Bt maize and resistance developmentgenetically engineered maize is created by introducing a gene into the plant genome that expresses a toxic protein from a bacterium i e.
or by transferring resistance genes between bacteria. It is therefore important to only use antimicrobial agents as required to prevent overuse.
It demonstrates that some genes and proteins that most people think are specific to being multicellular in animals are already present in their unicellular relatives.
and sequenced the protein-coding genes of the organism to construct a 159-protein matrix for phylogenetic analyses.
The genus name for Pygsuia biforma is derived from part of the University of Arkansas Razorbacks sports cheer Wooo Pig Sooie
Consequently the genus name also means little pig in mock Latin. The species name biforma is derived from the presence two distinct cell forms that are observed in the life cycle.
and applied to crop fields contains antibiotic-resistant bacteria resistance genes and about 75 percent of the antibiotics consumed by the animals.
if researchers can identify the genes that influence the fishes'interest in being social they may be closer to understanding how genes drive human social behavior.
That suggests a single gene could cause fish to detect their environment differently Greenwood said
It provides a promising starting point in trying to locate the gene involved and Fred Hutch researchers are now working on manipulating the gene they think causes changes in the stickleback's lateral line to see
if that alters the fishes'schooling behavior. Research on schooling behavior in fish may seem an odd fit for a cancer research center
and the genes that tend to be affected during evolution in these other model systems we can apply that to humans she said.
Alternately the authors suggest the genes encoding these peptides could be used to engineer insect-resistant plants
. and others found this gene to encode A g protein called GÎ. Further experiments indicated an unexpected interaction between GÎ
The results showed that the genes of the Norwegian viruses resembled the genes found in influenza viruses from other wild birds in Europe.
However in some areas it has been observed that genes can be exchanged between influenza viruses from Eurasia and America.
Tønnessen studied the role that gulls play in the transfer of virus genes between these two continents.
Genes from American avian influenza viruses were detected not in the European gull viruses studied. However within avian influenza viruses from Eurasia she found that virus genes were exchanged between influenza viruses typically found in gulls and ducks respectively.
During the breeding seasons of 2008 and 2009 Tønnessen studied the occurrence of influenza virus in the black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla) at Hornã¸ya in Finnmark in Northern Norway.
In a talk at the 246th National Meeting & Exposition of the American Chemical Society (ACS) scientists are describing identification of the genes responsible for pesticide-resistance in bedbugs
The surprise discovery we never expected is that most of the genes responsible for pesticide resistance in the bedbug are active in its outer skin-like shell or cuticle.
Zhu of Washington state University and colleagues who are with the University of Kentucky quickly realized that the location was the ideal spot for genes that mute the effects of pyrethroid insecticides--today's mainstay home
Some genes in the cuticle for instance produce substances that tear apart the molecular backbone of insecticides rendering them harmless.
Other genes manufacture biological pumps that literally pump insecticides back out of the cuticle before they can enter the body.
Zhu's team sifted through the bedbug's genome--its complete set of genes--to identify the genes responsible for this pesticide resistance.
It enabled us to perform quickly an analysis that would have taken years in the 1990s--a genome-wide analysis of the insecticide-resistance related genes in bedbugs.
They found 14 genes that in various combinations help bedbugs survive pesticide treatments with pyrethroid-type insecticides.
In case insecticides slip past the armor other genes kick in to prevent the toxins from attacking the nervous system.
Zhu said the findings suggest that development of new pesticides should focus on chemicals that shut down or mute genes in the cuticle that thwart today's pesticides.
when it comes to inhibiting cancer-causing pathways (such as the AP-1 protein) while activating chemoprotective genes (such as the Nrf2 gene).
The genes in question (Major Histocompatibility Complex; MHC) play a key role in detecting and fighting infections.
and other environmental factors affect the expression of genes in grapes and the chemistry of wine's aromas and color.
A team of geneticists from UCL University of Addis ababa and Roskilde University have shown that five different alleles are found in the Ethiopian population that cause adult lactase production one of which is confirmed newly.
Just over a third of the global population have inherited genes that allow us to make lactase the enzyme that digests milk as adults.
when we are babies to digest our mother's milk so in babies large amounts of lactase enzyme are expressed by our genes.
so in most humans manufacture of the lactase enzyme stops through de-activation of the corresponding gene.
However subtle mutations in the regulatory region of the gene in some individuals cause lactase to carry on being expressed into adulthood.
Soft selective sweeps have not been described so clearly before in humans one reason being caused that variations by soft selective sweeps are more likely to be caused by genetic mutations in regulatory sequences rather than mutations found in coding regions of genes.
since the lactase persistence genes are likely to have come under selection. Our studies on other African and Middle Eastern populations show quite different geographic distributions with overlap in Ethiopia suggesting that their origins are all different
The combination of mutation large effective population size migration and selection has been shown to be important in generating this kind of pattern of diversity namely parallel selection of multiple alleles of similar function a so-called soft selective sweep.
Their articles say that forest corridors play an essential role in maintaining the flow of genes between tiger
In the first ever gene-flow analysis of these big cats Sharma and Dutta analyzed the genes of the estimated 273 tigers
and 217 leopards living in four distinct populations in the 17375-mile Satpura-Maikal region of central India then used computer modeling to compare contemporary and historical gene flow among the region's tiger
and leopard populations. The genetic data showed that the region's tiger population divided rapidly twice in history:
while the flow of genes between the four tiger and leopard populations has decreased over time clusters linked by contiguous forest corridors have maintained a high rate of gene flow.
Reserves that have lost connectivity between them have seen the greatest decline in gene flow The research suggests that given the fact of limited financial and human capital the big cats would be served better by extending conservation efforts beyond source habitats to a larger landscape scale.
and possibly obstruct the flow of genes between the habitats. In cases where habitats become islands
and behavior affect how genes express themselves in offspring should help health care providers and public health officials develop more precise prenatal strategies to maximize the health of newborn children.
Liver samples were taken from the lambs born to these ewes at four months of age to examine their genes and proteins.
and drug target candidates the team identified a set of genes that are more active in certain stages of the parasite life cycle and within the parasite s gut.
when and where each gene is turned on or off in the cells and tissues of H. contortus to reveal new insights into the worm s lifecycle.
The researchers also described the full gene repertoires for known drug target families. This gives a comprehensive understanding of how several important treatments work against worms
and begins to unravel why resistance has occurred in these genes.##oenot only is this worm closely related to many other parasites of livestock it is also similar to some species of worms in humans.#
The analysis indicated that sorghum possesses a diverse primary gene pool but with decreased diversity in both landrace and improved groups.
The study identified 8m high-quality SNPS 1. 9m indels and specific gene loss and gain events in S. bicolor providing the largest dataset obtained in sorghum to date.
I did not expect that said noted ecologist Gene Likens a co-discoverer of acid rain in 1963 who collaborated with Kaushal on this research.
because it has the largest contiguous cluster of genes related to nitrogen fixation of any cyanobacterium. Roughly 30 genes are part of the same functional unit under the control of a single operating signal or promoter.
The scientists hope this cluster of genes can be moved to another cyanobacterial strain in a single mega-transfer.
The one they've picked as the host Synechocystis 6803 is studied the best strain of cyanobacteria.
The scientists will need to figure out how to connect the transplanted nitrogen-fixing gene cluster to Synechocystis'clock.
and neither can be included in any known Asian genus. Earlier work on the global distribution of bamboos has shown that bamboos evolved in the southern hemisphere on a landmass called Gondwanaland parts
and to determine the origin of genes. According to their analysis domestic ducks and chickens played distinct roles in the genesis of the H7n9 virus infecting humans today.
Within ducks and later within chickens various strains of avian H7n9 H7n7 and H9n2 influenza exchanged genes with one another in different combinations.
#PHS gene prevents wheat from sprouting: Fewer crop losses anticipateda new study about the common problem of preharvest sprouting or PHS in wheat is nipping the crop-killing issue in the bud.
and cloned a gene in wheat named PHS that prevents the plant from preharvest sprouting.
With this study they will have a gene marker to expedite the breeding of wheat that will not have this problem.
I think that this gene is a big step toward establishing a white wheat industry in Kansas. Gill said identifying the PHS gene creates a greater assurance before planting a crop that it will be resistant to preharvest sprouting once it grows a year later.
and test whether it has the preharvest sprouting resistance gene rather than finding out once the crop grows.
Much of the work to isolate the PHS gene came from Gill and his colleagues'efforts to fully sequence the genome--think genetic blueprint--of common wheat.
and look for a naturally occurring resistance gene. Gill said without the sequenced segments finding the PHS gene would have been impossible.
Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by Kansas State university. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.
which led to a decrease in the production of anti-apoptotic genes in the pancreatic cancer cells.
Certain genes associated with pro-inflammatory cytokines were highly upregulated de Mejia said. According to Johnson the scientists'in vitro study in Molecular Nutrition and Food Research is the first to show that apigenin treatment can lead to an increase in interleukin 17s in pancreatic cells showing its potential relevance in anti-pancreatic cancer activity.
#The secret of male beauty (in turkeys) The essence of male beauty is down to the way males use their genes rather than
what genes they have according to a new study into the sexual attractiveness of turkeys. Geneticists have puzzled long over why individuals of the same sex show a greater or lesser degree of sexual attractiveness.
(and therefore share the majority of their genes)# dominant males show higher expression of genes predominantly found in males
and a lower expression of genes predominantly found in females than their subordinate brothers. Therefore dominant males were both masculinised and defeminised in terms of their gene expression.
A male s attractiveness is a function of how they express their genes rather than the genes themselves.
#oehere we have shown that male beauty is a result of how you use your genes rather than the difference in the genes themselves.#
#oewe expect to find a similar effect in females in that more attractive females may show a higher expression of genes predominantly found in females and lower expression of male genes.#
An international collaboration of plant scientists from VIB and Ghent University (Belgium) the University of Dundee (UK) The James Hutton Institute (UK) and the University of Wisconsin (USA) identified a new gene in the biosynthetic
This enzyme caffeoyl shikimate esterase (CSE) fulfils a central role in lignin biosynthesis. Knocking-out the CSE gene resulted in 36%less lignin per gram of stem material.
These new insights published this week online in Science Express can now be used to screen natural populations of energy crops such as poplar eucalyptus switchgrass or other grass species for a nonfunctional CSE gene.
and was not the project's original goal--completing the first comprehensive study of olingos several species of tree-living carnivores in the genus Bassaricyon was.
After they made the jump the human CC97 strains acquired some new capabilities says Fitzgerald thanks to genes encoded on portable pieces of DNA called mobile genetic elements.
and less responsive to treatment than others because the overactive HER2 gene makes excessive amounts of a protein that promotes cancer growth.
But Herceptin is an antibody to the HER2 gene--it naturally seeks out this protein--so the research team used key parts of Herceptin to guide the nanodrug into HER2-positive cancer cells.
We genetically prepared a new'fusion gene'that consists of an immune-stimulating protein interleukin-2
and a gene of Herceptin said Julia Y. Ljubimova MD Phd professor of neurosurgery and biomedical sciences and director of the Nanomedicine Research center.
Ljubimova said the UCLA collaborators developed the fusion gene and Cedars-Sinai chemists Eggehard Holler Phd professor in the Department of Neurosurgery and Hui Ding Phd assistant professor performed the technically difficult task of attaching it to the nanoplatform.
#Study of gene expression has revealed first steps of evolution in gene regulation in micea study of gene expression led by scientists at the EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI)
and the University of Cambridge has revealed the first steps of evolution in gene regulation in mice.
Published in the journal Cell the research has implications for the study of differences in gene regulation between people.
We found an impressive amount of variation between these apparently very similar mice in terms of transcription-factor binding which is an important indicator of gene-regulation activity says Paul Flicek of EMBL-EBI.
To do this they compared the way that three transcription factors (TFS) bind to genes to control
In this study instead of comparing leaf and fruit shapes the team looked at gene regulation in mice that had diverged only recently from one another.
The researchers contrasted their findings with gene-regulation data from another model organism Drosophila to see where the similarities lay.
The study could help scientists understand how gene regulation differs from one person to the next explaining why genes that cause disease in some people don't have that effect in others.
We were surprised how many odors had associated genes with them. If this extends to other odors then we might expect everyone to have their own unique set of smells that they are sensitive to.
So which are the genes that determine our ability to perceive certain odors? Mcrae and colleagues found that the genetic variants associated all lie in
or near genes that encode so-called odorant or olfactory receptors. The odorant receptor molecules sit on the surface of sensory nerve cells in our nose.
and colleagues managed to pinpoint the exact mutation (a change in the DNA sequence) in the odorant receptor gene OR5A1 that underlies the sensitivity to smell the compound
and named 14 new species of the ant genus Eurhopalothrix and distinguished them from 14 other previously known species. The genus name is Greek
and refers to the club-shaped hairs on many Eurhopalothrix (pronounced you-row-pal-oh-thrix) species. In another upcoming study accepted for publication in the same journal Longino identified 19 new ant species from the genus
Octostruma (pronounced oct-oh-strew-ma) and described differences from 15 other previously known species. The genus name means eight swellings for the ants'eight-segmented antennas.
The new species were found mostly in small patches of forest that remain in a largely agricultural landscape highlighting the importance of forest conservation efforts in Central america Longino says.
and perhaps redefine classifications for ants in four or five ant genuses or genera. Some species are likely to end up in a different genus after such research is done he says.
Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by University of Utah. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.
In 2009 researchers identified the culprit behind WNS as a member of the genus Geomyces resulting in its name Geomyces destructans or G. destructans.
and found evidence supporting a shift in the genus to which the fungus belongs resulting in a new name:
#Honey bee gene targeting offers system to understand food-related behavioron July 25th Jove the Journal of Visualized Experiments will publish a new technique that will help scientists better understand the genes that govern food-related
The impact of this study could take scientists one-step closer toward understanding--and perhaps changing--undesirable food-related behavior in humans via gene control.
Our technique has helped already to unravel the complex gene networks behind biological processes and behavior such as gustatory perception said Dr. Ying Wang of Arizona State university.
She and a team of scientists are behind the experiment titled RNAI-mediated Double Gene Knockdown and Gustatory perception Measurement in Honey Bees.
and humans but we share many major genes said Wang therefore honey bees have become an emerging system for us to understand food related behavior in humans.
and insulin pathway genes were involved in honey bee gustatory perception. Her new article introduces two strategies for targeting
and simultaneously down-regulating multiple genes in honey bees via RNA interference. This allows for further research in examining the role of insulin metabolism in gustatory perception.
Wang's multiple gene knockdown method is a first in entomology and it overcomes the many shortfalls associated with typical single-gene targeting methods A common problem associated with single gene suppression is that it is not sufficient to show the interrelationship of a gene network.
In the article published today Wang's team has provided also a technique to measure the resulting changes in honey bee behavior
Single gene identified whose regulation controls oil palm yielda multinational team of scientists has identified a single gene called Shell that regulates yield of the oil palm tree.
The fruit and seeds of the oil palm are the source of nearly one-half of the supply of edible vegetable oil worldwide
and to scour the sequence for genes of importance to both science and industry has major implications for agriculture and the environment.
The discovery that regulation of the Shell gene will enable breeders to boost palm oil yields by nearly one-third is excellent news for the rainforest
and oil yield explains Dr. Rajinder Singh of the MPOB first author of the Nature paper describing the Shell gene.
The Shell gene is responsible for the oil palm's three known shell forms: dura (thick; pisifera (shell-less;
Tenera palms contain one mutant and one normal version or allele of Shell an optimum combination that results in 30%more oil per land area than dura palms.
and land usethe discovery of the Shell gene and its two naturally occurring mutations highlight new molecular strategies to identify seeds
Seed producers can now use the genetic marker for the Shell gene to distinguish the three fruit forms in the nursery long before they are field-planted.
It comprises nearly 35000 genes including the full set of oil biosynthesis genes and other transcriptional regulators highly expressed in the oil-rich palm fruit.
which contains 46 human chromosomes but when any of these chromosomes are damaged the part of the chromosome not able to participate in cell division typically remains as small'micronuclei'in any daughter cells.
Increased frequency of these micronuclei has been shown by other groups to be linked to the development of cancers.
or sets of all genes of five 19th century strains of the Phytophthora infestans pathogen with modern strains of the pathogen
The researchers found that the genes in historical plant samples collected in Belgium in 1845 as well as other samples collected from varied European locales in the late 1870s
and 1880s were quite different from modern-day P. infestans genes including some genes in modern plants that make the pathogen more virulent than the historical strains.
In one example a certain gene variant or allele called AVR3A that was not virulent in the historical samples was shown to be virulent in the modern-day samples.
and genes related to infection were also quite different Ristaino says. In the areas of the genome that today control virulence we found little similarity with historical strains suggesting that the pathogen has evolved in response to human actions like breeding more disease-resistant potatoes.
There are relatively fewer actively expressed genes or RNA. It is now possible to sequence RNA across kingdoms so a full snapshot can be taken of the active bacteria fungi protozoa and other microbes in the soil.
and African domestication events or did domestication result from different mutations in the same genes or even from mutations in different genes?
In a series of articles in the Journal of Evolutionary Biology and other journals Olsen postdoctoral researcher Cindy Vigueira and their colleagues have shown that different mutations of the same genes underlie the loss of shattering and the straw
For example the weeds carry the crop form of the loss-of-shattering gene which means that they branched off from the crops sometime after people selected for loss of shattering.
This means the weedy forms can draw on both ancestral genes and crop genes as they respond to the selection pressures of modern agriculture.
Even though both weedy strains arose in Asia he says weedy rice became a problem in Southeast asia only in the last few decades.
It's basically a single amino-acid change in a particular gene although newer varieties are getting a bit fancier and multiple genes may be involved.
So it would be pretty easy for random mutations to confer resistance on the weeds.
The other possibility is that resistance genes will migrate from the crop to the weeds.
Because both cultivated rice and weedy rice tend to self-fertilize there hasn't been a lot of gene flow going on in rice in general Olsen says.
now that selective pressure is favoring gene flow. We're already seeing more and more hybridization occurring Olsen says.
#New Anagnorisma moth species from beautiful Binaloud Mountain Iranresearchers described a new species of Noctuidae moth from Iran which is described the fifth species of the genus Anagnorisma.
To date only three species of the genus Allobates are known from Guyana one of which the Cuckoo frog Allobates spumaponens Kok
and described by WCS as an entirely new genus in 2006. Another extremely vulnerable species is the Zanzibar red colobus a species
Parasitization caused changes in the levels of active genes in the brains of infected bees.
Varroa altered the activity of 455 genes including genes involved in GABA and serotonin signaling while Nosema affected 57.
Twenty genes were common between the two infections and several of the up-regulated genes are involved in oxidative stress neural function and foraging behavior.
Parasitized bees also tended to have a higher viral infection as well adding to their disease burden
RNA interference is a natural process that affects the level of activity of genes in animals and plants.
however successfully artificial interfering RNAS that target genes in insect pests slowing their growth or killing them.
For example an interfering RNA might have unintended the effect of suppressing the action of a gene needed for reproduction in a beneficial species. Standard laboratory testing would detect no harm
A genome-wide analysis of an uropathogenic E coli revealed that expression of the gene that encodes for the bacteria's flagellar filament was decreased in the presence of cranberry PACS.
or 16s RIBOSOMAL RNA genes that are conserved across microbial lineages because of their essential role as housekeeping genes--critical for the organism's survival.
This course correction provides insights into how organisms function in the context of a particular ecosystem as well as a much improved and more accurate understanding of the associations of newly discovered genes with resident life forms.
Sex still worthwhilebased on the gene analyses the scientists were also able to prove that mildew already lived parasitically on the ancestral form of wheat 10000 years ago before wheat were domesticated actually as crops.
#Understanding bulls gene-rich Y chromosomes may improve herd fertilitythe Y chromosomes of cattle have more genes
and are more active than the Y chromosomes of other primates according to researchers. This discovery may help biologists better understand how cattle
The researchers identified 1274 genes in the male specific region of the bovine Y chromosome compared to the 31 to 78 genes associated in the Y chromosomes of various primates.
They also said the genes in the bovine Y chromosome were much more transcriptionally active compared to other mammals.
In addition to the 1274 genes that take part in coding proteins they also identified 375 novel noncoding gene families on the bovine Y chromosome
Most researchers believed that the Y chromosome of cattle would be similar to the Y chromosome of other mammals
which does not have a large number of genes and is considered mostly transcriptionally inactive Liu said.
The Y chromosome which was once similar to the X chromosome evolved predominantly for testis development and male fertility he added.
Currently the gene content and transcription pattern of the bovine Y chromosome is the only non-primate Y chromosome that researchers have studied in depth according to Liu.
These findings directly contradict the traditional view that the Y is largely heterochromatic with a paucity of genes
The X and Y sex chromosome in most mammals began to diverge after 160 million years of evolution.
However genetic isolation and lineage-specific evolution resulted in the unique structure of the bovine Y chromosome
which determines the gene content and transcriptional activity of the Y chromosome among cattle according to Liu.
With little knowledge of the roles that the Y chromosome genes play in fertility most animal breeders and farmers select bulls based on physical characteristics such as the size of the testis.
Because the Y chromosome is present in males only the Y-linked testis genes that govern male fertility are passed directly through the male line.
We can begin to understand the Y chromosome variation among male lineages in a cattle breed Liu said.
The researchers analyzed the expression of the entire Y-linked genes as the bull aged beginning soon after the bull's birth during puberty and then again after the bull matured.
As that genome sequence was from a female the findings of the bovine Y chromosome study is a significant contribution to the completion of the bovine--male and female--genome project.
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