The increases currently projected for crop production from biotechnology genetics agronomics and horticulture will not be sufficient to meet food demand.
and determine the genetic composition of the colonies. This is the first comprehensive survey of bee health in East Africa where we have examined diseases genetics
and the environment to better understand what factors are most important in bee health in this region said Grozinger.
I would not be surprised to find they have some innate genetic tolerance to these pests Patch said.
and alpacas) pigs cattle sheep and goats suggests that neither intentional breeding nor genetic isolation were as significant as traditionally thought the scientists said.
Our livestock is losing genetic diversity even faster than some wild animals because of management practices like artificial insemination Marshall said.
But even in the case of pigs or cattle interbreeding between domestic and wild animals has created long and complex evolutionary and domestication histories that challenge assumptions regarding genetic isolation and long-held definitions of domestication.
#Genetic study tackles mystery of slow plant domesticationsthe Modern View of Domestication a special feature of The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) published April 29 raises a number of startling questions
Recently geneticists and archeologists working on domestication compared notes and up popped a question of timing.
Genetic studies often indicate that domestication traits have a fairly simple genetic basis which should facilitate their rapid evolution under selection.
whether complex genetic interactions might have slowed the rate at which early farmers were able to shape plant characteristics
thus reconciling the genetic and archeological findings. Olsen associate professor in the Department of biology in Arts & Sciences together with colleagues from Oklahoma State university and the University of Guelph in Ontario Canada conclude that these interactions are not a key factor in domesticated plants The process of domestication
and perhaps prematurely narrow the search overlooking indirect genetic effects. Little is known about the underlying genetics of domestication Olsen said.
We decided to look at genetic mechanisms for modifying plant phenotypes that hadn't been explored before in part
because not much data is available. The new work examines the possibility that two indirect effects--the influence of the genetic background on the expression of a gene (called epistasis)
and the effects of the environment on the expression of genes--might have slowed the selection of plants with the desired traits.
But when the plant scientists looked at comparable genetic mechanisms in domesticated plants they found the reverse to be true.
But when wild and domesticated plants are crossed these genetic background effects are not symmetric. Shattering in plants with a wild green-millet allele at the QTLI location depends on the allele at the QTL2 location.
In the limited number of examples at their disposal the scientists found it to be generally true that that domesticated alleles were less sensitive to genetic background than wild alleles.
Teosinte provides a good example of the sensitivity of gene expression to the environment. Teosinte is affected strongly by crowding.
Unlike companion-animal breeders early farmers seem to have selected domestication-gene alleles that are insensitive to genetic background and to the environment.
Dr. Natia Kopaliani Dr. David Tarkhnishvili and colleagues from the Institute of Ecology at Ilia State university in Georgia and from the Tbilisi Zoo in Georgia used a range of genetic techniques to extract
The above story is provided based on materials by American Genetic Association. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.
We used genetic data to identify the bird species that have the fewest relatives on the'Tree of Life'that is
Professor Taylor and colleagues together with Vitacress used funding from an Industrial Partnership Award (IPA) from the Biotechnology and Biological sciences Research Council (BBSRC) to work out the genetics of processable salad leaves
which crop breeders are selectively breeding plants with the genetic material responsible for leaves with a longer shelf-life.
and applied it both through the genetic route and through crop production techniques to help the company improve the quality of their product she adds.
Adams discovered that tomatidine generates changes in gene expression that are essentially opposite to the changes that occur in muscle cells
#Synthetic gene circuits pump up cell signals in study of neurodegenerative diseasessynthetic genetic circuitry created by researchers at Rice university is helping them see for the first time how to regulate cell mechanisms that degrade the misfolded proteins implicated in Parkinson's Huntington
The Rice team added to the cell a set of genetic circuits called Degradation On--Deg-On for short.
but this genetic circuit makes it possible to link enhanced degradation to an increase in output.
or genetics said Macintosh. Because the skeleton holds a record of the loading it experiences during life it can provide important clues about the behaviour of past people through prolonged cultural change.
Researchers used genetic engineering to modify the lignin to make it easier to break down without adversely affecting the tree's strength.
Researchers used genetic engineering to introduce ester bonds into the lignin backbone that are easier to break down chemically.
Genetic modificationthe genetic modification strategy employed in this study could also be used on other plants like grasses to be used as a new kind of fuel to replace petroleum.
Genetic modification can be a contentious issue but there are ways to ensure that the genes do not spread to the forest.
Most of the genetic approaches have looked at very specific traits Kumar said. They haven't looked at restructuring the whole canopy.
and costs associated with genetic engineering. This kind of numerical approach--using realistic models of plant canopies--can provide a method for trying many more trait combinations than are possible through field breeding Drewry said.
or close genetic matches could improve recruitment. Controlling nonnative plants with herbicides and fungal infections has been tried with mixed results.
#New approach to detecting changes in GM foodsdoes genetic manipulation causes unintended changes in food quality and composition?
because that was the intent of the genetic modification. The finding suggests little or no accidental biochemical change due to genetic modification in this case as well as a useful way to address consumer concerns about unintended effects in general Hoekenga says.
He explains that the FDA already requires developers of GM CROPS to compare a handful of key nutritional compounds in GM varieties relative to their non-GM parents.
The process is designed to catch instances where genetic manipulation may have affected nutritional quality for example. Moreover comparing a GM variety to diverse cultivars can help scientists
and consumers put into context any biochemical changes that are observed. We accept that there isn't just one kind of tomato at the farmer's market.
And from that you could extract genetic information to use in breeding. Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by Crop science Society of America.
#First peanut genome sequencedthe International Peanut Genome Initiative--a group of multinational crop geneticists who have been working in tandem for the last several years--has sequenced successfully the peanut's genome.
Scott Jackson director of the University of Georgia Center for Applied Genetic Technologies in the College of Agricultural and Environmental sciences serves as chair of the International Peanut Genome Initiative or IPGI.
and build more secure livelihoods said plant geneticist Rajeev Varshney of the International Crops Research Institute for Semiarid Tropics in India who serves on the IPGI.
While peanuts were bred successfully for intensive cultivation for thousands of years relatively little was known about the legume's genetic structure because of its complexity according to Peggy Ozias-Akins a plant geneticist on the UGA Tifton campus who also works with the IPGI
and is director of the UGA Institute of Plant Breeding Genetics and Genomics. Until now we've bred peanuts relatively blindly as compared to other crops said IPGI plant geneticist David Bertioli of the Universidade de Brasã lia.
We've had less information to work with than we do with many crops which have been researched more thoroughly and understood.
and Israel to delineate peanut genome sequences characterize the genetic and phenotypic variation in cultivated and wild peanuts and develop genomic tools for peanut breeding.
While the sequencing of the peanut can be seen as a great leap forward in plant genetics
Now a team of University of Missouri researchers has completed the genetic history of 134 cattle breeds from around the world.
Lead researcher Jared Decker an assistant professor of animal science in the MU College of Agriculture Food and Natural resources says the genetics of these African cattle breeds are similar to those of cattle first domesticated
and changed their genetic makeup enough to confuse geneticists. In their study published in PLOS Genetics Decker
and a team of international researchers compared the similarities and differences among the genetics of many different cattle breeds to determine how the breeds are related.
Their research found mixing of native cattle in Indonesia with imports from India European and African cattle in Italy and Spain and European and Asian cattle in Korea and Japan.
Decker says these discoveries help advance genetics and uncover important information about human history. In many ways the history of cattle genetics mirrors human history Decker said.
In the case of African cattle anthropologists and geneticists used to suspect that domesticated African cattle were native to the continent
when in fact they were brought by migrating peoples thousands of years ago. By better understanding the history of the animals we domesticate we can better understand ourselves.
He says that understanding the genetic history of cattle breeds is important when looking for solutions to agricultural issues.
Now that we have this more complete genetic history of cattle worldwide we can better understand the diversity of the species Decker said.
and modulating the gene expression of metalloproteinases. In general peach fruit has chemical compounds that are responsible for killing cancer cells
Genetics reveal the pathwayin their current study the scientists sequenced and analysed the genomes of both strains
The paper CYP6 P450 enzymes and ACE-1 duplication produce extreme and multiple insecticide resistance in the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae published in PLOS Genetics today highlights the combination of stringently-replicated whole genome transcription
profiling in vivo transgenic gene expression and in vitro metabolism assays to identify and validate genes from the P450 detoxification enzyme superfamily
The draft genome is described in the March 2014 issue of the journal Genetics and the journal Genome Biology.
and is an author on the GENETICS and Genome Biology articles. Modern genome sequencing methods make it relatively easy to read the individual letters in DNA but only in short fragments.
It paves the way for assembly of even larger genomes said Mark Johnston Editor-In-chief of the journal GENETICS.
Now that we've unlocked its genetic secrets loblolly pine will take on even greater importance as we look for new sources of biomass to drive our nation's bioeconomy
The above story is provided based on materials by Genetics Society of America. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.
This determination was confirmed later by conservation geneticists at Oregon State university who used specialized techniques to extract
Julio Betancourt a USGS paleoecologist and co-author on the study thinks that in the future molecular caving the application of molecular genetics to cave sediments will become more than an afterthought to answer such questions in aridland paleoecology and conservation.
and genetic data to understand bee distributions during past climate changes. In previous studies researchers have tracked male and female orchid bees
These past findings corroborated by genetic data in the current study reveal that males are more mobile than females.
The males are mediating genetic exchange among populations maintaining connectivity in spite of fragmentation of habitats said LÃ pez-Uribe.
Climate and ecological niche computer model simulations were matched closely by genetic data of the two less-tolerant orchid bee species. The genetic data included mitochondrial markers
Using advanced genetic and molecular technologies Yen has begun tracing the biochemical pathways that make wheat susceptible or resistant to head blight.
Gene expression Yen has undertaken a molecular study of the disease investigating how the fungal infection impacts wheat gene expression.
In the susceptible wheat the disease makes the plant drop this gene expression so the fungus can get established.
and how the fungus suppresses the gene expression. Only then can the researcher figure out how to prevent the disease from becoming an epidemic.
The main authors of the article are researchers Eduardo Mateos from the Department of Animal Biology of the University of Barcelona (UB) and Xavier Santos from the Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources of the University
Our reintroduction experiments have resulted in much more genetic diversity for this endangered species than there was before Parker said.
When we started only 11 different genetic clones were left in the world. Seeing plants not only surviving
Greenhouses director Jim Velzy will continue to maintain the collection of Arenaria plants to preserve the genetic diversity of the original population
and traced a unique genetic marker of the original Polynesian chickens that is only present in the Pacific
We have identified genetic signatures of the original Polynesian chickens and used these to track early movements
Domestic animals such as chickens carried on these early voyages have left behind a genetic record that can solve some of these long standing mysteries.
which is concerned about the lack of genetic diversity in commercial stocks. Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by University of Adelaide.
Biophysicists at Rice used the miniscule machine--a protease called an Ftsh-AAA hexameric peptidase--as a model to test calculations that combine genetic and structural data.
DCA looks at the genetic roots of proteins to see how amino acids--the beads in the unfolded protein strands--co-evolved to influence the way a protein folds.
and the discovery via DCA of likely couplings in the genetic source of the proteins the Rice team found evidence to support the hypothesis of a paddling mechanism in the molecule that Morcos described as a collapse of the two rings once trash found its way inside.
A new study led by University of Pennsylvania researchers--constituting the largest examination ever of lactase persistence in geographically diverse populations of Africans--investigated the genetic origins of this trait
The research was led by Alessia Ranciaro a postdoctoral fellow in Penn's Department of Genetics in the Perelman School of medicine
and Sarah Tishkoff a Penn Integrates Knowledge Professor with appointments in Penn Medicine's Department of Genetics and Penn Arts and Sciences'Department of biology.
The paper will be published March 13 in the American Journal of Human genetics. Previous research had shown that northern Europeans
Some of these earlier studies had traced the genetic origin of this trait in Europeans to a particular mutation that regulates the expression of the gene that codes for lactase.
and found three addition genetic variants associated with lactase persistence that had not been identified previously. But these variants didn't completely account for the reason why some Africans were able to digest milk Ranciaro said.
To try to reconcile these apparent discrepancies between genotype the genetic basis of a characteristic
To look for genetic variations among the populations'abilities to digest milk the team sequenced three genomic regions thought to influence the activity of the lactase-encoding LCT gene in 819 Africans from 63 different populations and 154 non
But they also identified two new SNPS associated with the trait located in regions that are thought to regulate lactase gene expression.
The age of this genetic mutation is estimated to be 5000-12300 years old coinciding with the origins of cattle domestication in North africa and the Middle east.
Even with the new variants the Penn team identified there were still patterns that the genetic data couldn't explain.
Some groups that appeared to be able to digest milk lacked any genetic sign of this ability.
Additional co-authors on the study included Michael C. Campbell Jibril B. Hirbo and Wen-Ya Ko of Penn's Department of Genetics;
Tishkoff will be discussing this work and other studies of African genetic variation at the meeting Evolution of Modern Humans:
because prior to this we had no ability to use whole-genome technologies to monitor levels of genetic diversity over time define the genetic relationships among existing populations
and physiology. â#oenow we can peel back new layers of science to thoroughly look at many different levels of the quail problem including the utilization of whole-genome information for monitoring modern genetic diversity reconstructing historic population trends
and even considering genetic similarity in relation to the translocation of wild bobwhites to suitable habitats. â#Story Source:
They analyzed RNA interference (RNAI) a method that uses genetic material to silence specific genes--in this case genes known to give insect pests an advantage.
Our results indicate that the effectiveness of RNAI treatments could potentially vary among field populations depending on their genetic and physiological backgrounds the researchers wrote.
and treating very rare diseases--used three innovative tools to detect a previously unknown gene mutation test potential therapies in the lab
The researchers identified a de novo gene mutation--one that occurs for the first time in a member of a family--in a gene called GRIN2A.
The discovery required an analysis of the patient's genetic makeup in search of the one gene that changed setting this detrimental series of events in motion.
which are fairly common with new-generation technology that rapidly analyzes thousands of genetic sequences.
This is the type of collaboration that will be needed in an age where we will struggle to connect vast data-collecting capability with the health of individual people said David Adams MD Phd pediatrician and biochemical geneticist at NHGRI.
It was shown also that a higher saturated fat intake was associated with an increased risk of dementia among those carrying a genetic risk factor of Alzheimer's disease the epsilon 4 variant of the apolipoprotein E (Apoe) gene.
and genetic data providing new insight into the drivers of viral diversity and the emergence of disease that can ultimately impact human health and livelihoods.
#Look back at US soybeans shows genetic improvement behind increased yieldssoybean improvement through plant breeding has been critical over the years for the success of the crop.
In a new study that traces the genetic changes in varieties over the last 80 years of soybean breeding researchers concluded that increases in yield gains
In the process of documenting the genetic changes the researchers observed an increase in yields over the past 80 years that is equivalent to one-third of a bushel per acre per year increase.
Diers plans to study ways to increase the rate of genetic gains using more modern breeding techniques.
The genetic and biochemistry complexity of the tolerance mechanisms to high temperatures has hindered positive results so far said Luis GÃ mez.
#Entomologists update definitions to tackle resistance to biotech crops, pesticidesresistance to pesticides has now been recorded in nearly a thousand pest species including more than 500 insects 218 weeds and 190 fungi that attack plants.
The researchers will continue to study the mechanisms behind the beneficial effects they observed including conducting gene expression studies.
In particular the genetics of Yellowstone bison are important because they are known to be free of cattle genes
and these research findings enable us to practice genetic rescue from brucellosis infected bison herds.
They seek to reconcile existing genetic and paleoenvironmental evidence for human habitation on the Bering land bridge--also called Beringia--with an absence of archaeological evidence.
and genetics that speak to American origins and saying look there was an environment with trees and shrubs that was very different than the open grassy steppe.
The theory that humans inhabited the Bering land bridge for some 10000 years helps explain how a Native american genome (genetic blueprint) became separate from its Asian ancestor O'Rourke says.
At some point the genetic blueprint that defines Native american populations had to become distinct from that Asian ancestry he explains.
Genetic and Paleoenvironmental Evidenceo'Rourke and colleagues point to a study of MITOCHONDRIAL DNA--genetic information passed by mothers--sampled from Native americans throughout The americas.
or genetic blueprint of Native americans arose sometime before 25000 years ago but didn't spread through The americas until about 15000 years ago.
Several other genetic-genomic analyses of Native american populations have resulted in similar conclusions he adds. For a long time many of us thought the land bridge was a uniform tundra-steppe environment--a broad windswept grassland devoid of shrubs
Joining Zhang on the project are Dr. Hongbin Zhang Texas A&m professor of plant genomics and systems biology and director of the Laboratory for Plant Genomics and Molecular genetics;
and Dr. Dirk Hays Texas A&m associate professor of physiological and molecular genetics all in College Station. The goal of the study is to develop single nucleotide polymorphisms
and related crops thus supporting the long-term genetic improvement and sustainability of U s. agriculture and food systems she said.
In the future the team plans to use a genetic approach to test the function of individual proteins in the saliva to determine their function and essentiality to the feeding process.
#Genetic secret of mosquito resistance to DDT, bed net insecticides discoveredresearchers from LSTM have found that a single genetic mutation causes resistance to DDT
The lab of co-corresponding author Joseph Corbo an associate professor of pathology and immunology and genetics at Washington University in St louis studies how the chicken's unusual visual layout evolved.
Using genetic engineering the researchers increased photosynthetic efficiency in sugarcane and sorghum by 30 percent Long said.
Scientists hope to replace chemical control with genetic control though farmers might be advised to spray even resistant varieties at the end of a season depending on conditions.
The emphasis on genetic diversity is a relatively new concern in ecosystem restoration projects where there has been an understandable urgency to move plants and animals back into an area as quickly as possible.
The researchers then examined genetic fingerprints called microsatellites from the plants to measure the genetic diversity in each new crop.
Genetic diversity can be measured in a number of ways by looking at the number of different variants in a gene in a population for instance
These offspring impressively maintained the genetic diversity and distinctiveness of their source beds in their new mesocosm environments at the RTC-SFSU lab said Cohen.
In classes at the RTC students are learning how to combine genetics and ecology for projects that build better strategies to preserve the surprisingly distinct eelgrass meadows of San francisco bay.
and studied genetic similarities between DWV in different pollinator populations. Three factors suggest that honeybees are spreading the parasites into wild bumblebees:
and honeybees and bumblebees at the same sites share genetic strains of DWV. We have known for a long time that parasites are behind declines in honeybees said Professor Brown.
Classical breeding or genetics does not apply here because of its clonal propagation and rare flowering but these organisms can be transformed with DNA Messing said.
with the majority of its genetic diversity being replaced by some new variant in a selective sweep in an extremely synchronous event.
Instead the genetic diversity across the whole avian virus gene pool in domestic and wild birds often appears to trace back to earlier outbreaks of the virus in domestic birds Worobey explained.
This is true in genetic ecological and nutritional terms. Small farmers by contrast in many places continue to grow a range of species and multiple varieties that form the basis of their diet and nutrition.
#Genetic find might lead to cattle that are more resistant to TBSCIENTISTS have identified genetic traits in cattle that might allow farmers to breed livestock with increased resistance to bovine tuberculosis (TB.
The study which compared the genetic code of TB-infected animals with that of disease-free cattle could help to impact on a disease that leads to major economic losses worldwide.
The research led by the University of Edinburgh's Roslin Institute has identified a number of genetic signatures associated with TB resistance in the cows that remained unaffected.
The study builds on previous research by The Roslin Institute which showed that some cattle might be more resistant to bovine TB as a result of their genetic make-up.
The team then compared the wasp results to gene expression data already available in honey bees fruit flies and mice.
Genetic discovery to keep crops disease-freeaccording to John Curtin Distinguished Professor Richard Oliver Director of the Australian Centre for Necrotrophic Fungal Pathogens (ACNFP) at Curtin
Previously geneticists would infect plants that were progeny of crosses between relatively resistant and relatively susceptible parents before doing the QTL (quantitative disease-resistance gene) mapping.
This program is developed by the research group of Forest Physiology and Genetics and the cooperative group of Support to Forestry Development of the Universidad Politã cnica de Madrid (UPM.
The Spanish plant use broadens the genetic layout in the Ethiopian highlands that was limited historically very.
Dwi Susanti the lead author recently received her doctoral degree in genetics bioinformatics and computational biology from the Virginia Bioinformatics Institute and is currently a postdoctoral scholar in the Department of Biochemistry at Virginia Tech.
Ciliate DNA Extensive genetic research into ciliates to analyse their family tree diversity and distribution over hosts involved investigating 484'18s rrna genes'the fragments of RNA responsible for protein synthesis.'Our most important discovery is that ciliates are extremely diverse'says evolution biologist Johannes Hackstein.'
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