if the two were related sort of a geologic genetic test. But even though the two volcanoes had erupted at about the same time in the past their chemistry was wildly different.
and stasis lead study author Sandra Rehan an assistant professor of biological sciences at the University of New Hampshiretold Livescience There was a period where there was no genetic diversification happening for millions of years a real dearth of speciation.
In a separate study in the same issue of Science researchers found that by 3500 years ago all of the genetic makeup of modern Europe was mostly in place.
and her colleagues analyzed the fossils'MITOCHONDRIAL DNA genetic information carried in the cytoplasm of the cell that is only passed on from the mother finding usable information in 25 of the individuals.
Fishers and farmers Of the skeletons they analyzed all five of the most ancient samples came from a genetic lineage associated with pre-farming hunter-gatherers.
Of the Neolithic skeletons eight had genetics consistent with farming whereas 12 of the more modern samples had genetic lineages more consistent with belonging to a hunter-gatherer group.
Isotope analysis also revealed the latter group subsisted on a diet of mainly freshwater fish while the farmers ate more domesticated animals.
Genetic melting pot In the second study researchers analyzed the MITOCHONDRIAL DNA from more than 364 fossil remains found at more than 20 sites within the Saxony-Anhalt region of Germany which dated to between 5500 and 1550 B c. The team concluded that the modern
maternal genetic makeup of Europe was mostly in place by about 3500 years ago study co-author Wolfgang Haak a molecular archaeologist at the University of Adelaide in Australia wrote in an email.
or stuck around for a little while longer in isolation but they did not contribute much of a genetic legacy to modern Europe.
We address a longstanding debate in archaeology that has implications beyond northern Germany researcher Almut Nebel a molecular geneticist at Christian-Albrechts University told Livescience.
and a mate for instance) or perhaps they are linked in some more direct way at the genetic level Vallortigara said.
While a captive population had been established back in 1983 genetic work showed that there were too few to encompass all of the parrot s genetic diversity.
With new discoveries in astrophysics evolutionary biology molecular genetics geology and paleoanthropology a continuous story has emerged starting from the Big bang. This is both a new cosmology that humanity is embedded in and a grand tour of science.
and a genetic system that stores information directs the construction of proteins regulates every function of the organism
</p><p>Curiously geneticists have also found that at about this time the total human population On earth plummeted to perhaps just a few thousand individuals.
Geneticists Create a Plant That Can't Stop Growing In the comedy Little Shop of Horrors a carnivorous plant named Audrey Jr. grew nonstop by feasting on unsuspecting human beings.
But researchers at the Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular biology and Applied Ecology (IME) in MÃ nster Germany have isolated the genetic switch that tells the tobacco plant to stop growing flower and die.
Genetic research on plants has produced also a variety of switchgrass (an important source of biofuels) that grows faster
The scientists at IME hope to use their genetic engineering technique to create larger longer-lived food plants.
Though genetically modified foods have been touted as a potential solution to feeding a hungry world NIAB researchers didn't use genetic engineering to create their superwheat.
and breeding them to make them as productive and resilient as possible Tina Barsby director of NIAB told the Daily mail. You can sometimes become too focused on one technology like GM genetic modification
Genetic predisposition or age at the time of infection could play a role Torrey said.
In the past few years awareness of the genetic disorder has increased and many food companies and restaurants now offer menus that cater to those with celiac disease.
Genetic testing is used often to calculate the risk for celiac disease. However having the gene means that you are simply at risk for developing disease
and is not a conclusive diagnosis. Positive genetic tests should be followed up with celiac blood panels
If the genetic tests return with negative results the patient can essentially rule out celiac disease. When a person with celiac disease consumes gluten the immune system overreacts and targets the body s small intestine.
It's also caused in part by genetics (family history) as well as age and gender women generally have lower LDL levels than men before menopause
As a follow-up the team hopes to determine the genetic underpinnings of other animal sounds.
what the compounds in cranberries did to certain bacteria's gene expression. They took E coli that had been isolated from the urinary tract
Then Tufenkji looked at how exposure to the cranberry influences bacteria's gene expression specifically the way the flagella are constructed.
and how cranberry products affect certain gene expressions associated with flagellum motility. An alternative to antibiotics The two studies show that cranberry powder is able to essentially disable bacteria
Studying evolutionary patterns relies on comparing genetic information. Animals that appear superficially similar (such as jellyfish
and comb jellies) can be quite different at a genetic level. Modern taxonomy has embraced barcoding which uses the DNA sequence of a single gene to distinguish between closely related species
or by comparing genetic pathways available to create certain tissues. The latter approach has been used quite effectively in this study.
In the chokehold of Stalin's Russia where being a geneticist was likely to get you imprisoned shot
or both Belyaev conducted perhaps the greatest genetics experiment of the 20th century and finally solved the puzzle of how the wolf turned into the dog.
 After WORLD WAR II was not a good time to be a geneticist in Russia. Darwinism was seen as a justification that capitalists should have millions
In 1948 genetics was banned in Russia. Genetic institutions were closed and information on genetics was removed from textbooks.
Punishment for carrying on genetic work was swift and severe. Belyaev's own brother a geneticist was arrested by the secret police and shot without trial.
 Belyaev began his experiment with the silver fox because he could disguise his work as a commercial endeavor.
Silver foxes were prized in Russia for their fur and Belyaev's official research objective was trying to breed foxes for better fur.
Adopt a Pet Fox for Science's Sake Instead of trying to create a domesticated species by selecting for each physical trait Belyaev selected for one simple behavioral trait
Genetic engineering has yet to play an important role in drought tolerance. Only this year did agricultural biotech company Monsanto introduce its first drought-tolerant seed variety Droughtgard.
However successful crop genetics might be new plant varieties cannot compensate for the deficiencies in systems.
Human action Using genetic data from the seeds Galetti and his colleagues created computer models to figure out how long it would have taken trees to evolve smaller seeds in bird-free zones.
The researchers plan to study other plant species and to take a deeper look at the genetics of the seeds to understand how forest fragmentation might be affecting heredity.
Thus genetic mutations that favor early reproduction even at the expense of an organism's later life will be preserved.
though how much depends on genetic factors. Cholesterol is an important component of all human and animal cells and influences hormone biology among other functions.
when young-adult males from each group migrated to another group during the mating season a common practice that ensures genetic diversity in vervet populations.
Newer genetic evidence from wild and domestic plants in recent years points to multiple origins for agriculture from Southwest Turkey to Iraq to Northern Syria.
People with hereditary fructose intolerance a rare genetic disorder lack an enzyme that breaks down fructose.
Genetically modified organisms in this discussion genetically modified foods have genetic material that engineers unnaturally altered.
or have not been developed through genetic engineering provided that such labeling is truthful and not misleading the agency stated.
or modified in some way through genetic engineering. In most cases GMOS have been altered with DNA from another organism be it a bacterium plant virus or animal;
Geneticists have bred GMO pigs that glow in the dark by inserting into their DNA a gene for bioluminescence from a jellyfish.
These genetic enhancements however aren't universally welcomed and there's been widespread resistance to the development and marketing of GMO crops and other organisms.
Consuming foods containing ingredients derived from GM genetically modified crops is no riskier than consuming the same foods containing ingredients from crop plants modified by conventional plant improvement techniques according to the AAAS.
Since GM CROPS were commercialized first in 1996 regulatory agencies in 59 countries have conducted extensive scientific reviews and affirmed the safety of GM CROPS with 2497 approvals on 319 different GMO traits in 25 crops according to a statement on the website for Monsanto the world's largest manufacturer of GMOS.
The majority (1129) of approvals on GM CROPS have been on the food safety of the product. These assurances however do little to appease opponents of GMO development
and there have been cases where GMOS have caused harm. Potatoes engineered with a lectin gene (for resistance to pests) were linked to stomach damage in rats that consumed the potatoes according to a report from the University of California Davis
But the new findings add to growing evidence that the virus likely needs to undergo just a few genetic mutations to gain the ability to spread between people said Dr. Richard Webby a bird flu expert at St jude Children's Research
unless it undergoes genetic changes that allow it to spread more efficiently between people experts say.
If enough genetic diversity remains the population may recover; it may also become extinct. Beginning about the first century A d. humans began to sidestep these restraints.
Based on population numbers required to maintain genetic viability; it is estimated that as many as 30 percent of plant
#How Ancient Life May have Come about A family tree unites a diverse group of individuals that all carry genetic vestiges from a single common ancestor at the base of the tree.
But this organizational structure falls apart if genetic information is a communal resource as opposed to a family possession.
A group of researchers are now searching for clear genetic vestiges from this communal ancestry.
Rather than phone books they sift through genetic codes from humans to bacteria and a lot in between.
The organisms belonging to this collective state would have shared genetic information from neighbor to neighbor rather than solely from parent to offspring.
Goldenfeld's team will be performing genetic studies that will try to tease out signatures of community-based evolution.
A time before Darwinism It might sound strange that an organism's genetic code could be the result of crowdsourcing.
But as it turns out different genes go back to different ancestors said Peter Gogarten of the University of Connecticut who has done extensive work on comparative genetics.
The researchers used computer models to demonstrate that the genetic code could evolve more efficiently if organisms shared their genes collectively.
Now with his NAI team Goldenfeld wants to confirm these simulations with genetic studies. Specifically they will target archaea
So this is going beyond'origin of species'approaches to evolution such as population genetics. How does one study evolution without genetics?
One considers the rules of the game that the genetic code is just one manifestation of.
Goldenfeld calls this universal biology. It is an attempt to distill from our specific biochemistry the general physical laws that animate matter.
Writer and environmentalist Stewart Brand founder of the Whole Earth Catalog and his wife Ryan Phelan founder of the genetics company DNA Direct wondered
The finding reveals the importance of doing long-term research on the flies said David Haymer a geneticist at the University of Hawaii who has studied medfly genetics
This makes DNA a very stable non-reactive molecule and ideal for the long term storage of genetic information.
And here s the amazing part virtually every cell has its own DNA (its own genetic information
which in turn contains the entire genetic information or the whole genome of each species you eat.
so cut up that they can no longer function as genetic material. There are few if any sentences left just letters or fragments of words.
While other GM CROPS have been approved for cultivation GM wheat has not. Following the announcement Japan and South korea suspended some imports of U s. wheat
because the demand for the GM product wasn't there said Margaret Smith professor of plant breeding and genetics at Cornell University.
Field tests of GM wheat are subject to strict rules to ensure that the crops don't get mixed in with the food supply said Clay Sneller an associate professor at Ohio State university who studies wheat breeding and genetics.
Numerous scientific studies show that genetically modified crops are safe to eat Jaffe said. Americans have been eating GM corn
and be vigilant about each new use of genetic engineering Smith said. Currently companies that make GM foods do not have to have approved these foods before they enter the market
#Is Genetics Key to Climate Change Solutions?(Op-Ed) Thomas Whitham is a regents'professor in the Department of Biological sciences and the executive director of the Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research at Northern Arizona University.
One important part of the puzzle however involves unlocking the natural genetic diversity of plants to identify those species
Just as researchers have used genetics to improve food production it can also provide solutions that maintain biodiversity
Genetics holds the potential to benefit native systems that range from prairies to pine forests and coral reefs.
Plants are well known to possess extensive genetic variation in drought and temperature tolerance water-use efficiency and other traits that can prove critical for surviving climate changes
Importantly plants also exhibit genetic variation in their responses to pests and invasive species that can be used to mitigate their negative effects.
The use of genetics will become increasingly important in regions suffering from climate change. For example in the western United states drought and higher temperatures have doubled the rate of tree mortality
Fortunately plant genomes all of an organism's genetic information are a vast storehouse of genetic variability that can be used to help prevent the loss of species suffering from climate change.
Genetics-based environmental research is already helping to restore damaged and degraded landscapes. For more than 30 years a consortium of researchers has examined how genetic variation in the cottonwood tree can affect entire communities of organisms from microbes to mammals.
This research has been involved with a 50-year $626 million effort on the lower Colorado river that shows major genetics-based differences in the success of different populations that the Bureau of Reclamation
and other agencies are using to restore riparian habitat. From such combined restoration-research experiments scientists can learn which genetic lines are most likely to survive future climates.
Understanding a plant's response to climate conditions requires the integration of diverse sciences to examine how changing conditions influence the plant through its life history
Thus genetics-based research can help identify those individuals that possess superior traits that will allow them to survive in a future climate.
This type of research involves interdisciplinary teams of climate-change scientists biologists geneticists modelers and engineers who are using
SEGA is a new genetics-based climate-change research platform that allows scientists to quantify the ecological and evolutionary responses of species exposed to changing climate conditions.
if the potential benefits of genetics-based approaches are to be realized on a broader scale.
Genetics-based approaches seek to harness the natural genetic variation that exists in wild-populations to restore damaged natural systems
While native ecosystems are being challenged as never before the use of genetics offers new solutions that hold great promise.
The Norway spruce genome contains 20 billion genetic letter-pairs but has roughly the same number of genes (stretches of DNA that code for a specific protein) as the widely studied plant Aradbidopsis
In 1956 Warwick Kerr a honeybee geneticist with the University of SãO Paulo Brazil imported African bees (Apis mellifera scutellata) to study.
Rainfall over 55 inches distributed evenly throughout the year is almost a complete barrier to Africanized honey bee spread entomologist Josã D. Villa of the Honey Bee Breeding Genetics
Plus the kiwifruit is a genetic freak with duplicated DNA. A recent analysis of the funny fruit exposed its genetic secrets.
Approximately 27 million years ago and then again at 80 million years ago the kiwifruits entire DNA sequence duplicated.
Fei and his fellow geneticists analyzed the kiwi s entire DNA sequence or genome. They published their results in Nature Communications.
The fact that they contain similar genes after millions of years of separate evolution suggests that those shared genetic sequences may be important to the basic functioning of the plants.
and her colleagues analyzed the genetic lineage of three cattle descended from the New world cows:
However genetics research suggests placental lineages were actually far older hinting their diversification was linked to the breakup of the continents before the end of the Cretaceous period.
because researchers currently cannot extract genetic material from fossils more than 30000 years old so morphological data was key
This is about 36 million years later than the prediction based on purely genetic data said researcher Marcelo Weksler at Brazil's National Museum at the Federal University of Rio de janeiro.
The discrepancy between these findings and past research that looked only at genes is the result of the way genetic studies assign a rate of change to genes through time O'Leary explained.
The researchers used genetic sequencing methods to identify a strain of the MERS virus in camels on a Qatar farm where two people caught the disease.
When Europeans and Americans first came to Mexico in the 16th century the pathogen experienced increased genetic diversity
which suggests that breeding techniques may affect the genetic makeup of plant pathogens. Perhaps this strain became extinct
Both fossil and genetic evidence suggests that Solanaceae plants originated and diversified in South america. But until now only fossil seeds attributed to Solanaceae plants have been discovered in South america most of the family's early fossil history comes from Europe.
The tomato family molecular clock based on the genetic data and fossil evidence suggests the tomato genome expanded abruptly about 60 million years ago.
The new study and others suggest that H7n9 had three genetic parents that combined to make the new virus Pavia said.
Genetic conditions that affect the breakdown of dietary nutrients can also cause blue urine. Even blue food dyes sometimes passes into pee.
A genetic condition called porphyria may also trigger deep purple pee. Email Becky Oskin or follow her@beckyoskin. Follow us@livescience Facebookâ & Google+.
See 6 Things You Should Know About the New Bird flu Genetic testing revealed that the patients were infected with nearly identical strains of H7n9.
In 2006 genetic analyses revealed it to be an entirely new primate genus the first new African monkey species since 1984.
 This RNA-interference technique might someday be used in genetically modified crops produced with specific nutritional goals in mind as interference RNA targets a specific gene.
For instance a team that includes Harvard genetics expert George Church is trying to bring back the passenger pigeon a bird that once filled eastern North america's skies.
Its genetic material was inserted into mouse embryos which proved functional in live mice. Photos: The Creatures of Cryptozoology Should we?
The researchers discovered a genetic switch which can prevent the plants from flowering. They modified the expression of the gene
Other groups have investigated how different frequencies and intensities of sounds change gene expression. Their studies find that acoustic vibrations modify metabolic processes in plants.
Genetics make some people more sensitive to the bitter flavor found in vegetables such as asparagus broccoli and Brussels sprouts.
About the same time the eruption took place the number of modern humans apparently dropped cataclysmically as shown by genetic research.
As for what might explain the near-extinction humanity apparently once experienced perhaps another kind of catastrophe such as disease hit the species. It may also be possible that such a disaster never happened in the first place genetic research suggests modern humans descend from a single population of a few thousand survivors of a calamity
not only people's genetic makeup that determines people's reaction to broccoli's bitter taste
and drinks said study researcher Danielle Reed a geneticist at Monell Chemical Senses Center in Philadelphia.
Conversely it is possible that eating bitter vegetables may change gene expression over time the researchers said.
or animals that have been created with gene-splicing techniques or genetic engineering. According to the Worldwatch Institute corn accounts for 31 percent of all genetically modified crops.
So there's a good chance that corn you're buying at the grocery store has been modified genetically in some way.
and analyzed genetic material from the trees'chloroplasts the green plant structures where photosynthesis takes place.
The researchers then reconstructed a genetic tree to show how the plant dispersed. The team found that the thin small and bitter wild fruit first gave way to oil-rich larger olives on the border between Turkey and Syria.
But to get a true sense of how the olive tree emerged the researchers shouldn't just look at CHLOROPLAST DNA said Andrã Bervillã a geneticist at The french National Institute for Agricultural Research who was involved not in the study.
and communication between cells and aiding cell metabolism and gene expression. Researchers have shown that omega-3 fatty acids a type of polyunsaturated fat found primarily in seafood can improve your chances of living longer
and constricts blood vessels said Artemis Simopoulos president of the Center for Genetics Nutrition and Health and the author of The Omega Diet (Harper collins 1999).
Your genetics and environment play large roles in responsiveness to omega-3s. And while studies are very promising for a wide range of illnesses the optimal amount of omega-3
That's happening because of increased irrigation technology crop genetics and management strategies. But in some areas of the country's plains the properties of the groundwater and soil largely dictate the irrigation techniques Scanlon said.
either through genetic engineering or traditional crop-breeding techniques may also help protect against crop losses in the future due to extreme weather conditions said Tim Thomas an economist at the Washington D c.-based International Food Policy
because the large part of a human's genetic makeup was established thousands of years ago in pre-agricultural societies.
But about 7500 years ago in Central europe a genetic mutation popped up causing some people to produce lactase well into adulthood according to a 2009 study in the journal PLOS Computational Biology.
Environmentally induced genetic changes can be passed on from parent to child a process known as epigenetics.
The team also identified the genetic component behind spiciness. It turns out that a key gene can be duplicated a different number of times to provide more or less capsaicin.
Protecting these wild places will help secure habitat for vulnerable wildlife safeguard their genetic integrity enhance connectivity
No genetic data exists to help place Dendrogramma in the tree of life. The deep-sea mushrooms were preserved in chemicals that destroyed their DNA
Just said he hopes more tiny Jell-o-like creatureswill someday surface in another deep-sea expedition so modern genetic studies can reveal their evolutionary branch.
The researchers found that eating the diet high in red meat changed levels of a type of genetic material called microrna in rectal tissue.
which in turn regulate gene expression. The researchers noted that the amount of red meat people ate during the study may exceed levels consumed by many people in the general population
Ancient Beasts Roam an Arctic Landscape To understand the ancient landscape better researchers analyzed the plant genetic material found in 242 samples of permafrost from across Siberia Northern europe and Alaska that dated as far back
And in addition to these extra flavor-and aroma-enhancing compounds the researchers found that C. canephora has a larger genetic assortment linked to N-methyltransferases (NMTS) the enzymes encoded by genes involved in the production of caffeine.
Chief among the alternate explanations is the idea of genetic drift where some genetic mutations are passed on to progeny randomly.
or more has coincided with the wide-scale adoption of genetically modified crops that are resistant to the weed-killer glyphosate also known as Round up.
Myers group included crop scientists around the world who were conducting FACE experiments on 41 different genetic strains or cultivars#of grains and legumes over three continents.
or wonder GM CROPS but something seemingly much more challenging: our ability to share the Earth s resources more equitably.
He at first attributed it to genetic protection. But when Kunas migrated to Panama city their blood pressure increased pointing to an environmental cause.
but rather a possible change in their body size or genetics the researchers said. Follow Tanya Lewis on Twitter and Google+.
It's not clear how these traits are passed on Talhelm said who cautioned that he is not arguing that they are genetic in origin.
These sometimes indicate a genetic disorder that causes nerve tumors. References to various types of cheese help doctors identify certain bacterial infections
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