In the past few years awareness of the genetic disorder has increased and many food companies and restaurants now offer menus that cater to those with celiac disease.
There are two main genes related to celiac disease. Ninety-five percent of people with celiac disease will have the HLA-DQ2 gene
and the other 5 percent have the HLA-DQ8 gene. Genetic testing is used often to calculate the risk for celiac disease.
However having the gene means that you are simply at risk for developing disease and is not a conclusive diagnosis. Positive genetic tests should be followed up with celiac blood panels
and possibly biopsies depending on the result of the blood panels. If the genetic tests return with negative results the patient can essentially rule out celiac disease.
When a person with celiac disease consumes gluten the immune system overreacts and targets the body s small intestine.
The villi hairlike structures in the small intestine suffer shortening and flattening. This occurs in the lamina propria and crypt regions of the intestine when the patient eats specific food-grain antigens or toxic amino acid sequences.
These toxic amino acid sequences are found in wheat rye and barley. Research shows that some celiac sufferers can tolerate oats
Polyphenols suppress the genes of bacteria that control the production of smelly compounds in the mouth Wu said.
or $20 said Manfred Milinski an evolutionary biologist at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology in Germany who was involved not in the study.
China is also rich in biodiversity and is a top market for wildlife and its parts.
Biodiversity Closely related to deforestation and desertification is the issue of habitat loss and the resulting drop in biodiversity.
As vast areas of forest are cleared for farmland bamboo plantations timber and fuel wood endangered animals like pandas struggle to survive.
It's also caused in part by genetics (family history) as well as age and gender women generally have lower LDL levels than men before menopause
and part-time mycologist working on among other projects Sudden Oak Death (SOD) an exotic forest disease that is forever changing the composition of coastal forests in Northern California and Southern Oregon.
With an estimated 600000 undescribed species and assuming 5000 taxonomists (a huge overestimate of mycologists with some training in taxonomy worldwide) bridging the gap in knowledge within 40 years would require everyone to classify 120 species during their career.
amateur mycologists collected 95 percent of the specimens and the collection is entirely curated by nonacademic volunteers.
With the help of two leading taxonomy institutions (Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures in The netherlands and NIH's National Center for Biotechnology Information) we analyzed the quality of the data with an approach that we describe in detail in our paper.
This was done by a single mycologist working part-time on a project over about six years using traditional (not next-generation) sequencing techniques.
So actually working with amateur mycologists may reduce that error rate by half and allow for an order of magnitude increase in the speed at
and if some amount of carbon is drawn down into the biosphere and soil through efforts like reforestation and more efficient agriculture.
The study detailed today (March 18) in the journal Current Biology found that roosters put under constant light conditions will still crow at the crack of dawn.
As a follow-up the team hopes to determine the genetic underpinnings of other animal sounds.
Among them was the cocoa frog a tree-climber of the genus Hypsiboas named for its chocolate-colored skin.
An important ecosystem Southeastern Suriname is important above and beyond its role as a biodiversity hotspot the scientists found.
I think this is a much more accurate and precise method for doing that said biologist Alfred Roca of the University of Illinois who was involved not in the research.
Potential uses Samuel Wasser a conservation biologist at the University of Washington who did not participate in the study said the new study is a very important development
#Condors Drive Cougars to Kill More Cougar biologist Mark Elbroch spent more than a year in South america's Patagonia region tracking down pumas and recording
</p><p>These new findings could help unravel the biological links between growth and mortality the scientists added.</
In each case researchers encountered problems that needed to be overcome with trial and error said Dr. Robert Lanza chief scientific officer at the biotech company Advanced Cell Technology which works on cell therapies
What's more cloned animals often have different kinds of genetic abnormalities that can prevent embryo implantation in a uterus
Imprinting takes place during embryo development and selectively silences certain genes from one parent or the other.
Biologist Allan Savory explained in a talk at the TED 2013 conference in Long beach Calif. last month that he was taught to hold livestock accountable for incurring such damage on the land
what the compounds in cranberries did to certain bacteria's gene expression. They took E coli that had been isolated from the urinary tract
Then Tufenkji looked at how exposure to the cranberry influences bacteria's gene expression specifically the way the flagella are constructed.
Bacteria that were grown in the presence of cranberries did not produce as many of the genes needed to construct flagella.
This research was published in the October 2011 issue of Applied and Environmental Microbiology. Cranberry meets Proteus mirabilis After observing E coli's impaired motility after exposure to cranberries Tufenkji tested the cranberry's effect on another bacteria common to urinary tract infections:
This study was published in the June 2013 issue of the Canadian Journal of Microbiology. Proteus is this really aggressive swarmer commented Tufenkji which makes it particularly virulent in the urinary tract especially in catheterized patients who already have a high risk of infection.
Second cranberry powder also appeared to disrupt the bacteria's production of the urease accessory gene
and how cranberry products affect certain gene expressions associated with flagellum motility. An alternative to antibiotics The two studies show that cranberry powder is able to essentially disable bacteria
what was clearly a geological climatic and biological event with worldwide consequences. Geologists call it the K-Pg extinction event
what people have thought for many years said researcher Steven Platt a herpetologist at the Wildlife Conservation Society.
I talked with other crocodilian biologists everyone had the same experience Platt told Livescience. Everyone just rejected the notion that crocodilians eat fruit
In a publication out today in Science a team of researchers in the computational genomics unit at the National institutes of health in Maryland report that Ctenophora are the most ancient multicellular animals.
Studying evolutionary patterns relies on comparing genetic information. Animals that appear superficially similar (such as jellyfish
and comb jellies) can be quite different at a genetic level. Modern taxonomy has embraced barcoding which uses the DNA sequence of a single gene to distinguish between closely related species
. But one gene never tells the whole story and when looking back to the beginning of metazoan evolution even multiple genes can lead us astray.
The breakthrough in today s paper is the sequencing of the entire genome of a Ctenophore known as the sea walnut (Mnemiopsis leidyi.
This was compared then with the entire genome of organisms from the other main groups at the base of the animal tree:
Porifera (sponges) Cnidaria (jellyfish and anenomes) and Placozoa (there is no common name for Placozoa. Together these animals comprise the non-bilateria
which only makes sense when you realise that most of the animals we know are Bilaterians:
The sea walnut genome contained 16548 protein coding genes 44%of which shared homology-a type of ancestry-with non-Ctenophores.
Comparing these genomes with those of the other major animal groups allowed the authors to reject several hypotheses about early animal evolution.
or by comparing genetic pathways available to create certain tissues. The latter approach has been used quite effectively in this study.
but sponges do have required the genes for nervous system development and function. This means that the ancestor of all animals may have had advanced quite an nervous system
and these structures (but not their genes) were lost in the lineage that led to sponges.
The genes that support mesoglea development are completely unique and sufficiently different from bilaterian mesoderm to suggest an independently evolved three-layer system in these seemingly simple forms.
Genes responsible for cell signalling were present even before the evolution of multicellular animals. This suggests single celled organisms were communicating with each other before they decided to organise themselves into bodies with different types of cells.
The earliest multicellular animals evolved their own form of mesoderm independently with unique genes allowing sophisticated biological organisation.
I think of the Ctenophores as a semaphore signalling some profound truths to us (in a blue green glow) across the vastness of time about animal origins and biological organisation.
and ruled out several possible causes for the elk deaths including poachers anthrax lightning strikes epizootic hemorrhagic disease (an often-fatal virus known to affect deer and other ruminants) botulism poisonous plants
In the chokehold of Stalin's Russia where being a geneticist was likely to get you imprisoned shot
or both Belyaev conducted perhaps the greatest genetics experiment of the 20th century and finally solved the puzzle of how the wolf turned into the dog.
 After WORLD WAR II was not a good time to be a geneticist in Russia. Darwinism was seen as a justification that capitalists should have millions
In 1948 genetics was banned in Russia. Genetic institutions were closed and information on genetics was removed from textbooks.
Punishment for carrying on genetic work was swift and severe. Belyaev's own brother a geneticist was arrested by the secret police and shot without trial.
 Belyaev began his experiment with the silver fox because he could disguise his work as a commercial endeavor.
Silver foxes were prized in Russia for their fur and Belyaev's official research objective was trying to breed foxes for better fur.
Adopt a Pet Fox for Science's Sake Instead of trying to create a domesticated species by selecting for each physical trait Belyaev selected for one simple behavioral trait
 It's not always easy being an evolutionary biologist in this day and age. But whenever I start feeling sorry for myself
An expert on sustainable agriculture and the potential environmental risks of biotechnology Mellon holds a doctorate in molecular biology and a law degree.
Genetic engineering has yet to play an important role in drought tolerance. Only this year did agricultural biotech company Monsanto introduce its first drought-tolerant seed variety Droughtgard.
According to the Monsanto website the variety has produced a five-bushel (or about 4 percent) yield advantage in field tests against competitor hybrids.
However successful crop genetics might be new plant varieties cannot compensate for the deficiencies in systems.
Human action Using genetic data from the seeds Galetti and his colleagues created computer models to figure out how long it would have taken trees to evolve smaller seeds in bird-free zones.
The researchers plan to study other plant species and to take a deeper look at the genetics of the seeds to understand how forest fragmentation might be affecting heredity.
This is not only a biodiversity tragedy but also has negative consequences for medicinal research and local populations who rely on the animals and plants in the forests for hunting and medicine.
Causes Sometimes referred to as intestinal flu diarrhea is caused usually by a virus in the bowel
It's bad biology to rob animals of the traits they clearly possess. For example we share with other mammals
Evolution has come up with a huge diversity of different ways of arranging one's demographic schedule said study researcher Owen jones a biologist at the University of Southern Denmark.
Thus genetic mutations that favor early reproduction even at the expense of an organism's later life will be preserved.
We were interested more in the biological context of this. Dry conditions kill with caveats In higher altitudes of the western United states (where trees tend to grow) temperatures jumped as much as 0. 9 degrees Fahrenheit (0. 5 degrees Celsius) per decade
what scientists suspected Richard Klein a biologist at Stanford university wrote in an accompanying commentary article published in PNAS.
though how much depends on genetic factors. Cholesterol is an important component of all human and animal cells and influences hormone biology among other functions.
Since your body naturally has all it needs from producing its own cholesterol there is no dietary requirement for more cholesterol.
and preserve biological diversity Fan Zhiyong director of the WWF species program in China said in a statement.
All told China is considered one of the mega-biodiversity countries with more than 6500 species of vertebrates.
The overall biodiversity in China is in decline despite partial improvement in some places Fan added.
The conservation organization released the footage to mark the International Day for Biological Diversity (May 22) first designated by the United nations two decades ago.
Biodiversity can refer to variability of life within a species'gene pool an ecosystem and on a much larger scale the entire planet.
Conservationists often strive to preserve high biodiversity which is considered a signature of a healthy ecosystem.
With 3. 5 billion years of research and development under her belt Mother Nature could be considered the world's most experienced biological engineer.
when it comes to dealing with biofouling or the unwanted build-up of biological material
Living nature is full of engineering marvels from the micro to the macro scale that have inspired mankind for centuries says Bharat Bhushan senior author of the study and director of the Nanoprobe Laboratory for Bio-and Nanotechnology and Biomimetics
Preventing the build up of biological matter on a ship's hull for example could increase the efficiency of the ship's movement ultimately leading to more efficient fuel usage.
Bushan's study on rice leaves and butterfly wings was titled Bioinspired rice leaf and butterfly wing surface structures combining shark skin
Some of the ways of learning that we have thought were distinctly human are shared more broadly across nonhuman primates said study co-author Andrew Whiten a cognitive biologist at the University of St andrews in the United kingdom. Image Gallery:
when young-adult males from each group migrated to another group during the mating season a common practice that ensures genetic diversity in vervet populations.
Newer genetic evidence from wild and domestic plants in recent years points to multiple origins for agriculture from Southwest Turkey to Iraq to Northern Syria.
#Experts Fear Airborne Spread of Deadly Pig Virus A deadly virus that's just recently appeared in the United states is killing off millions of pigs nationwide
The virus is not zoonotic meaning it has jumped not yet species to infect humans or other animals according to a statement from the National Pork Board.
Recent research has revealed that 13 zoonotic viruses infect and kill an estimated 2. 2 million people each year.
The loss of lives and property increased every decade in the past century according to a 2001 study in the journal Conservation Biology by Keeley and USGS ecologist C. J. Fotheringham.
Biology Institute and several research universities. Prescribed burning intended to remove dead wood and fuel before fire season does help control fires in Western conifer forests like the tall giants of Sequoia National park in Northern California.
Without fire fighters at the breaks however flames skip past the gaps found a study led by ecologist Alexandra Syphard of the Conservation Biology Institute in the June 2011 issue of the journal Forest Ecology and Management.
and the Pacific ocean said Keith Bensen a biologist at Redwood National park. It's strange to have an animal with webbed feet in the forest he said.
Unless more eggs survive the central California population will go extinct within a century according to a 2010 study published in the journal Biological Conservation.
To boost California's murrelet numbers biologists in California's Redwood national and state parks are fighting back against Steller's jays and their human enablers.
even more of the marauding birds will invade campgrounds to compete for vacant territory biologists have concluded.
Plus jays are part of the natural ecosystem said Richard Golightly a biologist at Humboldt State university in California.
Reducing predation on murrelet nests by 40 percent to 70 percent would stabilize the Santa cruz Mountains murrelet population according to the 2010 study published in the journal Biological Conservation.
and biologists to pursue additional studies regarding the bats'diet and breeding patterns. Follow Laura Poppick on Twitter.
People with hereditary fructose intolerance a rare genetic disorder lack an enzyme that breaks down fructose.
Their distinct markings are due to a recessive gene. The name cheetah in English is derived from the Hindi word chita
Giraffidae Genus: Giraffa Species: Giraffa camelopardalis Subspecies: G. camelopardalisperalta (West african Giraffe Nigerien Giraffe) G. camelopardalisrothschildi (Ugandan Giraffe Rothschild's Giraffe) G. camelopardalisreticulate (Reticulated Giraffe) G. camelopardalis camelopardalis (Nubian
Hippopotamidae Genus: Hippopotamus Species: Hippopotamus amphibius Basic hippopotamus facts: Hippos are the third largest land mammal species On earth after elephants and white rhinos.
Phascolarctidae Genus: Phascolarctos Species: Phascolarctos cinereus  Basic koala facts: The koala an iconic Australian symbol is called often the koala bear
Felidae Genus: Panthera Species: Panthera pardus Subspecies: P. pardus pardus (African leopard; P. pardus delacouri (Indo-Chinese leopard;
The clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa) despite its name belongs to a different genus. Leopards roar but not as loud as lions.
Cervidae Genus: Alces Species: Alces americanus Alces alces Basic moose facts: Moose are the largest members of the deer family.
Dasyuridae Genus: Sarcophilus Species: Sarcophilus harrisii Basic Tasmanian devil facts: Tasmanian devils are the largest carnivorous marsupials in the world.
Equidae Genus: Equus Species: Equus quagga (Plains zebra) Equus zebra (Mountain zebra) Equus grevyi (Grevy's zebra) Subspecies: E. quagga burchellii (Burchell's zebra) E. quagga boehmi (Grant's Zebra) E. quagga borensis (Selous'Zebra) E. quagga chapmani (Chapman's Zebra) E
Members of one North american genus Agelenopsis are referred commonly to as grass spiders. Appearance Agelenids are sized medium for arachnids about 4 to 20 millimeters long.
A genetic analysis proved the olinguitos were a distinct species. The new species is described today (Aug 15) in the journal Zookeys.
In 1935 he was named head of the Division of Plant Mycology and Disease Survey for the U s. Department of agriculture.
Genetically modified organisms in this discussion genetically modified foods have genetic material that engineers unnaturally altered.
or have not been developed through genetic engineering provided that such labeling is truthful and not misleading the agency stated.
Several Southeast Asian countries stopped imports of wheat from the U s. Pacific Northwest pending investigation financially hurting American farmers according to the Associated press. Agriculture biotechnology giant Monsanto uses high-handed legal
or modified in some way through genetic engineering. In most cases GMOS have been altered with DNA from another organism be it a bacterium plant virus or animal;
these organisms are referred sometimes to as transgenic organisms. A gene from a spider that helps the arachnid produce silk for example could be inserted into the DNA of an ordinary goat.
That may sound farfetched but that exact process was used to breed goats that produce silk proteins in their goat milk.
Geneticists have bred GMO pigs that glow in the dark by inserting into their DNA a gene for bioluminescence from a jellyfish.
and freezing temperatures with antifreeze genes from a cold-water fish the winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus). As with many early GMO experiments that one was less effective than hoped
or they are resistant to a pesticide like Roundup (manufactured by Monsanto Corp.).One widely used method of incorporating insect resistance into plants is through the gene for toxin production found in the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) according to the World health organization.
GMO crops that are modified with the Bt gene have a proven resistance to insect pests thus reducing the need for wide-scale spraying of synthetic pesticides.
These genetic enhancements however aren't universally welcomed and there's been widespread resistance to the development and marketing of GMO crops and other organisms.
crop improvement by the modern molecular techniques of biotechnology is safe the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) said in a 2012 statement.
Consuming foods containing ingredients derived from GM genetically modified crops is no riskier than consuming the same foods containing ingredients from crop plants modified by conventional plant improvement techniques according to the AAAS.
Since GM CROPS were commercialized first in 1996 regulatory agencies in 59 countries have conducted extensive scientific reviews and affirmed the safety of GM CROPS with 2497 approvals on 319 different GMO traits in 25 crops according to a statement on the website for Monsanto the world's largest manufacturer of GMOS.
The majority (1129) of approvals on GM CROPS have been on the food safety of the product. These assurances however do little to appease opponents of GMO development
and there have been cases where GMOS have caused harm. Potatoes engineered with a lectin gene (for resistance to pests) were linked to stomach damage in rats that consumed the potatoes according to a report from the University of California Davis
. And in 1989 37 people died and about 1500 were sickened after ingesting L-tryptophan (a nutritional supplement) that was manufactured by a strain of GMO bacteria.
When you have less body fat you get many biological benefits and feel better. 4. If symptoms persist (though they will not in most cases you may be one of the rare people who are gluten sensitive though hopefully not as it's a tough life.
Anna Sapone of the Mucosal Biology Research center and Center for Celiac Research and her colleagues at the University of Maryland School of medicine reported on
Wheat allergy is an adverse immunologic reaction to wheat proteins a classic food allergy affecting the skin gastrointestinal tract or respiratory tract.
Tyrone Hayes a biologist at the University of California Berkeley demonstrated a decade ago that atrazine could turn male frogs female publishing his results in prestigious journals such as Nature and the Proceedings of the National Academy
#H7n9 Bird flu Virus Capable of Airborne Transmission One strain of the H7n9 bird flu virus appears to spread easily through the air between ferrets which are a good model for how the virus may spread in humans a new study from China says.
Researchers tested transmission of five strains of H7n9 all taken from people who got sick with the virus. Some ferrets were infected directly with the virus
But the new findings add to growing evidence that the virus likely needs to undergo just a few genetic mutations to gain the ability to spread between people said Dr. Richard Webby a bird flu expert at St jude Children's Research
See New Bird flu Virus: 6 Things You Should Know. H7n9 emerged in China in February
Researchers know that a flu virus that transmits well between humans will transmit well between ferrets Webby said.
However Webby disagreed pointing out that a highly transmissible virus would spread between ferrets within a short period
but in the new study the virus took five to seven days to spread. The transmission isn t occurring rapidly Webby said of the findings.
Because the virus does not cause symptoms in chickens it can be harder to spot infected poultry.
and the opportunities of the virus to adapt to humans is to reduce the exposure of people to infected birds.
If you have a virus that s running around that doesn t kill the chickens you have to be actively out there swabbing chickens Webby said.
Finding a dead chicken is much easier than finding a virus. Webby said that human-to-human spread of H7n9 is not inevitable.
#H7n9 Flu Study Hints at How It May Spread in People It's likely that the new H7n9 bird flu virus can spread through the air on a limited basis according to a new study that looked at how the virus spreads in animals.
The study also provides more evidence that the virus can spread between people in close contact.
However it's unlikely the virus could cause a pandemic unless it undergoes genetic changes that allow it to spread more efficiently between people experts say.
According to the World health organization as of May 17 health officials knew of 131 people in China who had fallen ill with the H7n9 virus including 36 who died.
Most of these cases about 75 percent were had people who direct contact with poultry. In a few cases people in the same family caught the disease suggesting that the virus spreads between people in close contact.
However there is no evidence of sustained human-to-human transmission WHO says. Because many factors can influence
whether a person falls ill with flu including their overall health researchers like to study flu viruses in animals under controlled conditions to better understand how they spread said study researcher Dr. Richard Webby a bird-flu expert at St jude
  In the new study researchers infected six ferrets with the H7n9 virus all of whom developed flu symptoms.
if the virus could spread through the air. All of the uninfected ferrets who were in the same cage as the infected ferrets caught the virus suggesting the virus can spread through direct contact.
The flu virus also spread through the air but less efficiently. Just one of three ferrets caged a short distance from infected ferrets caught the virus. The findings mostly mirror
what health officials have seen in people Webby said. For sustained person-to-person transmission to occur the virus would likely have to transmit efficiently by both the airborne and direct contact routes Webby said.
Because H7n9 doesn't transmit very well through the air it doesn't look like it has the capacity to cause a pandemic
unless the virus changes Webby said. H7n9 appears to be more infectious than the H5n1 bird flu virus Webby said.
When researchers infect ferrets with H5n1 they usually do not see transmission through airborne or direct contact Webby said.
One bit of good news is that H7n9 does not appear to spread between pigs. In the study pigs did not catch H7n9 from each other either through the air or direct contact.
because it would provide more opportunities for the H7n9 virus to evolve and transmit to people that way too Webby said.
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