the water, so we do still have to pay for it.
it's time for the health sector to get involved Earthquake could threaten California â¢s water supply Tech,
from compost-heated greenhouses to hydroponic (water only, no soil) and aeroponic (air only) growing systems designed to maximize productivity in cramped settings.
The canal's water where he fished and swam as a kid is polluted now too to sustain life.
'in reality the water now is no longer usable. Ma â¢s work as a journalist gave him a foundation to understand the power of information and how the media
In his book Å China â¢s Water Crisis,  Ma sought to use this power to enrage the public.
and public access to pollution data about its own air and water was guarded closely by the government.
and other electronics companies--was dumping waste into a storm water channel, which drained into neighboring Nantaizi Lake.
Water tests showed the lake was polluted seriously with heavy metals copper and nickel. The audit confirmed that the factory had taken major corrective action to fix the issues cited in our Apple report,
Turning point To date, IPE has exposed more than 90,000 air and water violations by local and multinational companies in China.
But they threw their pot ale (the leftover swill of dead yeast and water) into the ocean.
Water is the only byproduct. Farmers use similar digesters to produce electricity from cow manure.
Earlier this spring, the UK government approved of a 10-megawatt tidal array for the waters off Islay.
and save water to boot. A Scottish university has entertained even the possibility for whisky-powered cars by converting pot ale and draff to a butanol additive for gasoline.
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