since vineyards were found from the Delta in the north to El ephantine an ancient city several hundred miles south along the Nile.
and a Great City Disappears The mysterious abandonment of one of North america's first big cities may be linked to a massive Mississippi river flood 800 years ago a new study finds.
In the bottom of an oxbow lake next to Cahokia Ill. which was the most powerful and populous city north of Mexico in A d. 1200 lie the buried remains of a flood that likely destroyed the crops and houses of more than 15000 people.
Cahokia's location near the confluence of major rivers made it a popular waypoint for some 2000 years according to Munoz's study published April 10 in the journal Geology.
Pollen grains buried in nearby Horseshoe Lake show farming at Cahokia intensified starting about A d. 450 accompanied by rapid deforestation.
#New Report Puts Price tag on Climate Change in U s. NEW YORK Climate change poses multiple and significant risks#to the U s. economy particularly along coastlines
The report used climate projections through 2100 and what the participants said was a standard risk-assessment approach used by businesses to estimate how rises in temperature sea level
They found that the effects vary from region to region with sea level rise posing the biggest threat to the Atlantic
and Gulf coasts and that ever-increasing heat and humidity will particularly impact the Southwest Southeast and upper Midwest.
Sea level rise and storm surge are defined likely in the report as having at least a 2-in-3 chance of occurring--to increase the average cost of coastal storms in the East by $2 billion to $3. 5 billion over just the next 15 years.
There s no question that rising sea levels and temperatures made Sandy worse#Bloomberg said. A graphic showing how climate change shifts the odds for extreme events.
Sea level rise also poses a risk separate from its amplifying effects on storms surge as it increasingly encroaches on valuable coastal property.
and $106 billion worth of such property will likely be below sea level nationwide. By 2100 that figure could grow to anywhere between $238 billion and $507 billion.
Sea level rise in the Miami area has led to the intrusion of saltwater into freshwater areas
and the sea#Shalala said at the press conference. The report also found that increasing heat will strain the nation s energy systems as it causes efficiency to decline
and dissections of the most recent seasonal forecasts and trends in ocean temperatures and winds as if they were the latest juicy plot twist on Scandal#or Game of Thrones.#
After all El Niã o is just the warming of ocean watersin the tropical Pacific. So why the heck do we care so much about it?
and hurricanes in the Atlantic ocean basin something denizens of the Caribbean and Gulf and East coasts of the U s. surely appreciate.#
and the increase in the heat the ocean releases cause a shift in this storminess and heating which affects one of the main circulations of the atmosphere the Hadley circulation.
There is interestingly one tiny area of northern South america along the coasts of Ecuador and Peru that actually sees increased rainfall.
The rains are driven by the warmer waters just off the coast as they fuel storm activity.
The heat released from the oceans bumps up the planet s average temperature in addition to the warming caused by the heat trapped by accumulating greenhouse gases in the Earth s atmosphere.
The tendency toward cooler conditions in the Pacific over the past couple of decades could be the main driver of the slowdown in the rate of warming over the same time period as such conditions cause the ocean to store more of that building heat.#
#oethe state of the tropical Pacific can really affect global temperatures just through the fact that you re getting all this ocean heat either absorbed
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In A d. 208 after the death of general Liu Biao he took command of a fleet of ships on the Han River
Archaeologists found residues of fish scales bird feathers and starchy plants at a Neanderthal cave in the Rhone Valley in France.
Ainara Sistiaga a graduate student at the University of La Laguna in Spain who led the investigation as a visiting student at the Massachusetts institute of technology said the results aren't all that surprising as Neanderthals are primates
and star-shaped cataracts are just a few of the cool Science stories we found this week.</
and melting sea ice in the Arctic new research finds.</</p><p>The results suggest that polar bears at least in the western Hudson bay area may be slightly more flexible in the face of climate change than previously thought.</
's best surfers are gearing up for Mavericks International an elite surf competition that pits big-wave riders against the monster swells at a Northern California Beach.</
</a p><p></p><p>A 42-year old electrician in California developed star-shaped cataracts in his eyes after a serious work-related accident caused electricity to run through his body according to a new
<a href=http://www. livescience. com/42778-electrical-burn-star-cataract. html target=blank>Electrical Burn Causes Man's Star-shaped Cataract</a p p
How Two Women Brought a Sea Change to Conservation (Op-Ed) A Crocodile Hunt Redefined in Southeastern Cuba (Op-Ed) Stepping up Conservation in Fiji in Stilettos (Op-Ed
In the four decades that he has worked on the aerial survey of Virginia's Chesapeake bay drainage basin Byrd has witnessed the U s. national bird's recovery from around 30 nesting pairs to a population that may be nearing a saturation point.
So we fly low along the shoreline. For long stretches we see a nest every few seconds.
or why the early birds seem to concentrate in this one short stretch of the James river.
For the first two years of the survey researchers found no eagle pairs along the entire James river from deep in the interior of Virginia to the Chesapeake bay.
and the James river is just part of the area that we fly. For Byrd it's been a great 38 years.
The curving features streak across the plain near the Ob river and can be seen from the International Space station (ISS)
The landscape is dotted with saltwater lakes including Gorkoye Lake which can be seen within the dark-green forest on the left side of this image.
According to the region's tourism department people visit the lake's waters as well as the rich mud at the lake's bottom for healing purposes.
Hunt also pointed to evidence that the New guinea sago palm a plant that yields the starchy staple food sago first appeared over 10000 years ago along Borneo's coastline.
The brisk clip may mean this part of Antarctica which could raise global sea level by 4 feet (1. 2 meters)
A grounding line is the location where the glacier leaves bedrock and meets the ocean.
The collapse refers to an unstoppable self-sustaining retreat that would drop millions of tons of ice into the sea.
However the race to the sea is happening at different rates. Recently the fast-flowing Pine Island Glacier stabilized slowing down starting in 2009.
The slowdown was only at the ice shelf where the glacier meets the sea. Further inland the glacier is still accelerating.
To see Thwaites this monster glacier start accelerating in 2006 means we could see even more change in the near future that could affect sea level Mouginot said.
Pine Island Glacier's acceleration reached up to 155 miles (230 km) inland from where it meets the ocean.
Mouginot said warmer ocean waters contributed to the speed up. The huge ice streams flowing from West Antarctica are held back by floating ice shelves that act like dams.
Several recent studies have suggested that warmer ocean water near Antarctica is melting and thinning these ice shelves from below.
This region is considered the potential leak point for Antarctica because of the low seabed. The only thing holding it in is said the ice shelf Robert Thomas a glaciologist at the NASA Wallops Flight Facility in Wallops Island Va. who was involved not in the study.
and grow at mid-ocean ridges the long underwater volcanic chains that wind around the Earth like seams on a baseball.
Because of this compression some areas of the Alaska coastline warped downward before the earthquake and others bulged upward.
During the 1964 earthquake giant sections of coastline rose or fell as each plate relaxed
Future hazards After the coastline sank trees began dying as saltwater and silt invaded their roots creating ghost forests still visible today.
The raised islands and tree graveyards along Alaska's coast suggest that megathrust earthquakes similar to the 1964 temblor happen sometime between every 330 and 900 years.
Some of the city's most expensive houses slid into the ocean atop liquefied soils.
The movement of the seafloor during the earthquake shoves the sea giving it a big slap that translates into a massive tidal wave.
and they lived in low-rise wood-frame buildings the most resistant to shaking. 11 Facts About The 1964 Alaska Earthquake Of the 119 deaths attributable to ocean waves about one-third were due to the open-ocean tsunami:
four at Newport Beach Ore.;12 at Crescent City Calif.;and about 21 in Alaska.
and the University of Pittsburgh tested the effects of broccoli sprouts on 291 adults in a small township near the Chinese city of Qidong on the north side of the Yangtze river opposite Shanghai.
and spreads across the greater Mekong region rosewood species might face not only commercial extinction but also final biological extinction.
but in Israel they're growing grapes that over many centuries have acclimated to the Atlantic coast of France said Koh.
For instance Lehner's team discovered a basin beside the Khentkawes town just 1 kilometer (0. 62 miles) from the nearest Nile river channel.
or waterfront Lehner said at a recent symposium held here by the Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities.
and these could have been brought down the Nile river to Giza's port. Giza was the central port then for three generations Khufu Khafre Menkaure said Lehner in his presentation referring to the three pharaohs who built pyramids at Giza.
The troops didn't get as much cattle or Nile perch which were considered the more desirable forms of meat and fish.
The BBC reports that storms have uncovered unexploded WORLD WAR II bombs on beaches with the Royal Navy's Southern Dive Unit responding to an emergency call almost every day
The remnants of the forest emerged after a storm washed away much of a beach near Bride Village on the island.
A Mid-january storm pushed sand from the beach at Newgale exposing new portions of the forest as much as 10000 years old according to the Pembrokshire Herald.
and lake ice break up. Follow Megan Gannon on Twitter and Google+.+Follow us@livescience Facebook & Google+.
that populated the plains and meadows along the Melendiz River. This included diverse small animals such as hares fish turtles hedgehogs and partridges as well as larger prey such as deer boars horse goats sheep extinct wild
#'Mummy Lake'Used for Ancient Rituals, Not Water Storage In Colorado's Mesa verde national park a large 1000-year-old structure long thought to be an Ancestral Puebloan water reservoir may not have been built to store water after all a new study suggests.
Instead the so-called Mummy Lake which isn't a lake and has never been associated with mummies likely held ancient ritual ceremonies researchers say.
Mummy Lake is lined a sandstone circular pit that was originally 90 feet (27.5 meters) across
Several subsequent studies of Mummy Lake have supported also this view leading the National parks Service to officially name the structure Far View Reservoir in 2006.
Far View refers to the group of archaeological structures located on the northern part of the park's Chapin Mesa ridge where Mummy Lake is situated also.
In the new study researchers analyzed the hydrologic topographic climatic and sedimentary features of Mummy Lake and the surrounding cliff area.
See Images of Mummy Lake in Mesa verde The fundamental problem with Mummy Lake is that it's on a ridge said study lead author Larry Benson an emeritus research scientist for the U s. Geological Survey and adjunct curator
Mummy Lake and other buildings. Previously scientists had thought Mummy Lake the northernmost structure#was a key part of a large water collection
and distribution system that transported water between these structures to areas south of the reservoir.
They proposed that a gathering basin was located once uphill from Mummy Lake and that a hypothetical feeder ditch connected the two locations.
Studies have shown that another shallow foot-paved ditch runs south from Mummy Lake to Far View House
Lake Natron Gives Up Its Dead The prevailing idea was that precipitation would first collect in the basin
and then travel down to Mummy Lake along the ditch; from there some of it could then travel to the rest of the village providing water for drinking
I think it's appealing to think of Mummy Lake as a reservoir Benson told Live Science noting that the Ancestral Puebloans of Mesa verde lived in a region without any natural bodies of water.
They found that the ditches leading from Mummy Lake to the southern structures couldn't have functioned as water canals or irrigation distribution systems.
Next the team used climate models to investigate Mummy Lake's potential to store water.
if a hypothetical feeder ditch could actually provide Mummy Lake with water. The engineering and sediment transport work showed that any water in the ditch would start moving so much dirt that it would block the path Benson said.
That is soil would have clogged quickly the ditch after regular rainfall preventing the water from reaching Mummy Lake.
Benson and his colleagues propose Mummy Lake is unroofed an ceremonial structure not unlike the ancient kivas and plazas elsewhere in the Southwest.
Furthermore the ditches connecting Mummy Lake to Far View Village Spruce Tree house and Cliff Palace aren't canals to transport water
Benson and his colleagues suspect the same thing happened at Mesa verde. Mummy Lake was built as early as A d. 900 around the same time as the rest of the Far View group of structures;
We could probably call it'Mummy Lake'again. The study was detailed in the April issue of the Journal of Archaeological Science.
#Floating Islands of Rock Tracked in Pacific A computer model could help track rafts of floating rock in the ocean perhaps giving scientists a way to warn ship captains to stay away.
and to use ocean models to see if computers could predict where pumice will float.
The researchers used an ocean model called the Nucleus for European Modeling of the Ocean (NEMO)
These findings could be useful for ocean navigation Jutzeler said. Currently nine Volcanic Ash Advisory Centers around the globe monitor the skies for airborne volcanic ash for the safety of air traffic.
and terrestrial eruptions of island volcanoes could also send rafts of pumice into the sea.
Another monkey on the list is the Tana River Red Colobus. There are fewer than 1000 of these monkeys left in the world.
It stands to diminish the region s biggest rivers the Colorado and the Rio grande. But drought and climate change have been especially hard on the Navajo Nation the largest Native american tribe in the U s. with more than 170000 people living on the reservation in New mexico Arizona and Utah.
The Four Corners region where those states and Colorado meet at the edge of Navajoland is truly the front line of climate change.
and arroyos and the rangeland among the canyons mesas and volcanic hills could support large herds of livestock a mainstay of the Navajo economy.
A key problem that European traders faced was China's tight restrictions merchants being restricted largely to an area on the Pearl river Delta Maclaren said.
or if it was submerged purposely to become part of a landfill used to bulk up Lower Manhattan's coastline.
#Rains Spurred by Climate Change Killing Penguin Chicks Penguin-chick mortality rates have increased in recent years off the coast of Argentina a trend scientists attribute to climate change
From 1983 through 2010 researchers based at the University of Washington in Seattle monitored a colony of roughly 400000 Magellanic penguins living halfway up the coast of Argentina on a peninsula called Punta Tombo.
Though the researchers only analyzed a single Magellanic colony in the study they expect that colonies of the same species elsewhere along the coasts of Chile
Kosher sea dwellers must be equipped with fins and scales. So while salmon and tuna are fit for consumption lobsters clams
which reduces the risk of macular degeneration and cataracts. Immune system Glutathione is a powerful antioxidant that helps fight free radicals promoting immune system and nervous system health.
Reuse that water in your garden instead of letting it push motor oil pet waste and garbage from the streets into local rivers.
or soak up rain water where it falls. Green roofs porous pavement rain gardens and other water-saving techniques are called green infrastructure.
The photo taken on July 10 shows a dense forest of black spruce trees surrounding nearby lakes.
A piece of that early heritage was revealed recently on a beach in New zealand when a 600-year-old canoe with a turtle carved on its hull emerged from a sand dune after a harsh storm.
The 9 Craziest Ocean Voyages Separately another group of scientists discovered a climate anomaly in the South Pacific during this era that would have eased sailing from central East Polynesia southwest to New zealand.
Canoe on the coast The canoe was revealed near the sheltered Anaweka estuary on the northwestern end of New zealand's South Island.
Last summer for instance researchers from the University of Maryland and the USDA collected pollen from seven major types of crops along the East Coast where CCD has been especially destructive where bees had been in serious decline and fed
and subsequent drop in industrial pollution) then resumed its strong rise in 2007 likely due to increased tropical wetlands emissions.
Methane-producing bacteria in wetlands thrive when there's more water. Greenhouse Gases: The Biggest Emitters (Infographic) One mystery in the global methane record is why Asia's strong economic growth
But what if I told you that there is a place in Brazil where cattle graze on native grasses seasonally replenished by an annual flooding cycle where ranches are dotted with lakes full of fish where rivers support giant river otters
and where forests line riverbanks and form highways for jaguars and other rare species? This place the Pantanal is the vast low-lying alluvial plain of the Alto Paraguay River one of South america's mightiest waterways
which is born on the surrounding highlands courses through the immense lowlands of the Pantanal basin
River before draining into the southern Atlantic ocean. It is unique enough to have been designated both a UNESCO World Heritage Site
and a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve and it contains several globally important wetlands. Yet with the exception of serious birders attracted to its rare and abundant bird life most people have heard never of it.
and include extensions of seasonally flooded grasslands small lakes and cordilheira forests patches of forest occupying land just high enough to avoid flooding.
and drain wetlands to expand their grassland area. Deforestation causes erosion alters water balance eliminates the food
and sea level could occur. Many indications of global warming clearly are here already. But it is not easy to predict
We still don't know how much excess energy trapped by the continued increase of greenhouse gases is being stored On earth somewhere perhaps in the oceans
For example while many corals have been decimated as ocean temperatures rise some have become quite resilient to acidifying waters.
It is possible that the same human ingenuity that gave us industrial production of ammonium for manufacturing fertilizer will find a way to use oceans for hydroponics along with aquaculture to sustainably produce sufficient food for the world.
but the planet's surface is 70 percent ocean and even a more massive ocean was discovered recently deep within the earth.
Can we really run out of water? It is a matter of access and pollution both
and other threats to their critically important soda lakes where they feed and breed. African Grey Parrots aggregate in tremendous numbers around fruiting trees and at forest openings rich in salts in Central African forests.
According to the IUCN the Gorilla gorilla species (Western lowland gorillas and Cross River gorillas) is endangered critically with a population reduction of more than 80 percent over three generations (a generation is about 22 years.
Gorillas usually don't need to drink water from lakes or streams. They get all of the moisture they need from their food and morning dew
Furthermore the American Optometric Association reports that Vitamin c can help reduce the risk of cataracts
Clusters of trees have shed their summer greens in favor of autumnal oranges and reds around the Great lakes and New england.
The Earth-watching satellite captured the fall colors spreading around the Great lakes on Friday (Sept. 26)
The images also show traces of phytoplankton blooms in the Great lakes and off the North Atlantic coast.
and prevent them from sinking into mud at the bottom of ponds swamps and rivers.
and the Barents sea in the wintertime which might have a positive effect on sea ice
and increasing the reflectivity of clouds over the ocean. Although Ridgwell's approach is less powerful than some previous suggestions,
and they have great moral energy invested in'the oceans are going to rise'and so forth. They are,
is the task leader of the bank's Biodiversity Conservation Corridors Initiative in the Greater Mekong Subregion.
such as the World Agroforestry Centre's Making Mekong Connected initiative, are exploring the potential of carbon trading
and rivers dried up would be the end of the XTBG.
Temperature rises threaten global food security: Nature Newsrising temperatures during crop-growing seasons will pose a serious threat to food security by 2090, scientists report.
One example already adopted in Bangladesh is rainwater harvesting to deal with increasing salinity on the coasts.
which plummeted into the ocean during launch on 24 february. The satellite would have measured carbon dioxide concentrations in unprecedented detail,
Researchers know that oceans, forests and perhaps even deserts soak up carbon dioxide, but definitive descriptions of how much and where have proven elusive.
Dubcovsky and his colleagues now report that that Yr36 encodes a protein that may activate a protein signalling cascade in response to lipids,
The over-extraction of groundwater has decreased the run off of many rivers-including the Yellow River
the wheat-rice system in a region near the Tai Lake in eastern China and the wheat-maize system in the North China Plain in the northeast of the country.
'By contrast, in the Tai Lake region, 36%of fertilizer nitrogen is lost from rice fields and 44%from wheat fields through a process called denitrification, in
Within 400 kilometres of the coast, the continent could still warm by up to 5. 4 °C,
The study suggests the Botai culture was a distinct centre of domestication, separate from the'Fertile Crescent'area, between the Mediterranean sea and the Gulf, where cattle,
as well as a rise in sea level. The document represents a small but critical step on the path to regulation,
Nature Newssince the Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO) crashed into the ocean minutes after its 24 february launch,
Sodium traces hint at subsurface ocean on Enceladus: Nature Newsthe water plumes erupting from the south pole of Saturn's moon Enceladus could be caused by a liquid ocean lurking many kilometres underground rather than by geysers erupting from a salty ocean just beneath the moon
's surface as early theories suggested. Evidence that Enceladus could hold a subsurface ocean would be exciting
because liquid water elsewhere in our solar system is the most promising place to look for signs of life.
if it had verified the near-surface ocean geyser theory. An alternative explanation is that a salty liquid ocean exists deep underground
and is evaporating releasing pure water as a jet of steam and leaving the salty residue behind.
Frank Postberg at the Max Planck Institute for Nuclear physics in Heidelberg, Germany, likes the ocean idea.
if there is a liquid ocean close to Enceladus's mineral-rich rocky core, deep beneath the thick icy crust, says Postberg.
Postberg says the vapour evaporating from the ocean will also contain other gases, and bubbles of those gases carry salty water droplets through vents in Enceladus's crust, to be frozen suddenly once they get there.
Salt-rich grains are frozen directly ocean water dragged up by strong vapour flow says Postberg.
But other models exist to explain Enceladus's plumes apart from oceans or geysers. One of these suggests that reservoirs of clathrates gassy molecules locked up in the lattice of another molecule exist below the surface.
Sodium isn't the proof of a liquid ocean, she says. Sodium can be locked up in the ice of an icy clathrate model.
I'm ready to accept there's an ocean and move on he says. But there are still other questions to answer,
That ocean should not have survived over the length of the Solar system, he says. Schneider says that
although he agrees that deep oceans explain much of the data in the two papers,
I'm still a little more sceptical about how firm our conclusions are that a liquid ocean exists
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