and firewood and the mining of limestone there--used for the production of cement fertilizer
and a previously unknown early brick structure above it fragments of charcoal and grains of sand were tested using a combination of radiocarbon and optically stimulated luminescence techniques.
#New recyclable building material, made partially from potatoes, could help solve waste problema new biodegradable and recyclable form of medium density fibreboard (MDF) has been created that could dramatically reduce the problem of future waste.
These are what ecologists call keystone species: critters that control an ecosystem and have a disproportionate impact on other species. And in the forests of New england
what are the keystone species? Put earthworms on the list. Kudzu vines grow madly covering power lines.
and he explained that by adding potassium chloride the clay becomes really tough like cement. He was using it to strengthen the mud wall.
because it helps to cement group function and cooperation he said. The work on the within-colony veil of ignorance has additional implications for the practice of science said Strassmann.
Ntoulas and colleagues compared the growth of Zoysia matrella'Zeon'in two different substrates. They also investigated the impact of increasing either substrate depth or the amount of irrigation on Manilagrass growth and recovery potential during and after moisture deficit periods.
The 2-year outdoor study was conducted on a rooftop at the Laboratory of Floriculture and Landscape architecture in Athens. The experiments involved three factors:
two substrate types two substrate depths and two irrigation regimes replicated five times. The results showed that during moisture deficit periods green turf cover (GTC) normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)
and leaf relative water content (RWC) were affected most by substrate depth moderately affected by irrigation regime
and to a lesser extent by substrate type the authors said. Turfgrass growth and physiological status were best during moisture deficit conditions in the deeper profile (15 cm) using the higher amount of irrigation (6 mm) and the locally mixed substrate.
The scientists concluded that substrate depth was the most significant factor that improved growth and drought resistance of Manilagrass;
the deeper substrate resulted in improved drought tolerance when compared with the shallow substrate. However because load is a crucial issue on green roof construction
if substrate depth must be reduced to 7. 5 cm then irrigation should exceed 6 mm every 3 days to have adequate growth and successfully overcome summer moisture deficit periods they recommended.
Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by American Society for Horticultural Science. Note:
Materials may be edited for content and length. Journal Reference e
#New research informs California strawberry production practicesin the coastal valleys of central California where more than 80%of the United states'strawberry crops are grown there is developing concern about the impact of these vast production systems
and other keystones of the area's biodiversity but it has had significant costs for people living in the area.
and building material and rely on local grasses to thatch roofs and feed their livestock. The policies governing the park are top-down with little input from residents Carter said.
They traced the uptake of C-14-labeled acetate into fatty acids the building blocks of membrane lipids and oils.
The generated organic soil amendment substrate helps to improve soil fertility. Moreover according to the requirements of crop species and depending on the soil conditions the organic soil improvers can be mixed with the recovered mineral fertiliser salts to a suited nutrient composition with a defined N/P ratio.
and Ph d. students Nicholas Ginga and Wei Chen studied forests of carbon nanotubes grown atop a silicon substrate then covered the tips of the structures with another layer of silicon.
--and a refined experimental setup that Silberg initially drafted with his son's spare Lego bricks--to establish a situation where just one microbial conversation was taking place
Agar was added to fill all parts of the dish except for the areas blocked by the bricks.
The two hydrogen atoms therefore use the surfaces of dust grains as a substrate and the force of the reaction energy is enough to set the dust grains in motion.
and vegetative reproduction) and growing them in the lab in different mixtures of substrates the authors determined that these microbes were able to fix
and humanity has dealt with that through embalming purchasing elaborate headstones and more recently embedding ashes in ocean reefs
Besides funeral home websites that allow virtual visitors to sign guest books online mourning has evolved to include Facebook's R i. P. permanent memorials as well as virtual tombstones
which allow people to use their smartphones to scan headstone codes and launch websites with an interactive life story for those who visit the grave in person or online.
When the interaction of metals was analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy it revealed the creation of a more supportive substrate for the forests to root in.
and collagen-like Yarger and his team had to examine the biopolymers tiny molecular structures that serve as the building blocks for the silk using the Biocars sector 14 at the Argonne National Laboratory-based APS.
when substrate volumetric water content drops below a set threshold allowing for precise irrigation control
The experimental results revealed that the effect of substrate volumetric water content threshold on dry weight plant height
Irene Rusakova a senior research scientist at the Texas Center for Superconductivity at the University of Houston;
Using coal waste from the site of a former colliery in Nottinghamshire as a substrate the researchers grew rapeseed flax sugar beet and maize with different additives:
Lignin is a kind of cement that embeds the sugar molecules and thereby gives firmness to plants.
The lignin cement has to be removed via an energy-consuming and environmentally unfriendly process. Plants with a lower amount of lignin or with lignin that is easier to break down can be a real benefit for biofuel and bioplastics production.
The researchers first thought that thawing frozen broccoli in the refrigerator might rupture the plant's cells and kick-start the enzyme-substrate interaction.
If it were decaying through supersymmetric or other new particles then the prediction of how often this decay should happen would be wrong.
That it precisely matches the model places constraints on supersymmetric and other models that could explain dark matter in the universe he said.
which is a fundamental building block of microelectronics. Our work provides a new path for the realization of polarization-sensitive photodetectors that could be enabled on flexible
and Materials Engineering finds that cranberry-enriched silicone substrates impaired the spread of Proteus mirabilis. Those results published online in the journal Colloids and Surfaces B:
This indicates that less substrate/oxygen was consumed to produce the same amount of energy in the form of ATP showing that mitochondria from fasted chicks adjust its functioning to minimize the cost of energy production.
and basal metabolic rate short period of hypothermia and high thermal insulation) that lead to reduce the energy allocated to heat production and growth.
and grabbing hold of the substrate protein and helping hold it inside the cavity. The first thing we saw was a large amount of an unfolded protein inside of this cavity he said.
and grabbing hold of the substrate protein and helping hold it inside the cavity. The first thing we saw was a large amount of an unfolded protein inside of this cavity he said.
Carbon the basic building block of all organic tissue moves through the food chain at varying speeds depending on
or even pieces of dust appeared on the substrate. The material is difficult to nucleate unlike hbn
We started learning that we could control that nucleation by adding artificial edges to the substrate
The problem is that manufacturing Portland cement accounts for seven percent of the carbon dioxide that industry puts into the air.
Portland cement is the source of the glue that holds most modern concrete together. But making it releases carbon from burning fuel needed to heat a mix of limestone and clays to 1450 degrees Celsius (2642 degrees Fahrenheit)--and from the heated limestone (calcium carbonate) itself.
or lower requiring far less fuel than Portland cement. Cutting greenhouse gas emissions is one powerful incentive for finding a better way to provide the concrete the world needs;
--and reacted with the ash to cement the whole mixture together. Pozzuoli Bay defines the northwestern region of the Bay of Naples.
In concrete made with Portland cement this is a compound of calcium silicates and hydrates (C-S-H). Roman concrete produces a significantly different compound with added aluminum and less silicon.
In theory C-S-H in concrete made with Portland cement resembles a combination of naturally occurring layered minerals called tobermorite and jennite.
Lessons for the futureenvironmentally friendly modern concretes already include volcanic ash or fly ash from coal-burning power plants as partial substitutes for Portland cement with good results.
These blended cements also produce C-a-S-H but their long-term performance could not be determined until the Monteiro team analyzed Roman concrete.
or less the temperature required by Portland cement. Lime reacting with aluminum-rich pozzolan ash and seawater formed highly stable C# -S-H
It could replace 40 percent of the world's demand for Portland cement. And there are sources of pozzolan all over the world.
if it has no defects--its intrinsic strength says James Hone professor of mechanical engineering who led the study with Jeffrey Kysar professor of mechanical engineering.
and were able to create test samples without harming the graphene notes the paper's lead author Gwan-Hyoung Lee a postdoctoral fellow in the Hone lab. Our findings clearly correct the mistaken consensus that grain boundaries of graphene
In its perfect crystalline form graphene (a one-atom-thick carbon layer) is the strongest material ever measured as the Columbia Engineering team reported in Science in 2008--so strong that as Hone observed it would take an elephant balanced on a pencil to break through a sheet
which single layers of graphene are grown on copper substrates in a high-temperature furnace. One of the first applications of graphene may be as a conducting layer in flexible displays.
In studying the processing techniques used to create their samples for testing they found that the chemical most commonly used to remove the copper substrate also causes damage to the graphene severely degrading its strength.
or more in size says Hone. This strength will be invaluable as scientists continue to develop new flexible electronics and ultrastrong composite materials.
#Discovery by physicists furthers understanding of superconductivity: Experiments show Zhang-Rice singlet state in different class of materialsphysicists at the University of Arkansas have collaborated with scientists in the United states
and Asia to discover that a crucial ingredient of high-temperature superconductivity could be found in an entirely different class of materials.
In my mind the high-temperature superconductivity is the most important unsolved mystery of condensed matter physics.
Superconductivity is a phenomenon that occurs in certain materials when cooled to extremely low temperatures such as negative-435 degrees Fahrenheit.
High-temperature superconductivity exists at negative-396 degrees Fahrenheit. In both cases electrical resistance drops to zero and complete expulsion of magnetic fields occurs.
Superconductors have the ability to transport large electrical currents and produce high magnetic fields which means they hold great potential for electronic devices and power transmission.
The recent finding by the University of Arkansas-led team is important to further understand superconductivity Chakhalian said.
from conventional superconductors. There is now a whole different class of materials where you can search for the enigmatic superconductivity Chakhalian said.
This is completely new because we know that the Zhang-Rice quantum state which used to be the hallmark of this high-temperature superconductor could be found in totally different crystal structures.
Does it have a potential to become a novel superconductor? We don't know but it has all the right ingredients.
Meyers was the lead researcher. Srimanta Middey a postdoctoral research associate at the university and Benjamin A. Gray a doctoral student performed the theoretical calculations
I can make a closed circuit out of the superconducting material cool it down and attach a battery that starts the flow of the electrons.
when graphene is used as a middleman surfaces considered unusable as substrates for carbon nanotube growth now have the potential to do so.
Graphene and metallic nanotubes are also highly conductive in combination with metallic substrates they may also have advanced uses in electronics he said.
That might be one of the big things about graphene that you can have a noninvasive coating that keeps the property of the substrate
Testing found that the graphene layer remains intact between the nanotube forest and the diamond or other substrate.
On a metallic substrate like copper the entire hybrid is highly conductive. Such seamless integration through the graphene interface would provide low-contact resistance between current collectors
the colonies were much more flexible in terms of the variables relating to the microclimate of the cavity--insulation orientation
and to investigate how those defects change its properties says James Hone professor of mechanical engineering at Columbia Engineering who led the study.
which can be metals semiconductors dielectrics and even superconductors. This material is the newest in a growing family of two-dimensional crystals says Arend van der Zande a research fellow at the Columbia Energy Frontier Research center and one of the paper's three lead authors.
With the addition of the monolayer molybdenum disulfide and other metal dichalcogenides we have all the building blocks for modern electronics that must be created in atomically thin form.
While these tiny specimens are fine for scientific studies notes Daniel Chenet a Phd in Hone's lab
The grain boundaries become important in any technology says Hone. Say for example we want to make a solar cell.
and are now developing techniques to integrate it into many new technologies Hone adds. We're only just beginning to scratch the surface of
For instance we can easily remove this material from the growth substrate and transfer it on to any arbitrary surface
The growth and electrical measurements were made by the Hone lab in mechanical engineering; the optical measurements were carried out in the Tony Heinz lab in physics.
and is considered to be endangered an species. It is the latest evidence of the unique and numerous species found in this specialized humid forest that grows on sandy substrate within kilometers of the shoreline.
and scavenging behaviors-cornerstone adaptations that likely facilitated brain expansion in human evolution movement of hominins out of Africa and into Eurasia as well as important shifts in our social behavior anatomy and physiology
Our expectation is that the data from our nuclear physics experiments can be combined with the results from atomic trapping experiments measuring EDMS to make the most stringent tests of the Standard model the best theory we have for understanding the nature of the building blocks of the universe Butler said.
#Chink in the armor of Schmallenberg virus identifieda key building block in the Schmallenberg virus could be targeted by antiviral drugs according to a new study led from the University of Leeds. The disease
and substrate heterogeneity says Liphardt an expert in PALM technology. This enables us to quantify how
The new PALM-based technique should allow enzyme cock tails to be matched optimally to the structural organizations of particular biomass substrates such as grass
Domains of graphene that start to grow on a substrate are lined not necessarily up with each other
Georgia Institute of technology and Purdue University researchers have developed efficient solar cells using natural substrates derived from plants such as trees.
Just as importantly by fabricating them on cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) substrates the solar cells can be recycled quickly in water at the end of their lifecycle.
The researchers report that the organic solar cells reach a power conversion efficiency of 2. 7 percent an unprecedented figure for cells on substrates derived from renewable raw materials.
The CNC substrates on which the solar cells are fabricated are optically transparent enabling light to pass through them before being absorbed by a very thin layer of an organic semiconductor.
Within only minutes the CNC substrate dissolves and the solar cell can be separated easily into its major components.
The development and performance of organic substrates in solar technology continues to improve providing engineers with a good indication of future applications said Kippelen who is also the director of Georgia Tech's Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics (COPE.
and petroleum-based substrates are not very eco-friendly. For instance if cells fabricated on glass were to break during manufacturing
Paper substrates are better for the environment but have shown limited performance because of high surface roughness or porosity.
The substrates have a low surface roughness of only about two nanometers. Our next steps will be to work toward improving the power conversion efficiency over 10 percent levels similar to solar cells fabricated on glass
or petroleum-based substrates said Kippelen. The group plans to achieve this by optimizing the optical properties of the solar cell's electrode.
Funding for CNC substrate processing was provided by USDA-Forest Service (Grant No. 11-JV-11111129-118)( R. J. M. J. P. Y. J. L
These ribbons were the building blocks of the three-dimensional architecture Yang said. This unique structure was favorable for the ultrafast diffusion of both lithium ions
The idea is to use bioethanol production byproducts to produce a material to use in concrete as a partial replacement of cement said Feraidon Ataie doctoral student in civil engineering Kabul Afghanistan.
portland cement water and aggregate. The world uses nearly 7 billion cubic meters of concrete a year making concrete the most-used industrial material after water said Kyle Riding assistant professor of civil engineering and Ataie's faculty mentor.
or other building materials we use so much of it that concrete production accounts for between 3 to 8 percent of global carbon dioxide emissions Riding said.
To reduce carbon dioxide emissions from concrete production the researchers are studying environmentally friendly materials that can replace part of the portland cement used in concrete.
When the researchers added the high-lignin ash byproduct to cement the ash reacted chemically with the cement to make it stronger.
and found that replacing 20 percent of the cement with cellulosic material after burning increased the strength of the concrete by 32 percent.
Cellulosic ethanol byproducts then can be added to cement to strengthen concrete. The utilization of this byproduct is important in both concrete materials
This will allow managers to sample soil and substrates to test for the presence of Geomyces destructans freeing up limited surveillance funds and time.
The building blocks of blue-green algae#sunlight carbon dioxide and bacteria#are being used by researchers at KTH Royal Institute of technology in Stockholm to produce butanol a hydrocarbon-like fuel for motor vehicles.
Looking something like extremely delicate white dental floss mycelia grow in through and around just about any organic substrate.
Ceramics are used in a wide variety of technologies including body armor fuel cells spark plugs nuclear rods and superconductors.
Biochar is a plant byproduct similar to charcoal that can be made from lumber waste dried corn stalks and other plant residues.
which are present in pesticides industrial waste and building materials. These compounds penetrate the body mainly through food but also through air or the skin.
Through first-principle calculations of the interaction of boron atoms with various substrates the team came up with several possible paths experimentalists may take toward 2-D boron.
or gold substrates in a process called chemical vapor deposition commonly used to make graphene.
The substrate is said important Penev because the atoms have to spill onto the surface and stick but not too strongly.
You have to have a substrate that doesn't want to dissolve boron he said. On the other hand you want a substrate that doesn't bind too strongly.
You should be able to detach the boron layer. Then like graphene these atom-thick boron sheets could be applied to other surfaces for testing and ultimately for use in applications.
The study also calculated methods for creating sheets via saturation of boron atoms on the surface of boride substrates and the evaporation of metal atoms from metal borides that leaves just the target atoms in a sheet.
and improving the insulation of your home substantially reduces your carbon footprint. These unregulated sectors make up more than half of GHG emissions in participating countries
The EU ETS is the biggest international system for trading GHG emission allowances and a cornerstone of the EU's policy to combat climate change.
and placed on any substrate. While there's much work ahead to characterize the atomic bonds where graphene
but the birds choose to lay their eggs on a substrate that maximizes camouflage said P. George Lovell of Abertay University
Now it is spreading through the transportation of firewood and lumber. The adult beetles are poor flyers
The teams created two types of quantum bits or qubits--the building blocks for quantum computers--that each process quantum data with an accuracy above 99%.
That's why they are known as a keystone species. The ecologist received a two-year National Science Foundation grant for more than $143000 to compile a book based on her previous NSF-funded research on how beavers have affected the ecosystem at Voyageurs national park near
This resulted in metal smelting and cement production increasing 14-fold between 2002-2009. As a consequence the region experienced a 159 per cent efficiency improvement
Capital investment creates a market demand for the large-scale production expansion of cement steel and other highly emission-intensive processed materials and the associated electricity generation to support their production.
It is used industrially for treating utility poles wood pilings fence posts and lumber or timber for construction.
or come in contact with treated lumber. People may also be exposed to this mixture from breathing contaminated air or dust or from contact with contaminated soil.
In this case the anisotropy is along the nanopillar perpendicular to the substrate. Briseno says The biggest challenge in producing this architecture was finding the appropriate substrate that would enable the molecules to stack vertically.
We had exploited essentially every substrate possible until we finally succeeded with graphene he adds which happened by accident
when an undergraduate chose the wrong substrate to grow crystals on. For over a week the student was growing vertical crystals
and we didn't even realize until we imaged the surface of the substrate with a scanning electron microscope.
We were shocked to see little crystals standing upright! We ultimately optimized the conditions and determined the mechanism of crystallization the polymer chemist adds.
Measuring greenhouse gas emissions from cities is a significant challenge said James Whetstone special assistant to the director for greenhouse gas measurements at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST
but that are needed to independently quantify progress toward greenhouse gas emission targets Whetstone added. The pilot effort in LA and companion efforts in Paris build upon existing research infrastructure and collaborations with smaller cities.
and cement casings of wells nearer to the surface and the disposal of wastewater the study finds.
Since there is never a free lunch those big brains need lots of extra building materials--most importantly they need omega-3 fatty acids especially DHA.
but one brick wall and they're done. UHF can travel far but it hasn't had the high capacity of Wifi.
and the substrates (tyrosine and other monophenols) can be accessed and take part in key chemical reactions. New Method of Isolation and unique reagent leads to successnone of the previously established methods of isolation present in the literature could be applied successfully for PPO4.
Easan Sivaniah--an associate professor at Kyoto University's Institute for Integrated Cell-Material sciences (icems)--led an international team of researchers from icems
The above story is provided based on materials by Institute for Integrated Cell-Material sciences Kyoto University. Note:
but they also possess non-biodegradable synthetic elements such as polyethylene polypropylene and superabsorbent gel (sodium polyacrylate)
This preparation where the mushrooms are to be developed is called substrate. On the other hand we have to play the fungus
The product obtained is spread on the substrate (contained in plastic bag) and held two to three weeks in the dark with controlled humidity and temperature then exposing them to a light phase he describes.
Astronomers using the National Science Foundation's (NSF) Green Bank Telescope (GBT) have discovered that filaments of star-forming gas near the Orion Nebula may be brimming with pebble-size particles--planetary building blocks 100
After all if you want to build a house it's best to start with bricks rather than gravel
In particular since the particles are more efficient than expected at emitting at millimeter wavelengths the grains are very likely to be at least a millimeter and possibly as large as a centimeter across or roughly the size of a small Lego-style building block.
It is shown that far from being serious agricultural weeds all the New zealand Kunzea are important keystone species either forming their own distinct forest types
We can compare this to a construction site for example where workers temporarily gather at a certain location to unload building material explains Poppenberger.
It also has various commercial applications serving as building material laminates and particleboard and in the manufacture of beverages paper charcoal and vinegar.
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