The researchers used it as a substrate for graphene. Hitting the combined material with femtosecond pulses from a near-infrared laser prompted the indium phosphide to emit terahertz back through the graphene.
and transferring it to an indium phosphide substrate. Laser pulses generated coherent bursts of terahertz radiation through a built-in surface electric field of the indium phosphide substrate that changed due to charge transfer between the graphene and the contaminating molecules.
The terahertz wave when visualized reflected the change. The experimental results are a warning for electronics manufacturers.
The Rice and Osaka labs are continuing to collaborate on a project to measure the terahertz conductivity of graphene on various substrates he said.
Ward has worked on both substrate experiments--testing how well snakes move across different types of road surfaces
The otter is a keystone predator whose presence has outsized an effect on its kelp forest habitat.
and other artificial substrates (e g. cell towers billboards buildings) are preferred overwhelmingly by ravens as nesting sites
and are preferred not by any of the three hawk species. A nest located on artificial substrate is nearly 100 percent 89.4 percent
â#¢presence of artificial nesting substrate versus natural nesting substrate (e g. trees cliffs rock-outcrops) â#¢presence/absence of agricultural fieldsâ#¢amount of native grassland andâ#¢proximity to habitat edge (where any of four natural habitat
types might abut one another) and proximity to human-made features. Ravens were classified as an uncommon breeder within this area as recently as 1986.
â#¢73 percent of ravens nests were located on artificial nesting substrates of which 53 percent were located on transmission line towers. â#¢Both ravens
â#¢70 percent of nests located on natural substrates (cottonwood and juniper tress) â#¢Breeding pairs of Red-tailed hawks also considered a generalist species increased substantially from the mid-1970s (1 nest) to the mid-1990s (33 nests)
â#¢98 percent of nests located on natural substrates (juniper cottonwood and cultivated trees) â#¢Nested in communities dominated by native grasses and near agricultural areasferrugionous Hawks:
â#¢Approximately 74 percent of nests were located on natural substrates mostly juniper trees. â#¢Selected areas dominated by contiguous stands of sagebrush. â#¢Ferruginous Hawk nests were located farther from roads
This rich assemblage of materials in bronze silver lead and iron along with the abundant ceramics and remarkable evidence of organic remains create an unparalleled opportunity for the study of culture religion
--and numerous ceramic vessels related to the storage serving and drinking of wine. The grape seeds often were found inside the bronze vessels a curious detail that de Grummond says could be indicative of ritual activity.
and Laura Banducci of the University of Toronto and Carleton College who is organizing the ceramics for study with particular attention to the pottery made in the region of Cetamura.
#Superconductors: Physical link to strange electronic behaviorscientists have new clues this week about one of the baffling electronic properties of the iron-based high-temperature superconductor barium iron nickel arsenide.
A Rice university-led team of U s. German and Chinese physicists has published the first evidence based on sophisticated neutron measurements of a link between magnetic properties
magnetism is believed to be essential for the origin of high-temperature superconductivity. In a new study appearing online this week in the journal Science Express scientists at Rice the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing
The research team said they hope the findings will prove useful in explaining the underlying physics of directionally dependent electronic phenomena that have been observed in several different types of superconducting materials.
Most high-temperature superconductors and many closely related compounds exhibit a number of exotic electronic phases particularly as they approach the critical temperature where superconductivity arises said Pengcheng Dai professor of physics and astronomy at Rice and the study
Explaining high-temperature superconductivity remains the foremost challenge in condensed matter physics. First documented in 1986 the phenomenon is marked by zero electrical resistance in some crystalline ceramic materials below a critical temperature.
While very cold the critical temperatures for high-temperature superconductors--between 50 and 150 kelvins above absolute zero--are relatively high in comparison with the temperatures required for conventional superconductivity.
Like most high-temperature superconductors barium iron nickel arsenide is a composite crystal. Its molecular structure consists of layers of arsenic
and barium atoms that are sandwiched between checkerboard planes of iron atoms. The nickel atoms are substituted then partially for iron to tune the material's physical properties.
This state corresponds to the collective arrangement of electrons we see in magnetism and in superconductivity.
This spin excitation anisotropy sheds new light on the microscopic origins of electronic phases in the iron pnictide superconductors said Si Rice's Harry C. and Olga K. Wiess
It may help explain the interplay between magnetism and superconductivity and more generally the mechanism for superconductivity in the iron pnictide superconductors.
#Filter bed substrates, plant types recommended for rain gardensurban stormwater runoff is causing problems for the world's water sources.
Typically the gardens are excavated backfilled with a filter bed substrate then planted with vegetation that helps to remove pollutants.
The filter bed substrate is the foundation of the rain garden and gives it the ability to infiltrate runoff slow drainage support plant growth
Kraus and her colleagues designed experiments to assess three different filter bed substrates for their effectiveness in nutrient removal and supporting plant growth.
The research team constructed 12 rain gardens filled with one of three filter bed substrates. The gardens were planted with 16 plant species
The substrates used in the experiments included a sand-based substrate (sand) composed of 80%washed sand 15%clay
a soil-based substrate (soil) composed of 50%sandy loam soil and 50%pine bark;
and a slate-based substrate (slate) composed of 80%expanded slate and 20%pine bark.
The substrates differed in infiltration and drainage rates as well as chemical composition. Diverse plant species that included trees shrubs herbaceous perennials a grass and a rush were selected to allow the researchers to evaluate the performance of a wide range of evergreen deciduous woody and herbaceous plants.
and phosphorus. Overall all three substrates functioned in reducing the quantity of pollutants in urban stormwater runoff the authors noted.
They added that the impact of substrate on remediation appeared to lessen by the second season of the study;
#Green spaces in cities may increase erosion of building materials such as stone, concrete and steelgreen spaces in towns
When organic chemicals from trees and vegetation mix with air pollutants the resulting corrosive gas can increase the erosion of building materials including stone concrete and steel.
When organic chemicals from trees and vegetation mix with air pollutants the resulting corrosive gas can increase the erosion of building materials including stone concrete and steel.
The effects of green infrastructure vary depending on building material and the particular pollutant. Limestone for example found in the buildings like Westminster abbey
and is really a cornerstone of cardiac rehabilitation worldwide. For smokeless tobacco we did not know.
We knew about the building blocks of milk and that milk fat has significant influence on the flavor texture and nutritional value of all dairy food.
This along with its keystone ecological status and ability to adapt to marginal terrain make Eucalyptus an excellent focus for expanding our knowledge of the evolution and adaptive biology of perennial plants.
Andrew Hanson a UF eminent scholar in horticultural sciences said he believes Plantseed--the capstone of the team's three-year effort--will prove even more of a boon to traditional breeders
which seeks to build scientific communities around cornerstone species of relevance to DOE missions in bioenergy carbon cycling and biogeochemistry.
The jumping plant louse Diaphorina citri hones in on the odor methyl salicylate that is released by damaged young leaves of citrus trees
Drillers install pad substrate of stone to support heavy equipment and the drillers use a much greater quantity of water for hydrofracturing.
As a result pink bollworm has been eradicated all but in the southwestern U s. Suppression of this pest with Bt cotton is the cornerstone of an integrated pest management program that has allowed Arizona cotton growers to reduce broad spectrum insecticide use by 80
Natural beauty recreation a source of lumber wood pulp for paper products raw material for biofuels. They also generate jobs
and thinning to grow trees valuable for lumber or veneer. It could also involve tending natural stands to accelerate the development of old-growth character
They installed a growth chamber with insulation and yellow and blue high-intensity discharge lamps in a former limestone mine in Marengo Indiana to test how corn would react to an environment in
which are territorial travel no more than 55 feet from their nests to collect nest-building material.
Substrate hardness influences crab herbivory by limiting crab burrowing in hard and soft substrates leading to a peak in herbivory in medium hardness substrates where burrows can be constructed easily
increase in Sesarma substrate disturbance and a more than 150-percent increase in unvegetated bare space in comparison to control plots.
The study demonstrates that consuming a soy-dairy blend leads to a steady rise in amino acids the building blocks of muscle.
Cement is a major emitter of carbon dioxide (CO2) greenhouse gas so the authors suggested that wood products
or others with lower emissions than cement be considered where cement has traditionally been used. In addition however agriculture's use of fossil energy could be reduced as a mitigation step Rice said:
The second is Cultural Keystone Food Group or food groups that prove to be more vital to the cuisine than others like the viandas in this study.
The tetracycline repressor is engineered to function as a UPS substrate; it essentially mimics a misfolded protein.
They found it to be much better than nanofluids that contain higher amounts of oxide nitride or carbide ceramics metals semiconductors carbon nanotubes and other composite materials.
and serves as a kind of intercellular cement and protects the ground from erosion Peggy Bierbaã says.
not only to monitor substrate moisture but also to control irrigation. Based on the positive experiences and comments from our grower collaborators other growers have been eager to try WSNS in their operations.
Advances in sensor technology and increased understanding of plant physiology have made it possible for greenhouse growers to use water content sensors to accurately determine irrigation timing and application rates in soilless substrates.
The wireless sensor systems provide more accurate measurements of substrate moisture than qualitative methods and can save irrigation water labor energy and fertilizer.
#Superconductivity in orbit: Scientists find new path to loss-free electricitybrookhaven Lab researchers captured the distribution of multiple orbital electrons to help explain the emergence of superconductivity in iron-based materials.
Armed with just the right atomic arrangements superconductors allow electricity to flow without loss and radically enhance energy generation delivery and storage.
Scientists tweak these superconductor recipes by swapping out elements or manipulating the valence electrons in an atom's outermost orbital shell to strike the perfect conductive balance.
Most high-temperature superconductors contain atoms with only one orbital impacting performance--but what about mixing those elements with more complex configurations?
Now researchers at the U s. Department of energy's Brookhaven National Laboratory have combined atoms with multiple orbitals
Using advanced electron diffraction techniques the scientists discovered that orbital fluctuations in iron-based compounds induce strongly coupled polarizations that can enhance electron pairing--the essential mechanism behind superconductivity.
The study set to publish soon in the journal Physical Review Letters provides a breakthrough method for exploring and improving superconductivity in a wide range of new materials.
While the effect of doping the multi-orbital barium iron arsenic--customizing its crucial outer electron count by adding cobalt--mirrors the emergence of high-temperature superconductivity in simpler systems the mechanism itself may be entirely different.
Now superconductor theory can incorporate proof of strong coupling between iron and arsenic in these dense electron cloud interactions said Brookhaven Lab physicist and study coauthor Weiguo Yin.
and the 50-year-old'excitonic'theory for high-temperature superconductivity opening a new frontier for condensed matter physics.
Flowing electricity can have a similar effect on the atomic lattices of superconductors repelling the negatively charged valence electrons in the surrounding atoms.
High-temperature copper-oxide superconductors or cuprates contain in effect a single orbital and lack the degree of freedom to accommodate strong enough interactions between electricity
Shape-Shifting Atomsthe researchers first examined the electron clouds of non-superconducting samples of barium iron arsenic.
However when the scientists transformed the compound into a superconductor by doping it with cobalt the electron distribution radically changed.
We created very precise electronic and atomic displacement that might actually drive the critical temperature of these superconductors higher.
The quadrupole polarization of the iron which indicates the orbital fluctuation couples intimately with the arsenic dipole polarization--this mechanism may be key to the emergence of high-temperature superconductivity in these iron-based compounds.
IOTA is studying the biochemical pathways that produce Dunaliella's essential metabolites--small chemicals synthesised by the microalgae that can form the building blocks of more complex therapeutically useful natural products.
and plastic building materials to construct their nests. The research was published recently in the journal Ecosphere.
We found two solitary bee species using plastic in place of natural nest building materials which suggests innovative use of common urban materials.
The scientists planted rooted cuttings of the three aromatics in a green roof infrastructure they then placed on a fully exposed flat roof in Athens. Two types of substrates were used (grape marc compost:
perlite) at two substrate depths 7. 5 cm (shallow) and 15 cm (deep. The team applied two irrigation frequencies throughout the study:
sparse (5 or 7 days in shallow and deep substrate respectively) and normal (3 or 5 days in shallow and deep substrate respectively) and recorded plant growth from May to October.
With A. absinthium grape marc compost-amended substrate produced taller plants and larger plant diameter compared with peat-amended substrate deep substrate produced larger plant
diameter compared with shallow substrate and normal irrigation produced taller plants compared with sparse irrigation the researchers said.
The researchers noted that a remarkable result was that shallow compost-amended substrate with sparse irrigation resulted in similar
or even bigger plant growth of all plant species compared with deep peat-amended substrate with normal irrigation.
or semi-intensive green roofs and additionally found that the use of grape marc compost in the substrate allowed for less water consumption
and the reduction of substrate depth without restriction of plant growth at the establishment phase and the first period of drought Papafotiou said.
and graphene or another substrate preferentially a semiconductor that will allow them to trap hot electrons.
#Fur and feathers keep animals warm by scattering lightin work that has major implications for improving the performance of building insulation scientists at the University of Namur in Belgium and the University of Hassan
The insulating power of the animals'coats made Simonis wonder why thermal insulation in buildings doesn't work as well.
or glasswool--common types of building insulation made from minerals or glass fibers--to get a temperature of 20 degrees Celsius inside from about-5 degrees Celsius outside?
and barbed feathers could be the primary mechanism for the thermal insulation properties of fur and feathers.
With the right structure fur and feathers can generate efficient thermal insulation in the far infrared range
For humans focusing on ways to minimize radiative heat loss could lead to the development of new types of ultrathin insulation.
because it shows that two of the keystone principles of rationality regularity and transitivity cannot be applied easily.
'when the tips are connected to the body by insulating materials meaning the charge at the tip will be different from the rest of the insect.
In the past the Agathis resin known as manila copal was exploited for linoleum and varnishes but synthetics replaced most of that use.
The researchers report in the current issue of American Journal of Botany that Agathis was a dominant keystone element of the Patagonian Eocene floras alongside numerous other plant taxa that still associate with it in Australasia and Southeast asia.
Elephants are considered to be a'keystone'species or a species that is especially important to the health of ecosystems in Africa Eggert said.
and the first solutions are usually insulation, and double-or triple-paned windows. You might want to hire a company to evaluate your building envelope,
 Just as smarter buildings and smarter neighborhoods are the building blocks of smarter cities people are as well.
but aren't near brick-and-mortar branches. In Africa, it's very, very important
so some architects are working with synthetic biologist to create building materials that could be applied to the walls of existing buildings that could suck greenhouse gases from the air,
and make it thing where you still have a high level of performance but it a very different material than an adobe brick today.
and Armstrong said the building blocks of Biolime and are small chemical droplets called protocells, which can be designed
that weakens brick and mortar. Weaker brick and mortar and weaker print means weaker publishers,
because the main thing that publishers do for authors that they can t do for themselves is put books on shelves.
dimensional lumber for building materials. When those trees were planted in the 1980s, their landowners didn't anticipate that the construction industry would crash in 2008.
insulation and window retrofits, excluding new construction. That doesn't appear to be category that public data agencies track.
These goats produce human breast milkthis Spring brought news of goats engineered to lactate the building blocks of a malaria vaccine.
Jennings and JP Mcmahon served pigeon on bricks from Middleton Place the plantation where everybody was staying
Planter bags made of recycled Tyvec building material could be slung over or hung from fencing and used to grow, say, strawberry plants or lemon tree starters.
As part of this year's Melbourne Food and Wine Festival program, the Greenhouse uses the by-products of agriculture for insulation
The Mgo is a strong, environmentally friendly building material that is one tenth the carbon footprint of fiber cement sheet.
As with the past three Geenhouse restaurants, Joost utilizes sustainable ideas in all aspects of the building, from food sourcing and production, through to architecture, building materials and furniture design.
(which can be used in bricks) has begun buying other company's waste paper to use in its paperboard operations.
building materials and a host of other products drawn from nature. The second issue is environmental degradation,
Of course, as Green points out, any building material has to be cost effective to catch on in a big way.
Build better bricks with this beer brewing byproduct   Portuguese researchers have found a way to incorporate leftover brewery grains into a paste used to make bricks.
 Conventional red clay bricks contain polystyrene (a synthetic polymer), which helps enhance their heat-trapping abilities.
because the bricks remain strong, and they can be built into energy-efficient buildings, Eduardo Ferraz of the Polytechnic institute of Tomar told New Scientist.
But EU restrictions on carbon emissions have made it expensive to incorporate these sorts of synthetic materials into bricks.
 That is, bricks that provide insulation without sacrificing strength, New Scientist explains: With a clay paste containing 5 percent spent grains,
the team was able to create bricks just as strong as the conventional type, while reducing the amount of heat they lost by 28 percent.
Turns out, the grains make the bricks more porous, so they trap more air, which increases heat retention, according to the team.
These experimental bricks were slow fired at 900,950, and 1, 000 degrees Celsius.)But then theres the smell.
U s. brick manufacturer Acme Brick Company had given previously up on experimenting with this material because of the overpowering stench of moist grains, New Scientist reports.
Although according to Ferraz, the problem vanishes once the bricks are fired. Â The work was published in Journal of Materials in Civil engineering last month.
Bats can become entangled in roof insulation and solar panels increase the temperature of roof spaces,
which has led a global push for lumber certification. If there is fraud taking place between the forest owner and the mill,
but verifying the origins of wood could help sellers fetch higher prices at the market for lumber.
which panelists discussed the impact of rising oil prices on the cost of plastic building materials;
To me, the building block is not as important as what happens at the end if we keep throwing things into the landfill
which pioneered the tree-trunk construction, with steel at its core and reinforced concrete slabs for its floors.
SOM s Timber Tower Report was funded by the Softwood Lumber Board, a trade group based in forest-rich British columbia that looks to promote
Plantlab also deploys infra red light, relative humidity, air temperature, root and substrate temperature, and airflow to achieve
it has replaced some bricks and mortar construction and management, and all the energy consumption that goes with that. How many stores and shopping centers have not been built because of the replacement of sales through online channels?
With wine, our material acts as an insulation. Finally, we re starting to do some consumer products picture frames, bowls for your home.
We re also doing building materials as well--replacing foam insulation. It would mostly be commercial. The question is what s the best way to do it.
the building blocks of omega-3 fatty acids that help keep the heart and arteries clean and functioning, has boomed in recent years as Americans face an obesity and heart-disease epidemic.
galvanized roofing,  old lumber, doors and windows  (shown below). Created in collaboration with local landscape designer Michael Petrie,
IPAD is a thin monolith with with no moving parts. Â The notebook clamshell design hasn't changed much in 25 years
Reproduced ceramics are buried for months, even years, to give them the same appearance and smell as artifacts found in ancient tombs,
said Davidson, Â But to hone in, and to look at something as magnificent as these enormous, wonderful trees.
the gardens also act as insulation. Â During the winter they keep in heat while in the summer they have a cooling effect,
One group hopes to take building materials that contain recycled coal ash off the table for certification and out of the walls, cement, carpeting, flooring, roofing, pipes, paint, kitchen counter, basically everything but the kitchen sink.
Currently LEED standards limit the amount of mercury in cement made with coal ash to 5. 5 parts per billion.
For instance, the waste that New york city produces every hour weighs as much as the Statue of liberty--in the future that waste could be recompacted into building blocks,
with the example of using a kind of massive mushroom grown within frames to create blocks of building materials.
These biopolymers often have comparable (if not superior) strength to conventional building materials like concrete. The emphasis there is heavily on the theoretical, of course."
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