The results imply that there is still time to conserve the immense genetic diversity of microbes as sources of new antibiotics and absorbers of carbon dioxide.
and the climate warmed according to a new genetic study. The balmier weather gave the penguins two things they needed to thrive:
The team found that most of the genetic regions were very similar in the penguins indicating that they originated from a very small initial population.
In addition the process relies on a mixed community of wild bacteria that are obtained through natural selection rather than genetic engineering Using wild bacteria that are altered not genetically alleviates some people's concerns about genetically modified organisms.
and have larger genetic population sizes they retain normal genome sizes andhave far more dynamic genomes.
With new discoveries in astrophysics evolutionary biology molecular genetics geology and paleoanthropology a continuous story has emerged starting from the Big bang. Soon after that penultimate origin event
Curiously geneticists have found that the total human population On earth about that time plummeted to perhaps just a few thousand individuals.
and protein foods can be attributed to genetic factors and the remainder to environmental factors like what parents choose to feed their children and foods available in the home.
and salty and sugary snacks liking for which is determined more by the environment and only around 30%by genetic factors.
While the genetic effects on food preferences suggested by this study published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition are large it s clear that a child s actual experiences with food are very influential.
and nutrients from its host but it also exchanges genetic messages with its victim according to a study detailed today (Aug 15) in the journal Science.
along with these nutrients the weed also transports RNA the genetic material cells use to translate instructions in the organism's DNA into cellular machinery or proteins.
In this study the researchers examined the movement of a type of RNA called MESSENGER RNA (mrna) the genetic messages a plant uses to control growth processes such as leaf shape and root growth.
which may be operating like a genetic Trojan horse making the host more susceptible to the invading plant Westwood said.
#New Technique Busts Chocolate Counterfeiters Scientists say they have figured out how to identify the genetic origin of the cacao fruit a finding that should help put a damper on counterfeit chocolate.
which can be subject to existing methods of genetic testing to verify their origins cacao has been a tougher nut to crack.
The technique works on single cacao beans and can be scaled up to handle large samples quickly according to Dapeng Zhang a research geneticist at the USDA
The next step is getting the genetic test to handle larger numbers of samples and to be used by buyers in the field Zhang said.
But one expert noted that devising a genetic test won t make the chocolate taste any better.#
#oeit s going to cost a lot of money for a company to (test)# said Louis Grivetti a professor emeritus of nutritional sciences at the University of California Davis. Grivetti notes that a genetic test will help differentiate between different kind of cacao varieties
#oeyes you can run a genetic test#Grivetti said. That may be the case but so what?
In order to continually improve our crops to feed the world s rapidly growing population farmers and plant breeders need access to the best genetic resources.
OSSI creates a pool of genetic resources that are freely available for all to use share save replant
Innovation Helps Cannabis Industry Flourish DENVER The legalization of recreational marijuana sales in Colorado is turning an underground industry into a big business and ushering in innovations in everything from genetics to growing methods.
Now the Cannabis Genomic Research Initiative led by ecologist Nolan Kane of the University of Colorado at Boulder seeks to sample DNA from multiple cannabis species. Pot's future This genetic innovation has some cannabis users
genetics and aging. Similar to your complexion or the color of your eyes you may simply be born with teeth that appear more yellow (or more white) than other people's teeth.
Melanistic or all black jaguars occur due to a genetic mutation. This mutation causes the skin
As follow-up work the team wants to analyze the genetic material from the parasite to see
so crossing them created more genetic variation and therefore greater scope for breeding wheat with desirable characteristics.
Genetically modified organisms have been altered through genetic engineering to promote certain traits such as drought resistance in corn or herbicide resistance in rice.
genetic engineering speeds up the process by plucking beneficial genes from one organism and incorporating them into another.)
Genetic engineering is a tool that can be used to create a variety of products according to THE WHO so genetically modified ingredients should be tested on a case-by-case basis for safety.
and genetics. Although I talk a lot about NCDS -or noncommunicable diseases-some cancers are caused actually by infections.
The previous study whose authors included six of the same authors as the more recent study concluded that the most recent common ancestor of TB was 70000 years old according to the paper published in the journal Nature Genetics.
These dates are worked out by measuring the amount of genetic diversity among all known strains of TB bacteria
which genetic changes occur during evolution to work out how much time was needed for all that diversity to evolve said Terry Brown a life sciences faculty member at the University of Manchester in England who was involved not in the study.
We showed using pretty much every genetic marker that they were savanna elephants Roca told Livescience.
#Pine tree Yields Longest Genome Ever Sequenced Scientists say they've generated the longest genome sequence to date unraveling the genetic code of the loblolly pine tree.
To simplify this huge genetic puzzle Neale and colleagues assembled most of the sequence from part of a single pine nut#a haploid part of the seed with just one set of chromosomes to piece together.
Understanding the loblolly pine's genetic code could lead to improved breeding of the tree which is used to make paper
The research was detailed this week in the journals Genetics and Genome Biology. Follow Megan Gannon on Twitter and Google+.
It's a very clear result study researcher Clinton Epps a conservation geneticist at Oregon State university said in a statement.
By drawing on genetic archaeological linguistic and ecological evidence the researchers found that chili farming was born in central-east Mexico.
By tracing back the ancestry of any domesticated plant we can better understand the genetic evolution of that species and the origin of agriculture a major step in human evolution in different regions of the world.
Genetic material from dozens of samples of farm-raised and wild chili peppers seemed to point to northeastern Mexico as the origin of domestication for C. annuum the researchers found.
Hastorf also thinks it is interesting that the genetic data pointed to northeastern Mexico as the origin for chili farming.
Teixeira says that after more genetic testing it may be possible to select the best cork oaks for breeding
The researchers plan to use genomic screening on the winged guests of the bee hotel to identify which species suffer low genetic variability.
This trait the researchers explained may indicate certain genetic issues that can lead to the decline
The discovery of these bacteria also revealed clues to the dental hygiene and diets of these centuries-old humans according to the study detailed today (Feb 24) in the journal Nature Genetics. 5 Surprising Ways to Banish Bad
which has a genetic mutation that increases the chances of developing intestinal cancer. Mice fed a diet where a fifth of the food was powdered carrot had fewer and smaller tumours than mice who were fed a normal diet.
So commonly consumed foods that reduce this damage could be a significant step in preventing cancer especially in individuals who have a genetic predisposition to the disease.
and then re-root he told Forbes. As for creating plant-animal hybrids here On earth that's most likely to happen in a geneticist's lab. It's theoretically possible given the right gene transfers to give people a coating of green photosynthetic skin.
With these materials safely stored SVF can reawaken a heritage breed with its full genetic diversity within one generation.</
This group was part of SVF's genetic preservation program providing semen embryos cells and blood.
All of the genetic material collected from endangered breeds at SVF is stored using liquid nitrogen and should remain viable indefinitely for future use.
Two Arapawa bucks on pasture at SVF Foundation in Newport R i. This critically endangered breed is a close genetic link to the now extinct Olde English goats.
which aims to preserve genetic diversity in animal agriculture. Red poll dam and heifer calf future embryo donors for SVF's preservation program.
and as much genetic diversity as possible within each targeted population. SVF Foundation's main campus in Newport R i m
So if we can get DNA from our wine cellar we'll have this genetic blueprint of presumably wine that for centuries was suited best to grow in the land we call Israel today.
and genetic diversity within the group Douglas Richardson head of living collections for Highland Wildlife Park said in a statement.
That sort of genetic diversity coupled with large population sizes is quite literally a recipe for disaster
The rest are attributed to smoking pollution and genetics which may affect you no matter what you eat.
Maybe geneticist Craig Venter will find a way to produce food in the lab making traditional agriculture disappear.
or botanical gardens preserving some genetic diversity. Biologist Sean Hoban uses mathematical and computational tools to develop guidelines for ecologists
As a computational biologist I work in several fields of life science primarily in ecology and genetics and particularly with plants.
I use mathematical and genetic models to determine how many seeds are needed and where they should be collected from geographically in order to best preserve a species'diversity diversity that will be needed to adapt in the future.
For the first challenge genetic scientists are only just beginning to understand how to construct detailed genetic models of important traits such as the number of genes
A really exciting area of research is discovering the connections between the microscopic scale of genetic diversity
We are beginning to learn that the genetic diversity of keystone species such as common tree species is very important for the resistance of an ecosystem to disturbance as well as its ability to bounce back after disturbance.
but this is a whole new realm for both ecologists and geneticists. Who is your#1 hero and why?
a geneticist at the USDA's Bovine Functional genomics Laboratory in Beltsville, Maryland. Working with Illumina Inc. of San diego, California, Van Tassell's team created a microarray chip containing 54,000 genetic markers called single nucleotide polymorphisms,
or SNPS, that involve at least a dozen traits, including those known to affect milk quality and production.
says geneticist Ole Meland, vice-president of Accelerated Genetics in Baraboo, Wisconsin. The new technique identifies the best bull 70%of the time.
or genetic modification should raise their albedo by about 20%,%from 0. 2 to 0. 24.
says Jorge Dubcovsky, a plant geneticist at the University of California, Davis, who led one of the studies.
which is responsible for scientific risk assessments on GM CROPS in Europe, has reported that there is no case against MON801,
allows the EU to approve GM CROPS when there is no scientific evidence of danger to health or environment;
In the meantime, the EFSA is working through its backlog of applications for the cultivation of 13 other GM CROPS.
At the same time the state government of Bavaria stopped all field experiments on GM CROPS, confining them to greenhouses,
and the Bavarian environment minister Markus Soder announced his intention to block cultivation of GM CROPS in the state.
Meanwhile, public opposition to GM CROPS may be slipping. In a Eurobarometer public-opinion survey published last year, the percentage of those who said they were against GM CROPS fell from 70%to 58%.
Nitrogen fertilizer warning for China: Nature Newsresearchers warn that the overuse of nitrogen fertilizer in China is poisoning air,
says David Ow, a plant biologist at the US Department of agriculture Plant Gene expression Center in Albany, California.
Information from the 5-year, US$53-million cow-genome project is being used to trace the genetic legacy of bovine domestication after centuries of careful breeding.
says Curt Van tassel, a geneticist at the United states Department of agriculture in Beltsville, Maryland, and a member of the consortium that did the work.
says Patrick Cunningham, an animal geneticist at Trinity college Dublin in Ireland and chief scientific adviser to The irish government.
rather than harnessing genetic markers in the DNA sequence. We have very little knowledge of the genes that are involved in cattle breeding
has revealed also a few genetic underpinnings of the bovine lifestyle. For example, Dominette has many copies of some of the genes involved in the innate immune system,
These genetic markers were used then to characterize the genetic diversity found in nearly 500 cattle from 19 breeds.
Genetic markers will help breeders to improve the health of their herds as well as the quality
Improved genetic techniques could push up agricultural yields by as much as 50%or 12 gallons of milk per cow each year,
Geneticist Michel Georges of the University of Li  ge in Belgium worries that the focus on improving agricultural herds could cause researchers to stop investigating the biology underlying those improvements.
For these countries, there is a much smaller potential pool of foreign genetic resources in which to seek crops with heat-tolerant traits,
They found that countries with some of these important varieties have the poorest conservation of plant genetic resources
His colleagues add that These countries are particularly high priorities for urgent collection and conservation of maize genetic resources.
and conserving and exchanging genetic material, will be vital to take advantage of the existing capacity to deal with climate change.
Emile Frison, director-general of Bioversity International, a not-for-profit research organization in Rome, says the study clearly demonstrates the interdependence of countries regarding plant genetic resources.
2009), Gavin Smith, a flu geneticist at the University of Hong kong, and his colleagues concluded that the lack of systematic swine surveillance allowed for the undetected persistence and evolution of this potentially pandemic strain for many years.
much less take samples for genetic and antigenic analysis. The OIE has asked, however its member states to voluntarily report any occurrences of the 2009 pandemic virus in pigs.
Nature Newsusing a combination of three genetic mutations, plant researchers have disrupted the usual process of genetic shuffling during the formation of reproductive cells male pollen and female ova.
the intricate genetic networks that brought about this'hybrid vigor'are shuffled, generating offspring that are often not as vigorous as their parent.
says plant geneticist Peter Van dijk of Keygene, a plant breeding company based in Wageningen, The netherlands.
Nature Newsan international treaty aimed at protecting and improving access to the world's plant genetic resources is set to dole out its first round of research grants this week amid cash-flow problems that could endanger future awards.
mark the fifth anniversary of the adoption of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture by the Food and Agricultural organization of the United nations. The treaty is known best for its role in paving the way for construction of the Svalbard Global
and those that have ratified it are legally bound to pass on genetic information about the world's 64 most important food crops,
such as new crop varieties, which are developed using genetic material obtained through the treaty. Anyone who uses the treaty's genetic material in a patented,
commercialized product must agree to give back into a common pot 1. 1%of the sales they make on the product.
Nations that are party to the treaty have made 1. 1 million genetic samples available through it
and around 200,000 exchanges of genetic material take place every year showing it has so far been a success,
says Bert Visser, director of the Centre for Genetic Resources in Wageningen, The netherlands. The treaty has enabled the creation of a global gene pool,
David Ellis, curator of the Plant Genetic Resources Preservation Program within the US Department of agriculture's research service, says it has become standard practice for genetic material to be accessed
and use genetic resources from around the world, Visser says. Everyone needs something from everyone else,
Her team will also look at how genetic variation and moisture affect which species fare best in higher temperatures.
But he remains unconvinced by the series of genetic swaps proposed by the paper. Using different assumptions,
Interestingly, the level of genetic diversity of a group did not affect the degree to
genetic diversity becomes really important, says Agashe. Some populations died out after about 12-15 weeks on a maize-only diet,
The importance of the genetic diversity to the successful use of corn is really interesting
a geneticist at the University of Valencia in Spain. They are all combining more than one gene to have better control
In 2006, a team led by David Mackill at the International Rice Research Institute in the Philippines discovered similar flood-tolerance genes a genetic cluster called Submergence 1 that allowed plants to survive for more than two weeks
Julia Bailey-Serres, a molecular geneticist at the University of California, Riverside, says that the Submergence
No genetic engineering is required, says Ashikari, because all of these genes can be transferred by crossing. Once these new cultivars are made,
And the approach could be combined with other transgenic pest control methods such as using genetically modified crops that carry toxins.
and genetically modified crops (see Nature 461,456-457; 2009). ) Merkel is expected also to review the country's plans to phase out its nuclear power stations over the next decade.
and is creating a library of genetic material from which it intends to develop enhanced seed strains to test,
and in collaboration with General motors. Ghosh's team has been working to improve the genetic stock of their jatropha,
Nature Newsthe blight that caused the infamous Irish potato famine of the 1840s has yielded its genetic secrets.
The breeders have been working in the genetic dark, however, not knowing exactly what genes they are promoting or
what genetic changes keep the blight nimbly adapting to their new varieties. At the moment, the breeding strategy has been based on screening the wild relatives from the highlands of Mexico
The 14 october ruling by the Genetic engineering Approval Committee (GEAC) granted permission for Indian farmers to grow a transgenic version of aubergine,
The only other study, by French scientist Gilles-Eric Seralini of the Committee for Independent Research and Information on Genetic engineering, branded Bt brinjal potentially unsafe for human consumption.
provide the first direct link between dirty living, immune health and genetic expression. They also indicate that manipulating gut bacteria early in life might reduce allergies
This study takes a step forwards by tallying the gene expression response into this, he says. However, he adds that
say prominent scientists concerned about the experimental planting of genetically modified crops. In the past month, Monsanto and Dow Agrisciences have received government permission to plant transgenic maize across 24 plots,
says signatory Montgomery Slatkin, a geneticist at the University of California, Berkeley. Greenpeace and other groups filed a legal challenge,
The firm, Genetic ID, is a spin-off by John Fagan of the Maharishi University of Management in Fairfield, Iowa,
But geneticist Elena Alvarez-Buylla of UNAM's Institute of Ecology in Mexico city, questions whether the company's methods are sensitive enough to detect transgenes after several generations of plant growth.
Earlier this year, her group reported that Genetic ID failed to detect transgenes in blinded samples1.
Genetic ID responded that Alvarez-Buylla's results were due to sample contamination2, which she challenged3.
The genetic secrets of maize, one of the world's most widely grown grains, should accelerate efforts to develop improved crop varieties to meet the world's growing hunger for food, animal feed and fuel.
a maize geneticist at the University of Wisconsin-Madison who was involved not in the project.
The 2. 3-billion-base sequence the largest genetic blueprint yet worked out for any plant species includes more than 32,000 protein-coding genes spread across maize's 10 chromosomes.
The newly minted genome was published today in Science1, together with 13 companion analyses in Science and the Public library of Science Genetics.
and is an author of one of the Public library of Science Genetics papers3. These size differences that have arisen in the time of domestication
a maize geneticist with the US Department of agriculture's Agricultural research service who is based at Cornell University in Ithaca,
and complementary sets of genes, says maize geneticist Patrick Schnable, an author on the genome paper1.
and which earlier this year lost track of 22 vials containing harmless Ebola-virus genetic material.
at a workshop at the European space agency's centre for Earth observation in Frascati, Italy. www. congrex. nl/09c26 21 NOVEMBER Part of the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act takes effect in the United states. The act,
and health-insurance coverage on the basis of genetic information. go. nature. com/Vlym5n News maker Lee Myung-bakthe president of South korea is backing a plan to increase total R&d spending
and Infectious diseases to study chronic granulomatous disease, a rare genetic white blood cell disorder, and the University of South carolina to study Alzheimer's disease.
Brain science Institute behavioural geneticist Shigeyoshi Itohara is excited most about what the clones could reveal about the function of the brain.
With the differences between species in disposition and cognition, dogs are tremendously valuable to basic genetic studies of higher brain order.
By getting rid of the genetic variation among individuals within a species, cloned dogs will significantly raise the value of this data
So far, one new disease with a genetic underpinning has been discovered in a family with blood-vessel calcification below the waist.
The genetic pathway involved, says Gahl, was known not to be associated with ectopic calcification. I think it's important.
immune health and gene expression (I e. Mulder et al. BMC Biol. 7, 79; 2009). ) Until now, she says,
This study takes a step forwards by tallying the gene expression response into this, he says. However, he adds
In all the authors report more than a dozen genetic modifications. The results could buoy LS9, says Mark B Â nger,
Conservationists worry about such inbreeding because it means that more animals rely on the same set of genetic defences to overcome environmental threats,
who has studied the morphology and genetics of the Qinling pandas. But there could be other factors at play,
The idea of inbreeding in Qinling is also at odds with the most recent genetic analyses,
the remaining giant panda populations seem to have retained a lot of genetic diversity2. The evidence that giant pandas in general,
and in the Qinling Mountains in particular, are of low genetic variation is at best equivocal, says Mike Bruford, a molecular ecologist at Cardiff University, UK,
A comparison of brown and black pandas at Qinling and other sites should shed light on the genetic basis of this rare variety,
Bt brinjal was approved for cultivation by India's Genetic engineering Approval Committee (GEAC), a scientific regulatory body, in October 2009.
and to set up an independent regulatory authority for GM CROPS. Mahyco spokesperson Raju Barwale said that the company respected the decision of the environment ministry.
and worry that the ruling could delay the introduction of other GM CROPS developed by Indian scientists,
The moratorium will actually affect the indigenous effort to create GM CROPS that could feed India's rapidly growing population
California, has been granted the first US patent for genetic reprogramming technology to create induced pluripotent stem (ips) cells.
and geneticist and plant scientist David Baulcombe got the agriculture prize for his discovery of small interfering RNA in plants,
when eminent biologists established influential guidelines on experiments in the budding field of genetic engineering. Despite disagreement on when  or indeed whether the technologies should be used,
But it was evident from the beginning that the much broader field of geoengineering would not yield to simple principles as quickly as had genetics.
and his colleagues are compiling a database of genetic markers to verify the geographic origins of black truffle populations.
Indeed, some opponents of genetic modification believe Agresearch is testing the system to see how broad their applications can be.
During development, genetic factors trigger the formation of male or female gonads according to an animal's combination of sex chromosomes (XY for males and XX for females.
and agricultural community that Arabidopsis research should continue to be funded. says Edward Buckler, a maize geneticist at Cornell University in Ithaca, New york. Â
The sluggish pace of approval for GM CROPS means that whereas 134 million hectares of GM CROPS were planted worldwide last year,
less than 100,000 hectares of those were in the agricultural powerhouse that is the EU. Nature looks at the reasons why so few GM CROPS have been approved in Europe,
and if that is now set to change. What's responsible for the EU blockage of GM CROPS? The EU-wide system for approving genetically modified organisms (GMOS) isn't Working in principle,
when the EU approves a GM crop for cultivation, companies and farmers across all member states have the right to plant it.
it now looks set to take a pragmatic approach that might formally allow countries to opt out of growing GM CROPS.
Breeders of GM CROPS use antibiotic-resistance markers to spot which plants have incorporated successfully transgenes. They attach the antibiotic-resistance gene onto the desired trait genes,
and many more varieties of GM CROPS, may soon be growing in Europe.
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