They previously demonstrated that the genetic diversity among commercial pigs is greater than within the existing populations of wild boar.
According to the researchers the genetic diversity in commercial pigs is greater than in existing wild boar populations as a result.
The greater genetic diversity within the current commercial pig breeds is therefore the result of crosses between European and Chinese pigs around two hundred years ago.
human geneticist Robert Weiss biochemist James Cox and biologist Colin Dale. Evolving a Taste for Toxinsmany plants produce toxic chemicals
Though slow evolutionary genetic changes in herbivores play an important role in adapting to new diets.
While previous behavioral genetics studies of toddlers have focused largely on vocabulary the researchers introduced an innovative measure of early grammatical ability on the correct use of the past tense
In addition to formal language tests researchers have collected genetic and environmental data as well as assessments with the twins'siblings.
But genetic comparisons and molecular dating have in the past several decades provided exact lengths in years for most of these branches indicating how long ago a species had a common ancestor.
#Chromosome-based draft of the wheat genome completedseveral Kansas State university researchers were essential in helping scientists assemble a draft of a genetic blueprint of bread wheat also known as common wheat.
which also includes faculty at Kansas State university recently published a chromosome-based draft sequence of wheat's genetic code
The genetic blueprint is an invaluable resource to plant science researchers and breeders said Eduard Akhunov associate professor of plant pathology
Although a draft the sequence provides new insight into the plant's structure organization evolution and genetic complexity.
This is a very significant advancement for wheat genetics and breeding community Akhunov said. The wheat genome sequence provides a foundation for studying genetic variation
and understanding how changes in the genetic code can impact important agronomic traits. In our lab we use this sequence to create a catalog of single base changes in DNA sequence of a worldwide sample of wheat lines to get insights into the evolution and origin of wheat genetic diversity.
Akhunov Shichen Wang a programmer and bioinformatics scientist in plant pathology and Jesse Poland assistant professor of plant pathology collaborated with the International Wheat Genome Sequencing Consortium to order genes along the wheat chromosomes.
Other Kansas State university researchers in the department of plant pathology involved include Bikram Gill university distinguished professor
and director of the Wheat Genetics Resource Center and Bernd Friebe research professor who developed genetic material that was essential for obtaining the chromosome-based sequence of the wheat genome.
The largest chromosome 3b has nearly 800 million letters in its genetic code. This is nearly three times more information than is in the entire rice genome.
In order to analyze the vast amount of genetic information researchers used a technique called shotgun sequencing.
Our results further show honey induces gene expression changes on a more global scale and it now becomes important to investigate
and carries the flower's genetic heritage away with it to fertilize the next flower of the same species that it visits.
Ma--who had identified previously Dt1 the gene that causes indeterminancy in soybeans--used an integrated genetic approach to isolate
and chickpeas is caused by a different genetic mechanism. Study co-author James Specht a professor of agronomy
This provides breeders with a perfect genetic marker for identifying semideterminancy in soybean seeds and seedlings he said.
Oxford university researchers captured a'genetic snapshot'of maize as it existed 10 million years ago
and after'of the associated genetic changes but with maize we can chart how these gene copies were acquired first then put to work
'It is particularly useful for such genetic detective work that close relatives of maize did not duplicate their genomes 10 million years ago:
This enabled the researchers to compare genetic data from these'duplicated 'and'non-duplicated'descendants of ancient maize something that is not yet possible with other duplicated crops like wheat.
The scientists determined this by investigating the interaction between the genetic makeup of honey bees and their environment.
Even though quite a lot is known about the geographical and genetic diversity of honey bees knowledge of how honey bees adapt to the local environment has been limited until now.
The desire to maximize earnings by importing bees changes the natural genetic diversity. The question is
The studies were carried out in 621 colonies of honey bees with 16 different genetic origins. The beehives were set up in 11 countries in Europe.
The results of the project regarding the interaction between the genetic makeup of bees and their environment have been published in a special issue of the Journal of Apicultural Research
Due to domestication and human selection cultivated soybeans have less genetic diversities than their wild counterparts.
Through genetic testing scientists identified the disorder as being caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas axonopodis. The disease is most likely spread by wind-driven rain
while cafã au lait describes the telltale skin pigmentation of von Recklinghausen's disease--a genetic disorder characterised by nerve tumours.
Both environmental and genetic causes of the disease have been postulated. Parkinson's disease affects about 1. 2 million patients in the United states and Canada.
In a paper published in this weekâ##s early online edition of Nature they report the discovery of a new genetic pathway in plants made up of four genes from three different gene families that control the density
Working in a tiny mustard plant called Arabidopsis which is used as a genetic model and shares many of the same genes as other plants and crops he and his team of biologists discovered that the proteins encoded by the four genes they discovered repress the development of stomata at elevated CO2 levels.
The scientists used genetic transformation to investigate if restoring E-Î-caryophyllene emission would protect maize plants against corn rootworms.
The researchers from the Australian Centre for Plant Functional genomics at the University of Adelaide's Waite campus within the University's School of Agriculture Food and Wine say that in soils where boron toxicity is reducing yields genetic improvement
Advances in molecular biology and genetics technologies of the past few years coupled with the extensive collections of wheat genetic material available around the world have paved the way for a new era in the analysis of complex genomes such as
Unfortunately with the repeated use of the same insecticides flies develop resistance through genetic mutations that make these products less effective.
Genetic mutations are random and can occur from sunlight radiation or from errors in copying DNA Scott said.
and genetic defects that result in a thin coat can make the skin more sensitive to sunburn.
and linking the data to the residential addresses of approximately 1000 participants in the Northern California-based Childhood Risk of Autism from Genetics and the Environment (CHARGE) Study.
Understanding the genetics mechanisms underlying the pig parasite may aid to modify the human immune response that could result in better treatments for autoimmune diseases including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and multiple sclerosis.
The latest research was published online in Nature Genetics. The human whipworm (Trichuris) infects around 1 billion people worldwide
Li Hu Project Manager from BGI said The constructed pig whipworm genome sequence provides us a genetic resource for deeply investigating the mechanisms underlying human autoimmune diseases.
#Genetic control mechanism for major livestock pest developedresearchers from North carolina State university have developed a technique to control populations of the Australian sheep blowfly--a major livestock pest in Australia
This is essential for a male-only genetic control program to reduce blowfly populations Scott says as fertile males would pass the lethality construct on to female offspring
This holds promise that the genetic system will function in the New world and Old world screwworm two major livestock pests that are close relatives of the sheep blowfly.
Efficient genetic control systems have the potential to help eradicate some of the biggest problem pests across the globe he said.
and other even-toed ungulates says Developmental Geneticist Prof. Rolf Zeller. Loss of asymmetry preceded the reduction
and loss of digitsthe scientists in the Department of Biomedicine then focused their attention on the Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signaling pathway as it controls Hox gene expression and the development of five fingers and toes in mice and humans.
They discovered that the gene expression in limb buds of cattle embryos is altered such that the cells giving rise to the distal skeleton fail to express the Hedgehog receptor called Patched1.
The identified genetic alterations affecting this regulatory switch offer unprecedented molecular insights into how the limbs of even-toed ungulates diverged from those of other mammals roughly 55 million years ago explains Rolf Zeller.
Shared mutations in the genetic information of different individuals indicate relationships between them. On the basis of this we created a phylogenetic tree
or polymerase chain reaction that detects bacteria based on genetic sequences which are the bacteria's fingerprints Nagaraja said.
but the genetics have to keep up Strauss said. While trees possess the genetic diversity to adjust to current conditions climate models suggest that temperature
and precipitation patterns in many parts of the world may expose trees to more stressful conditions in the future.
Will there be sufficient genetic diversity around to evolve populations that can cope with a much warmer and likely drier climate?
and molecular genetics at Ohio State university who is familiar with the research but not affiliated with it.
Stories of The irish Potato Famine were no more likely to boost support for disease-resistant genetically modified crops than were our generic crop-disease descriptions said Katherine A. Mccomas professor and chair of Cornell's Department of Communication
and benefits of agricultural genetic engineering --and perceptions about the fairness and legitimacy of the decision-making process--these things matter most Mccomas said.
and Joseph Steinhardt (Cornell) Mccomas will publish study results as Factors influencing U s. consumer support for genetic modification to prevent crop disease in the July 2014 journal Appetite--right about the time
If you think genetically modified crops are dangerous'frankenfoods 'and/or that crop disease is controlled best with chemicals
thus the whole game is rigged--plaintive tales of historical famines won't change your mind about genetic modification for disease resistance Mccomas said.
and temperate zones and has over 700 species that are rich in genetic variation. Combing through the 36000-plus genes found in Eucalyptus (nearly twice as many as in the human genome) the researchers homed in on those that may influence the production of secondary cell wall material that can be processed for pulp paper biomaterials and bioenergy applications.
Our analysis provides a much more comprehensive understanding of the genetic control of carbon allocation towards cell wall biopolymers in woody plants--a crucial step toward the development of future biomass crops.
The genetic architecture of inbreeding depression often referred to as the converse of hybrid vigor is largely unknown for trees
Our results in Eucalyptus suggest that cumulative effects of many small genetic variants throughout the genome are responsible for these fundamental genetic phenomena.
Plants can transfer their entire genetic material to a partner in an asexual manneroccasionally two different plant species interbreed with each other in nature.
This usually causes problems since the genetic information of both parents does not match. But sometimes nature uses a trick.
Instead of passing on only half of each parent's genetic material both plants transmit the complete information to the next generation.
or recombination of genetic material--so-called horizontal gene transfer--between the grafted plants. In our previous work we were able to prove that
if there is a transfer of genetic information between the nuclei as well Ralph Bock says while explaining the recent study.
or the transfer of the entire genetic material the researchers counted the chromosomes in the nuclei of the resistant plants.
Thus plantlets generated from the graft junction contained the genetic information of both species. We managed to produce allopolyploid plants without sexual reproduction Sandra Stegemann joint first author of the study is pleased to say.
The countries that are advanced in the forestry sector like Canada use this technique to optimise genetic improvement programmes
In documenting genome sequences scientists must sort through millions of bits of genetic code to identify what function each gene is responsible for (such as telling a plant how tall to grow
The discovery of this unanticipated pathway between gut liver and bone would not have been possible without the use of mouse molecular genetics
The study found that genetic characteristics (genotype) as well as environmental conditions--such as soil properties and local climate--can affect the micronutrient content of grain legumes.
and the National Institute of Food and Agriculture U s. Department of agriculture and the work was published online June 8 2014 in the journal Nature Genetics Unlocking the genetic make-up of the common bean is a tremendous achievement that will lead to future
Improvement of common bean will require a more fundamental understanding of the genetic basis of how it responds to biotic and abiotic stresses the team concluded.
Surprisingly the small easily peeled mandarins were in contrast found to be genetic mixtures of a second species and pummelo.
Sweet orange the most widely grown citrus variety worldwide was found to be a complex genetic hybrid of mandarin
Now that we understand the genetic structure of sweet orange for example we can imagine reproducing the unknown early stages of citrus domestication using modern breeding techniques that could draw from a broader pool of natural variation
By understanding the relationships between the various cultivated species with what they describe as very narrow genetic diversity the researchers hope to enable sequence-directed improvement
Genetic hierarchy in plant sperm cell formation undresseda team of biologists from the University of Leicester has solved a mystery surrounding how plants have sex.
--or'horizontal gene transfer'--between crops or from crops to wild species. This new knowledge also generates genetic tools
#Gene study shows how sheep first separated from goatsscientists have cracked the genetic code of sheep to reveal how they became a distinct species from goats around four million years ago.
The study is the first to pinpoint the genetic differences that make sheep different from other animals.
and Biological sciences Research Council were part of a global team that has decoded the genome sequence--the entire genetic make-up--of domestic sheep for the first time.
Professor Alan Archibald Head of Genetics and Genomics at The Roslin Institute said: Sheep were one of the first animals to be domesticated for farming
Understanding more about their genetic make-up will help us to breed healthier and more productive flocks.
The team also works under the auspices of the UF Genetics Institute. The researchers found that benzbromarone targets a specific protein known as Ldtr in the citrus greening bacterium.
Despite the bees having low genetic diversity and high levels of a nematode parasite that usually castrates other species 25 per cent of the queens were able to produce offspring.
A research group from the University of Barcelona (UB) has performed a comprehensive phylogeographic study by analysing genetic diversity patterns
nchez-Gracia from the Department of Genetics and the Biodiversity Research Institute of UB (IRBIO) together with Fernando Carbayo from the University of SãO Paulo (Brazil.
Moreover most sampled localities harbour high levels of genetic diversity with lineages sharing common ancestors that predate the Pleistocene (more than 2. 5 million years ago.
Although gene flow was recognized by a few scientists as a significant evolutionary force as early as the 1940s its relative role in maintaining a species'genetic integrity
Norman Ellstrand a plant geneticist at the University of California Riverside is interested in many aspects regarding gene flow especially in applied plant biology
Selection mutation gene flow and genetic drift are the four mechanisms that lead to biological evolution or a change in allele frequencies in a population over time.
parentage and spatial population genetic structure studies. When I first started doing plant paternity studies in the 1980s Ellstrand comments our lab assumed that gene flow was limited.
With the advent of more and more sophisticated ways to measure genetic variation and relatedness using molecular markers such as allozyme polymorphisms
but changes in allele patterns over time and thus the effects of evolution on populations can be seen in the genetic information.
Indeed even just a low level of gene flow between populations can counter opposing forces of mutation genetic drift and selection.
and releasing an extensive amount of genetic information that can ultimately be applied to intelligent breeding practices
and information on the genetic mechanisms that underlie these traits to select strains for breeding that will be more successful in producing hybrid strains with characteristics that are suited highly for growing successfully in different environments.
As a scientist in rice genetics breeding and genomics it would be a dream to help to solve this problem.
This collaborative project added Zeigler will add an immense amount of knowledge to rice genetics
and breeders to directly link the genetic information (genotype) to the physical traits (phenotype) of these different strains.
which can then be linked to genetic markers in the now available genome sequences. Current breeding practices which have remained essentially the same
However the underlying genetic makeup can often confound breeder expectations because unknown genetic interactions can block modify
or alter the development of the selected physical characteristics when two strains are bred. Thus trial and error and multiple successive breeding stages are required often.
Having full knowledge of the genetic makeup of a plant allows researchers to identify genetic markers related to specific physical traits
and better understand how different genetic interactions effect plant phenotypes. This information allows a breeder to make more intelligent choices in strain selection resulting in more accurate and rapid development of rice strains that are suited better to different agricultural environments in poor and environmentally stressed economies.
Thus the release of these data and making the genetic information freely available to plant breeders
Having appeared as a result of some genetic mutation however the eyespots then had the capability to move acquire a function that had evolutionary value
By exploiting new molecular and genetic insights the research done in collaboration with Pierre de Wit from Wageningen Agricultural University in The netherlands provides a better understanding of the defense system of crop plants against the damaging pathogens that grow in the spaces between plant cells.
although they still may be critical for preserving genetic diversity especially from warmer parts of the species range that may facilitate adaptation to future climates.
#Genetic basis of pest resistance to biotech cotton discoveredan international team led by scientists at the University of Arizona
but this is the first analysis of the molecular genetic basis of severe pest resistance to a Bt crop in the field said Bruce Tabashnik one of the paper's authors and the head of the Department of Entomology in the UA College
The emergence of resistant pink bollworm in India provided the researchers an opportunity to test the hypothesis that insects in the field would evolve resistance to Bt toxin by the same genetic mechanism found previously in the lab. In the lab strains the scientists had identified mutations in a gene
Williams used advanced genetic sequencing techniques to determine what gastrointestinal bacteria were present. The procedure revealed all microbes in the fecal matter including some that were known not Johnson said.
Museum scientists utilized advanced taxonomic methods during recent biodiversity survey projects including DNA bar coding a process that uses a genetic marker to identify
Weeds influence gene expression, growth in cornthe axiom growing like a weed takes on new meaning in light of changes in gene expression that occur
Using sophisticated genetic-mapping techniques the South dakota State university professor and her research team are documenting how corn
In short these changes in gene expression adversely affect the plant's ability to grow and reproduce.
when the corn had as few as two and four leaves they still saw differences in gene expression
These changes in gene expression can help explain instances in which the yield is unaffected but a slight reduction has taken place in the plant
Next the researchers look at the effect of water stress on gene expression using corn planted on high and low ground.
It is an affordable non-chemical means of taking genetically modified crops to harvest maturity without getting any kind of pollen or seed into the ecosystem.
when part of an organism's genetic material is replicated. Groups of similar genes that share an evolutionary ancestry are called gene families.
The findings of these studies show that symbiotic relationships have the power to shape animal evolution at the genetic level.
but crop domestication has taken much longer than expected--a delay caused less by genetics and more by culture and history according to a new study co-authored by University of Guelph researchers.
Examining crop genetics might also help breeders and farmers looking to further refine and grow more crops for an expanding human population.
and understanding the genetic basis of past plant improvement should help future efforts he said.
whether genetic factors hindered transmission of genes controlling such traits. Instead they found that domestication traits are passed often faithfully from parent to progeny
The three-year study included cell culture studies at Rice as well as a detailed analysis of gene expression profiles of more than 500 patients from the Cancer Genome Atlas and protein-expression profiles from about 200
Agronomic and genetic crop improvements over the years help a lot when growing conditions are good
Their high rate of change makes these markers particularly useful for fine-scale studies aimed at uncovering genetic structure within
They found six markers to be particularly useful for understanding genetic structure within this group.
These cells are capable of modifying their genetic expression depending on the external stimuli they are exposed to
Although their research has been performed in a weed called'Arabidopsis thaliana'the work horse of plant geneticists the team is confident that their discovery can be used for the protection of crops from their enemies.
mitigating genetic risk for diabetesas the number of people with type 2 diabetes continues to rise
and its toll increases scientists are scrambling to unravel the complex genetic and lifestyle factors behind the disease.
A new study finds that African american children with a genetic predisposition to diabetes may be able to reduce their risk by getting the USDA-recommended dose of calcium.
What got us interested in this is the whole question of how the environment--including a person's diet--influences gene expression said Tosi.
As the result of recent improvements in technology for genetic modification of pigs genes that are immunogenic for humans have been eliminated('knocked out) and several human genes have been added to the pig genome.
These recent scientific developments in the field of genetic engineering along with the generation of novel target specific immune suppression and their favorable impact on organ and cellular transplantation may instill a new ray of hope for thousands
#Genetic legacy of rare dwarf trees is widespreadresearchers from Queen Mary University of London have found genetic evidence that one of Britain's native tree species the dwarf birch found in the Scottish Highlands
We seem to have found genetic footprints of the retreat of dwarf birch into its current refuges in the Scottish Highlands said Dr Richard Buggs Senior Lecturer at Queen Mary's School of Biological
Our genetic results fit well with the fact that fossil pollen from dwarf birch has been found in parts of England and Wales.
Richard Nichols Professor of Evolutionary Genetics at QMUL points out: We suspect that the influx of pollen from other birch species is actively harmful to the dwarf populations especially
A piece of artificial genetic material is the heart of the mini-label. With DNA there are millions of options that can be used as codes says Grass.
To promote acceptance natural genetic material could be used in place of synthetic DNA; for instance from exotic tomatoes or pineapples of which there are a great variety--but also from any other fruit or vegetable that is a part of our diet.
and if population genetics and the cataloguing of genome wide mutations could shed any light on possible molecular causes of the outbreak.
They found several candidate genetic markers and conclude that the mountain pine beetle may have been able to spread by adjusting its cellular and metabolic functions to better withstand cooler climates
But also these are evolutionarily distant from the genes we already have in the genetic databases
. Results from the four-pronged investigation--based on linguistic and ecological evidence as well as the more traditional archaeological and genetic data--suggest a regional rather than a geographically specific birthplace for the domesticated chili pepper.
By tracing back the ancestry of any domesticated plant we can better understand the genetic evolution of that species
This information in turn better equips us to develop sound genetic conservation programs and increases the efficiency of breeding programs
To determine crop origins scientists have studied traditionally the plants'genetic makeup in geographic areas where they have observed high diversity among the crop's wild ancestors.
The genetic evidence seemed to point more to northeastern Mexico as the chili pepper's area of domestication;
because it brought together people working on plants and animals and archeologists and geneticists. I hadn't really thought much about animal domestication
To pinpoint the genetic changes that transformed this shy wild bird into the chickens we know today researchers analyzed DNA from the skeletal remains of 81 chickens retrieved from a dozen archeological sites across Europe dating from 200 to 2300 years old.
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