and pharmaceutical products into waterways is often based on a belief that as the compounds degrade the ecological risks naturally decline.
and makes its way into waterways mainly through runoff. The steroid has been considered safe due to its rapid degradation with studies pointing to an environmental half-life of less than a day.
and waterways by agricultural chemicals as well as carbon costs because of vehicles and artificial fertiliser necessary to maintain the pasture.
and more recently embedding ashes in ocean reefs --or even giving the departed a sendoff with a fireworks display that includes ashes.
and is mediated by interactions with the ocean and atmosphere. The fast effects of aerosols on clouds have been studied intensely
but their long-term ocean-mediated effect has received little attention. A team of scientists at the IPRC and Scripps has provided now important new insights based on results from experiments with three state-of-the-art climate models.
Even though aerosols and greenhouse gases are concentrated in vastly different regions of Earth all three models revealed similar regional effects on rainfall over the ocean.
and greenhouse-gas-induced changes in rainfall appear to be mediated by the spatial patterns of sea surface temperature.
Although much of the aerosol research has focused on microphysical processes over the ocean the climate response to aerosols appears to be insensitive to details of the micro-processes in clouds Xie said.
and by aerosols share a common set of ocean-atmospheric feedback structures explaining the spatial resemblance between the two types of response.
We want to probe the ocean-atmosphere interaction mechanisms that mediate these rainfall patterns and to determine what forms the foundation.
Nitrogen-rich fertiliser runoff is the primary cause of oxygen depletion in oceans lakes and rivers leading to aquatic'dead zones.'
field records showed that it occurred in a unique area of the northern Andes mountains at 5000 to 9000 feet above sea level--elevations much higher than the known species of olingo.
Other examples include exhaust rising from a chimney sewage flowing into the ocean and the oil spilling underwater in the 2010 Deepwater horizon disaster.
In all these events a fluid rises into a density-stratified environment like the atmosphere or the ocean.
or how fast oil is gushing from a hole in the sea floor. Baines is now working with volcanologists in Britain to apply his model to historic eruptions like the Campanian event
or ponds instead of catching them from the oceans or streams--and scientists have been trying to figure out how to make growing fish sustainable.
#Disappearance of coral reefs, drastically altered marine food web on the horizonif history's closest analog is any indication the look of the oceans will change drastically in the future as the coming greenhouse world alters marine food webs
Scripps Institution of Oceanography UC San diego paleobiologist Richard Norris and colleagues show that the ancient greenhouse world had few large reefs a poorly oxygenated ocean tropical surface waters
and food webs that did not sustain the abundance of large sharks whales seabirds and seals of the modern ocean.
Aspects of this greenhouse ocean could reappear in the future if greenhouse gases continue to rise at current accelerating rates.
Tropical ocean temperatures reached 35 C (95 F) and the polar oceans reached 12°C (53°F)--similar to current ocean temperatures offshore San francisco. There were no polar ice sheets.
Scientists have identified a reef gap between 42 and 57 million years ago in which complex coral reefs largely disappeared
and the seabed was dominated by piles of pebble-like single-celled organisms called foraminifera. The'rainforests-of-the-sea'reefs were replaced by the'gravel parking lots'of the greenhouse world said Norris The greenhouse world was marked also by differences in the ocean food web with large parts of the tropical and subtropical ocean ecosystems supported by minute
picoplankton instead of the larger diatoms typically found in highly productive ecosystems today. Indeed large marine animals--sharks tunas whales seals even seabirds--mostly became abundant
when algae became large enough to support top predators in the cold oceans of recent geologic times.
The tiny algae of the greenhouse world were just too small to support big animals said Norris. It's like trying to keep lions happy on mice instead of antelope;
Notably despite the disruption to Earth's ecosystems the extinction of species was remarkably light other than a mass extinction in the rapidly warming deep ocean.
In many respects the PETM warmed the world more than we project for future climate change so it should come as some comfort that extinctions were limited mostly to the deep sea said Norris. Unfortunately the PETM also shows that ecological disruption can last tens of thousands of years.
and the atmosphere and oceans have already been heated. There is already some inertia in place Diffenbaugh said.
As a result the world overheats boiling its oceans and filling its atmosphere with steam
In addition nitrate pollution is a health hazard and also causes oxygen-depleted'dead zones'in our waterways and oceans.
Many marine fish species spend their larval stage near the ocean's surface#n environment completely different than the one they are in as adults.
Increased ocean noise from coastal development could also impact the species by triggering behavioral changes that negatively impact reproduction.
#Rapid upper ocean warming linked to declining aerosolsaustralian scientists have identified causes of a rapid warming in the upper subtropical oceans of the Southern hemisphere.
and preceding cooling trends to ocean circulation changes induced by global greenhouse gas emissions and aerosols predominantly generated in the Northern hemisphere from human activity.
Mr Tim Cowan lead author of the study says his group was interested initially in the three decade long cooling below the surface of the Southern hemisphere subtropical oceans from the 1960s and 1990s.
But what really caught our eye was a rapid warming of these subtropical oceans from the mid-1990s most noticeably in the Indian ocean between 300 m to 1000 m depth said Mr Cowan.
This delay in the modelled Indian ocean warming is likely due to the presence of atmospheric aerosols generated through transport emissions biomass burning and industrial smog together with natural emissions of sea salt
This in turn increases the movement of heat from the Southern hemisphere oceans to the Northern hemisphere oceans via a global oceanic conveyor belt travelling south from the subtropical Indian ocean passing the southern tip of Africa into the south Atlantic
Together with a greenhouse gas-induced southward shift the Indian subtropical ocean gyres towards the Antarctic these processes delay the Indian ocean warming in the models Dr Cai said.
What makes this work fascinating is the fact that human-emitted aerosols have such a large impact on remote ocean temperatures says Mr Cowan.
despite the observed rapid ocean warming quantifying exactly how much is due to declining aerosols or increasing greenhouse gases remains difficult
The research has been supported by the CSIRO Wealth from Oceans National Research Flagship The Australian Climate Change Science Program and the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Climate System Science.
It begins on the Tibetan Plateau at about 14500 feet or more than 2. 5 miles above sea level.
They occupy every conceivable environmental niche from the extreme depths of the oceans to the driest of deserts.
the Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences University of British columbia the University of Nevada Las vegas the University of Western Greece Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
and fastest flowing glacier in the Antarctic and is now floating in the Amundsen Sea in the form of a very large iceberg.
However the Pine Island glacier which flows from the Hudson mountains to the Amundsen Sea was the fastest flowing glacier in the Western Antarctic with a flow speed of around 4 kilometres per year.
however and is more attributable to the fact that the wind directions in the Amundsen Sea have altered.
The wind now brings warm sea water beneath the shelf ice. Over time this process means that the shelf ice melts from below primarily at the so-called grounding line the critical transition to the land ice says the scientist.
which is deeper than sea level. Its bed tends towards the land. The danger therefore exists that these large ice masses will become unstable
If the entire West Antarctic ice shield were to flow into the Ocean this would lead to a global rise in sea level of around 3. 3 metres.
Shelf ice The shelf ice which is 200 to 1200 metres thick is created by glaciers sliding into the sea.
It is therefore an extension of the Antarctic land ice which thins at the edges and floats on the sea.
A special feature of the Western Antarctic is that large areas of land are below sea level.
and the No. 1 item found during cleanup of beaches and waterways worldwide. Story Source:
But if we are to stop the rising sea levels ocean acidification and the loss of production from agriculture CO2 emissions will have to fall even more sharply.
rising sea levels ocean acidification#which threatens coral reefs#and production on agricultural land. Realistic development pathsthe main culprit in relation to these environmental changes is the emission of the greenhouse gas CO2
and limitation of ocean acidification says Marco Steinacher the leading author of the study. And the researchers ask the crucial question of what would be required in order for all of the climate targets to be met.
The objective of limiting ocean acidification proved particularly challenging and is achievable only through a massive reduction in the emissions of CO2.
This information is needed to formulate many additional climate targets#for example to prevent the acidification of the oceans in the Tropics.
because oceans and trees absorb carbon dioxide--including carbon-14--from the atmosphere. So the method won't work for tusks
These and many other questions are answered in the doctoral thesis of Kees Camphuysen from the Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research NIOZ.
She then flew to the north Sea in order to follow a fishing boat far out at sea. The next day her young had grown properly again. http://www. youtube. com/watch?
and environmental advocates to make farm edges slim sanctuaries for wildlife as well as buffers between agricultural fields and waterways.
The waterways are also corridors for deer and other big animals moving between the high country of the Diablo Range and coastal Big sur mountains that flank the valley.
Wetlands and buffers of trees grasses and shrubs help to keep runoff from fields out of the waterways slowing erosion of soil and blooms of algae downstream.
California has a big problem with concentrated nutrients in waterways and there is a lot of pressure on growers to reduce those inputs
#Strengthening legumes to tackle fertilizer pollutionthe overuse of nitrogen fertilizers in agriculture can wreak havoc on waterways health and the environment.
when sulfates in the oceans were decomposed by sulfur bacteria is believed to have played a significant role in several extinction events in particular the Great Dying at the end of the Permian period.
The organic salts used to make GUMBOS are not the familiar organic sea salt products sold for cooking and other uses.
Each year I bring my intent to continue to work for water quality in the Mississippi river watershed and its coastal ocean.
but surprisingly short for a drop of water from the Gulf of mexico to be transported inland and then flow with other droplets down the river to the ocean.
#First expansion of sea potato seaweed into New Englandthere's a new seaweed in town a brown bulbous balloon befitting the nickname sea potato.
now researchers are keeping a close eye on the sea potato's progress to determine whether there is cause for alarm.
UNH graduate students Lindsay Green and Hannah Traggis discovered the rapid southern expansion of Colpomenia peregrina also known as sea potato or oyster thief during a SCUBA DIVING trip in Kittery Maine in the summer
In the summer of 2012 the sea potato had spread as far south as Sandwich Mass. on the north shore of Cape cod.
Ranging in size from just a few centimeters to the size of a soccer ball the sea potato is a greenish to yellowish brown sac that fills with air or water.
Colpomenia peregrina looks strikingly similar to a native species Leathesia marina or sea cauliflower. Sea potato however is smoother thinner and greenish-light brown
while sea cauliflower tends to be smaller stiffer brain-like and dark brown; the researchers turned to microscopy
and DNA analysis to make a definitive identification. Traggis and Green are quick to characterize the sea potato as an introduced not invasive species in New england waters.
Nonetheless its rapid expansion into the Gulf of Maine raises concern. The seaweed earned its oyster thief nickname after its introduction to France in the early 1900s led to significant damage to the oyster industry.
while there's no need for citizens to eradicate the sea potato if they find it they shouldn't move it around.
The project was supported by the NH Sea Grant College Program and received partial funding from the New hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station at UNH.
#Tiny grazers play key role in marine ecosystem healthtiny sea creatures no bigger than a thumbtack are being credited for playing a key role in helping provide healthy habitats for many kinds of seafood according to a new study
If we make simple adjustments to completely optimise the process biodiesel obtained by cultivating these marine microalgae could be an option for energy supplies to towns near the sea points out Sergio Rossi an ICTA researcher at the UAB.
Secondly they do need not fresh water as sea water is sufficient which makes them viable even in deserts or arid areas near the coast.
In the study Argerich and colleagues analyzed concentrations of stream nitrogen which despite regulations have been on the rise across the country as energy and food production release reactive forms of the compound into waterways.
To answer this question the researchers conclude that genetic samples are needed from all whales involved in strandings including from those individuals that do eventually make it back to sea.
or skim feeding) yet both feeding styles rely on a remarkable substance in the whales'mouths to filter nutrition from the ocean:
#Making fuel from bacteriain the search for the fuels of tomorrow Swedish researchers are finding inspiration in the sea.
and snowfall thus delaying the onset of the monsoon rains until enough moisture can be moved in from the oceans.
The warming reduces the extent of polar sea ice and snow cover on the large land mass that surrounds the Arctic ocean thereby increasing the amount of solar energy absorbed by the no longer energy-reflecting surface.
and loss of sea ice and snow cover thus amplifying the base greenhouse effect. The amplified warming in the circumpolar area roughly above the Canada-USA border is reducing temperature seasonality over time
and the Puget sound Blood Center (PSBC) has revealed how stresses of flow in the small blood vessels of the heart
#Reduced sea ice disturbs balance of greenhouse gasesthe widespread reduction in Arctic sea ice is causing significant changes to the balance of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
According to the study the melting of sea ice in the Arctic has a tangible impact on the balance of greenhouse gases in this region both in terms of uptake and release.
because globally plants and the oceans absorb around half of the carbon dioxide that humans release into the air through the use of fossil fuels.
The researchers observed that a vicious circle is formed when the sea ice melts. Normally the white ice reflects sunlight which then bounces out into space
but when the sea-ice cover shrinks the amount of sunlight reflected is reduced also. Instead a larger proportion is absorbed by the surface of the ocean
which causes warming that contributes to the rise in air temperatures around the Arctic. On the one hand the rising temperatures make vegetation grow more vigorously
In addition to the changes on land the present study shows that there are a number of uncertainties surrounding the effects of the melting ice on the amount of greenhouse gases exchanged by the ocean through natural processes.
We know very little about how the shrinking sea ice cover disturbs the balance of greenhouse gases in the sea in the long term says Dr Parmentier.
In the GCEP report Field and lead author Jennifer Milne describe a suite of emerging carbon-negative solutions to global warming--from bioenergy technologies to ocean sequestration.
The report also explored the possibility of sequestering carbon in the ocean with a particular focus on the problem of ocean acidification
Ocean acidification results from the increased uptake of atmospheric CO2 which causes seawater to become more acidic.
and other minerals could be added to the ocean to reduce acidity and sequester atmospheric CO2 absorbed in seawater.
Although the potential for CO2 sequestration in the ocean is associated large the risks to the marine environment need to be assessed adequately the authors concluded.
when oceans are forming and continents are breaking apart. The continental arc volcanoes that arise during these periods are located on the edges of continents
The standard view of the greenhouse state is that you draw carbon dioxide from the deep Earth interior by a combination of more activity along the mid-ocean ridges--where tectonic plates spread--and massive breakouts of lava called'large igneous
whose research interests include the formation and evolution of continents as well as the connections between deep Earth and its oceans and atmosphere..
and he mentioned that 93.5 million years ago there was a mass extinction of deepwater organisms that coincided with a global marine anoxic event--that is the deep oceans became starved of oxygen Lee said.
Jerry was talking about the impact of anoxic conditions on the biogeochemical cycles of trace metals in the ocean but
The research was supported by the Packard Foundation the Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute at the University of Tokyo the National Science Foundation and the Miller Institute at the University of California Berkeley.
This information helps us measure the health of our oceans that sustain albatross. Almost as amazing as being a parent at 62 is the number of miles this bird has logged likely--about 50000 miles a year as an adult
and pollution especially from garbage floating on the ocean. The birds ingest large amounts of marine debris--by some estimates 5 tons of plastic are fed unknowingly to albatross chicks each year by their parents.
This particular ecosystem between the earth and the sea plays a major role in protecting the particularly unstable muddy coastline (2) against erosion.
and waterways and over-harvesting of plant and animal species. The study was led by Dr. Leandro Castello a research associate at the Woods Hole Research center (WHRC) in collaboration with scientists from various institutions in the United states and Brazil.
and dams in its headwaters even though protected areas cover 26%of the catchment area. The pressures that the authors detail need to be addressed now before conservation opportunities are lost.
Previous research suggests that this southward shift in the jet stream has contributed to changes in ocean circulation patterns and precipitation patterns in the Southern hemisphere both
and other possible mechanisms for how greenhouse gases and ozone influence the jet stream as well as Antarctic sea ice.
and salt marshes and sea grass beds being decimated. We need to figure this stuff out quickly.
Using an atmosphere-ocean coupled climate model that simulates realistically both past and present-day climate conditions the scientists found that for every degree rise in global temperature the global rainfall rate
Our climate model simulations show that this difference results from different sea surface temperature patterns.
When warming is increased due to greenhouse gases the gradient of sea surface temperature (SST) across the tropical Pacific weakens
while the eastern Pacific remains cool from the usual ocean upwelling. While during past global warming from solar heating the steeper tropical east-west SST pattern has won out we suggest that with future warming from greenhouse gases the weaker gradient
and through clever engineering we've taken its capabilities a step further says lead author Mathias Kolle a postdoctoral fellow at the Harvard School of engineering and Applied sciences (SEAS).
Professor of Materials Science at Harvard SEAS and Kolle's adviser. Aizenberg is also Director of the Kavli Institute for Bionano Science and Technology at Harvard and a Core Faculty member at the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard.
which carbon is exchanged among the atmosphere the ocean the biosphere and Earth's crust. Fewer trees mean not only a weakening of the forest's ability to absorb carbon
Ocean warming also appears to have stabilised somewhat despite the fact that CO2 emissions and other anthropogenic factors thought to contribute to global warming are still on the rise.
They also entered measurements of temperatures taken in the air on ground and in the oceans. The researchers used a single climate model that repeated calculations millions of times in order to form a basis for statistical analysis.
and ocean for the period ending in 2000 they found that climate sensitivity to a doubling of atmospheric CO2 concentration will most likely be 3. 7°C
because the oceans delay the effect by several decades. Natural changes also a major factorthe figure of 1. 9°C as a prediction of global warming from a doubling of atmospheric CO2 concentration is an average.
And as sea levels rise with climate change understanding how plants particularly crops react to salt might allow us to develop plant varieties that can grow in the saltier soils that will likely occur in coastal zones.
what did the warming do to global sea levels? --as we face global warming in the future the answer to these questions is becoming very important.
when the oceans were four to eight meters higher than today the ice sheet in northwest Greenland was only a few hundred meters lower than the current level
and running out to sea in warm climate periods like the Eemianas we thought explains Dorthe Dahl-Jensen
if Greenland's ice did not disappear during the Eemian then Antarctica must be responsible for a significant portion of the 4-8 meter rise in sea levels that we know occurred during the Eemian.
The researchers attribute the 2005 Amazonian drought to the long-term warming of tropical Atlantic sea surface temperatures.
#New Antarctic geological timeline aids future sea-level predictionsradiocarbon dates of tiny fossilised marine animals found in Antarctica's seabed sediments offer new clues about the recent rapid
and changes in ocean circulation. Reporting this month in the journal Geology a team of researchers from British Antarctic Survey (BAS) the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research (AWI)
and glacier retreat in the Amundsen Sea region of West Antarctica. The team concludes that the rapid changes observed by satellites over the last 20 years at Pine Island
and ice builds up on the vast Antarctic Ice Sheet the ice flows from the centre of the continent through glaciers towards the sea where it often forms floating ice shelves and eventually breaks off as icebergs.
The science team used gravity corers up to ten metres long to extract mud from the sea floor of the continental shelf in the Amundsen Sea.
which was carved into the sea bed by the glaciers during past ice sheet advances. These locations gave us the best chance to collect the tiny skeletons
but they are normally extremely rare on the Antarctic continental shelf. Co-author Dr James Smith also from BAS adds First we determined the distance between the core locations
Then by dating the type of sediment material deposited at a core site in the open ocean (after the grounding line had moved further landward) we were able to calculate the average rate of glacier retreat over time.
This new research will be used to improve the accuracy of computer models that are essential to predict future ice loss in the Amundsen Sea sector of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet and its likely contribution to global sea-level rise.
Over the last two decades the melting of West Antarctic glaciers has contributed significantly to sea-level rise (recent studies have suggested that continued melting would raise global sea level by up to 0. 3 mm a year.
and other vegetation that survive pine beetle invasions along waterways increase their uptake of nitrate a common disturbance-related pollutant.
In waterways adjacent to healthy pine forests concentrations of nitrate is generally far lower than in rivers on the plains in the West like the South platte said Lewis. Nitrate pollution is caused by agricultural runoff from populated areas and by permitted
If water resource monitoring detects no insecticide pollution in waterways and as a result no exceeding of the threshold levels this is
and leads to coastal ocean problems. The hypoxic zone that forms each summer in the Gulf of mexico is a result of nitrate leaching from the tile-drained Corn belt of the midwestern United states--a likely location for biofuel production he said.
and does liquify at least in small amounts as deep as 250 kilometers in the mantle beneath the ocean floor.
The Rice team focused on mantle beneath the ocean because that's where the crust is created
and spread out to form the ocean crust. The starting point for melting has long been thought to be at 70 kilometers beneath the seafloor.
Seismologists have observed anomalies in their velocity data as deep as 200 kilometers beneath the ocean floor Dasgupta said.
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