Other bovines include domestic cattle oxen yaks four-horned antelopes bongos and kudus according to the Integrated Taxonomic Information system (ITIS.
Tanzania has a network of pheromone traps set up as monitoring devices to attract the moths
a network of experts worldwide and a 20-year track record of handling these types of chemicals.
Scientists have used satellite data to estimate the amount of forest cover, but the technology is advanced not yet enough to distinguish between old and regrown trees.
says Elliott Cannell, co-ordinator at the Pesticide Action Network in London. There must be safer alternatives.
while the directive would have to be incorporated into the national laws of all member states by 2011.
A search of plant genome databases found them to contain no genes comparable to those of certain bacteria known to make the gas.
</br>Reduceoverlyburdensomeregulationsandopportunitiesforfrivolous litigation. aspx>Institute for 21st-Century Energy website On hope: Browner: I am a very optimistic person â Â
The idea is to set up 12-20 field sites for community-based adaptation to Bangladesh in
The team speculates that the proteins work by transporting metabolites that impede fungal growth to the site of the infection.
or near the root zone of plants, drop by drop, through an extensive web of tubing.
multi-site study of an important problem probably the most comprehensive analysis to date. It's a very important wake-up call for China,
not least because tropical observation networks are pitifully few, particularly in Africa. Problems related to plot selection, comparability and converting tree-diameter measurements to carbon content have led to an intense debate about the size and fate of the tropical (and global) terrestrial carbon sink.
who coordinates the Amazon Forest Inventory Network, which was responsible for the latest study. So when putting a carbon value on them we'd rather be conservative.
New york. Combined with previous findings that people discarded horse manure at those sites, he says,
Outram's team plans to perform further excavations on Botai sites to look for features related to corrals.
They may also investigate sites in Russia to look for earlier evidence of horse domestication.
Plants genes get fine tailoring: Nature Newsafter decades of searching, plant biologists have found a way to selectively snip out one gene
which bind to specific sites in a genome and then cut nearby strands of DNA.
Many zinc-finger nucleases also cut other sites with similar sequences, he says. This is still a big problem in all organisms.
and read updates on The Great Beyond blog. 26 january 2010: THE WHO defends itself against allegations it overhyped the dangers of H1n1 under pressure from vaccine manufacturers at a hearing of the Council of europe's health committee.
compiled in massive databases alongside detailed family trees, rather than harnessing genetic markers in the DNA sequence.
Other options putting OCO-type instruments on weather satellites or on the International Space station (ISS) would also take a long time,
Landsat a US Geological Survey land-mapping mission that NASA is procuring, and Glory, a mission due to be launched later this year to studyaerosols
points out that with his $5-million annual budget, he can monitor 84 spots, mostly in North america, via ground-based sites, aircraft, or ships.
A more even split in spending between ground and space would allow him to boost his network of sensors by an order of magnitude
Crisp acknowledges the importance of the ground-based network OCO needed it to calibrate its indirect measurements
The researchers updated this map using satellite data collected in 2005. John Healy, a forest ecologist at the University of Wales, Bangor, says that the study is important
if there is a liquid ocean close to Enceladus's mineral-rich rocky core, deep beneath the thick icy crust, says Postberg.
Yet the number of swine-flu sequences in the international Genbank database is about a tenth of that for avian flu viruses.
concedes Steve Edwards, chairman of the OIE-FAO Network of Expertise on Animal Influenza (OFFLU),
European union funding for one of the world's largest pig surveillance networks expired in March. The European Surveillance Network for Influenza in Pigs,
which was created in 2001, comprises nine European labs and one in Hong kong. Although the network has detected not yet the new virus in pigs, its coordinator Kristien Van Reeth,
an animal virologist at Ghent University in Belgium, admits that participating labs have taken just a few hundred to a thousand samples each over the past year.
Network members hope that with the pandemic highlighting the need for better pig surveillance new funding will be forthcoming.
This shows that the world needs a comprehensive surveillance system of all influenza subtypes and their evolution across many animal species, says Capua:
the intricate genetic networks that brought about this'hybrid vigor'are shuffled, generating offspring that are often not as vigorous as their parent.
and land developers move deeper into dense regions of the forest, a new study suggests.
Merced, will begin heating three sites one in the alpine tundra above the treeline, one at the edge of the treeline and a lower site within the forest.
That saves money on site audits and speeds up the process, providing money immediately after a crisis
and how they could be incorporated into the next climate treaty. This is basically the fault line between developed and developing countries,
says Lim Li Lin, a researcher with the Third world Network, a nonprofit advocacy group based in Penang,
and more than 230 advocacy organizations, including the Third world Network, have endorsed the general idea. One organization that has backed not Bolivia's proposal,
when developers are racing to create crops that produce many different pesticides. Insects can become resistant to individual insecticides in much the same way as bacteria develop resistance to antibiotics.
One of the most common'pyramided'crops on the market is cotton that produces two different'Bt'toxins made naturally by the bacterium Bacillus thuringensis.
and bind to different target sites. As a result, mutations that confer resistance to both toxins were thought to be unlikely,
The main way that insects become resistant is by altering the binding site of the toxin,
These two toxins don't bind to the same site if the insects altered the Cry1ac binding site,
it's not going to give cross resistance to Cry2ab. But when Tabashnik and his colleagues tried to selectively breed insects that were resistant to Cry2ab
Although the binding sites of the two toxins differ, both toxins are activated via the same pathway in the insect.
But this does not pose a threat for control by the current pyramided Bt cotton of this insect Tabashnik says.
instead of on particular projects that might save one patch of forest while pushing loggers, developers and landowners down the road to another patch.
Based on these findings, the researchers came up with a computer model to calculate methane emission from rice fields that also incorporated other information
By combining detailed inventories of agriculture practice throughout China with satellite data indicating the presence of straws in rice fields,
most of the methane-monitoring network lies outside the areas where rice is grown. We need more local information,
On 25 september, the US, French and British premiers held a press conference to announce their intelligence on the site.
The compound is more stable than the lithium metal oxides used in today's laptops and mobile phones,
and is still evaluating the Saskatchewan site, she says. Some companies are hopeful that government agencies
says chemist Susan Kegley of the California-based Pesticide Action Network North america. But methyl iodide is by some measures four times as toxic as methyl bromide,
The deal is expected to give Jatoil between 1, 000 and 2, 000 hectares of established jatropha-bearing land in Java.
In a 24 october policy plan, the coalition also agreed to immediately lift a moratorium on evaluating the merits of the Gorleben salt dome, a controversial storage site for nuclear waste.
potential areas include clean technology and information technology. Research Scientific espionage: A former Los alamos nuclear-weapons physicist says that he is under investigation for espionage.
says that last year he gave unclassified information widely available on the Internet to a man claiming to be from the Venezuelan government who asked for information about starting a nuclear-weapons programme.
The biosafety issue of Bt brinjal has been studied by more than 150 scientists and nothing new will come from fresh consultations.
who opposed the introduction of Bt brinjal citing what they called inadequate safety data provided by Mahyco.
since 2002 show that Bt brinjal is absolutely safe to eat. But Bhargava and activist groups argue that the GEAC did not get the company data independently analysed.
The only other study, by French scientist Gilles-Eric Seralini of the Committee for Independent Research and Information on Genetic engineering, branded Bt brinjal potentially unsafe for human consumption.
According to Seralini, eating Bt brinjal reduced appetite in goats, increased prothrombin time (the time it takes blood to clot) in goats and rabbits,
They have lost already the battle over Bt cotton the only GM crop grown in India
if they lose over Bt brinjal they lose the war, he says.
Argentina's forests dwindle: Nature Newsargentina, often perceived as a vast fertile territory, is losing its native forests.
The company revealed in April that data supporting a prenatal screen for Down's syndrome were mishandled and could not be relied on (see Nature 459,23;
and follows an increase in the volume of papers indexed by databases. India and Brazil show signs of following China's rise in the next decade.
Security screen: Five gene-synthesis companies in a new International Gene Synthesis Consortium have adopted practices that are intended to address the biosecurity risks of the technology.
The consortium's members will screen incoming orders against a single database still being developed that contains gene sequences identified as potentially hazardous by authoritative groups,
Afforested sites are not as'splashy'as pastured sites, says Skaggs. Tree roots help to filter water into the soil,
whereas the other was mainly feasting on browsers and people. Extrapolating from their isotope ratios,
Ice-core records suggested that severe storms a mega El Ni  o hit the Peruvian Andes around the time the Nazca's fall began2
The authors then recreated the flood using a computer simulation, demonstrating that a flood that left such a layer could have caused the damages to the Nazca canal system known to have occurred around 500 AD.
Working with the scientist network Rede-Clima, Nobre recently calculated for Brazil's environment ministry that the country could reduce its annual emissions by the equivalent of nearly 1 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (see graphic) by 2020.
Satellites smash debris threatens Hubble An active communications satellite owned by Iridium Satellite of Bethesda, Maryland, slammed into a defunct Russian military communications satellite 800 kilometres above Siberia on 10 february 2009.
The collision sent hundreds of pieces of debris flying at high speed across low-Earth orbit, threatening other satellites and increasing the risk to a NASA shuttle mission to fix the Hubble Space Telescope
But a web initiative offering the historic town as an open laboratory for the testing of new scientific ideas during reconstruction has led to a series of grant applications to the European union for interdisciplinary projects,
After a drive to the end of a road at an old mine site, he and his team then had to hike for 45 minutes to reach the cave's mouth.
Even if sorghum is truly present at the site, she says, there could be a reason for this presence other than eating of grains.
Fung's team ran a computer model that simulated trees moving into a swathe of bare land a region more than twice the size of Alaska at latitudes north of 60 degrees.
when most of the satellite data were collected, as well as more recent deforestation trends. Also at Copenhagen, researchers at the Woods Hole Research center in Massachusetts presented another pantropical biomass assessment,
and Google. org unveiled an online tool that allows tropical countries, beginning in South america, to map deforestation using an automated system to analyse satellite imagery.
Three weeks after the theft of e-mails from the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) at the University of East Anglia in Norwich, UK, unsuccessful hacking was reported at the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis
followed by a massive explosion of the star's core. Pair-instability supernovae have been predicted for decades,
A comparison of brown and black pandas at Qinling and other sites should shed light on the genetic basis of this rare variety,
The crop carries a gene from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), and was developed by Mahyco-Monsanto Biotech, a joint venture between the Jalna-based Maharashtra Hybrid Seed Company and the US seed giant Monsanto,
Bt brinjal was approved for cultivation by India's Genetic engineering Approval Committee (GEAC), a scientific regulatory body, in October 2009.
A 19-page statement issued by Ramesh said that his ministry had decided to impose a moratorium on the release of Bt brinjal until independent scientific studies had established that it would not adversely affect the environment or human health.
negative public reaction to the prospect of growing Bt brinjal; and advice from Monkombu Swaminathan, the agricultural scientist known as the father of the green revolution in India.
the founding director of the Centre for Cellular and Molecular biology in Hyderabad and an active campaigner against Bt brinjal, added that he was pleased with the precedent-setting decision.
such as rice that is insect-resistant (Bt rice) or enriched with Vitamin a and micronutrients. Our national labs have all the genes for rice improvement,
Ramesh insists that the moratorium is specific to Bt brinjal and should not discourage ongoing research.
Kameswara Rao points out that even if Bt brinjal cannot be grown legally farmers may start cultivating it anyway,
as has happened with Bt cotton (see'Illegal seeds overtake India's cotton fields').'Indeed, Chinese farmers had been growing Bt rice for five years before receiving official government approval just four months ago,
says Kumar. To prevent an unauthorized release of Bt brinjal in India, Ramanjaneyulu believes that the environment ministry should now confiscate the transgenic brinjal seeds held by Mahyco.
News briefing: 11 february 2010: Nature Newspolicy Business People Events Awards Research Business watch The week ahead Number crunch Sound bites Policy Climate service:
The Indian Network for Climate Change Assessment, a group of more than 200 scientists formed in October 2009,
The committee, convened to investigate Mann's integrity in the wake of public inquiries made after e-mails were stolen from the Climatic Research Unit of the University of East Anglia,
to store and analyse data using Microsoft's cloud-computing service. Two related products developed by Google and IBM,
and by HP, Intel and Yahoo already offer some scientists access to their services (see Nature 449,963;
2007). ) The week ahead 11 february US Department of energy secretary Steven Chu is questioned on his agency's proposed 2010 research and development budget by the House Committee on Science
'Sound bites I wish people would read my scientific papers rather than my e-mails. Phil Jones, who stepped aside as director of the Climatic Research Unit (CRU), University of East Anglia, UK,
following allegations that e-mails taken from CRU's computers revealed that the case for global warming was overstated.
Nature Newsfinancial donors to a global network of 15 agricultural research centres want changes to the way the influential group plans to reshape its research programme.
says future commitments will depend on the centres focusing their research on a core set of well-defined problems that need to be tackled, rather than the proposed broad programmes.
and his colleagues are compiling a database of genetic markers to verify the geographic origins of black truffle populations.
and managing a protected areas network in developing countries is around US$4 billion per year, four times more than the sum that is spent now4.
says Eva Huala, director of the Arabidopsis Information Resource (TAIR), a database at the Carnegie Institution of Washington in Stanford, California.
The study used 26 shells obtained from sediment cores taken from an Icelandic bay. Because clams typically live from two to nine years,
Reached by phone, Hudson, 46, a former groundskeeper for a Catholic shrine, said he thought the result was so cool.
The new approach, published today in PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases1, uses crystal proteins from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt.
Organic farmers have used Bt to kill insects for decades, and plants have been modified genetically with Bt genes
since 1996 so crops such as corn and potato can produce the crystal proteins, protecting themselves from insects without any pesticides.
Aroian's previous study2 using a type of human intestinal roundworm parasite to infect hamsters showed a 90%reduction in three doses of Bt.
Bt is grown in fermenters that hold thousands of litres for use as an agricultural spray
The cost to treat one child with Bt would be 28 cents, Aroian estimates. It could be driven down more with optimizations in production,
Nature Newstree-ring data from more than 300 sites in Asia have allowed scientists to piece together a year-by-year history of the region's monsoon rains as far back as 1300 AD.
The new database, called the Monsoon Asia Drought Atlas, is important because the summer monsoon,
The data were compiled from tree-ring chronologies showing the year-to-year growth of ancient trees at 327 sites.
Although these sites are by necessity, clustered in regions where there are old trees, the rest of the map can be filled in by statistical analyses,
the inquiry was one of a number established after e-mails sent by scientists at the university's Climatic Research Unit were leaked.
According to the report, farmers who grow Bt crops, which are engineered to produce pest-killing toxins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis, use less insecticide.
Scientists at the University of California, Davis, last week unveiled Biotorrents, a website that enables people to share scientific data,
The website (www. biotorrents. net) uses Bittorrent's peer-to-peer file sharing technology, which can distribute large data sets to multiple users by splitting the data into small chunks.
Network failure: A 55-year-old clinical-trials network needs a major overhaul, according to a report by the Institute of Medicine, the WASHINGTON DC-based health arm of the National Academies.
The Clinical Trials Cooperative Group Program, funded by the National Cancer Institute, enrols 25,000 patients in cancer trials run by 14,000 researchers at 3, 100 institutions each year.
dumping its GSAT-4 communications satellite into the Indian ocean. The failure is likely to push back the planned 2012-13 launch of India's unmanned Chandrayaan-2 lunar mission and further communications satellites.
Ancient upgrade: Around four tonnes of Roman lead were transferred on 14 april from a museum on the island of Sardinia to Italy's particle-physics laboratory at Gran Sasso on the mainland.
Once intended to become ammunition for Roman soldiers'slingshots, the ingots, discovered by a diver in 1988 (see picture,
wind developers will pay part of the roughly $15 million cost for a replacement radar at Trimingham, Norfolk,
that builds infrastructure for electric-vehicle networks raising $350 million in a January funding round.
The global network of 15 agricultural research centres, which focuses on improving agriculture in developing countries,
fluctuations at each site could be smoothed out so that the total power provided changes slowly and never drops to zero.
or'palaeosol',at the site; oxygen and carbon isotopes in the enamel of mammalian teeth;
The Cerling group contends that the abundance of small-mammal fossils at the site which White's group says supports a woodland environment could be due to predators hiding in vegetation growing around water
The genes cause plant cells around the infection site to die, stopping the fungus from further infecting the plant.
and education legislation on 13 may after Republicans raised concerns about the federal budget deficit and about government employees, including some at the National Science Foundation, viewing Internet pornography sites.
The Indian government on 15 may took over the Medical Council of India (MCI), three weeks after its president,
During that year, the government may also dissolve the MCI, which sets and maintains standards of medical education
Phones and cancer: There is no clear link between mobile-phone use and the risk of brain cancer,
according to a major study published this week (The INTERPHONE Study Group Int. J. Epidemiol. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyq079;
2010). ) The study, run by the World health organization's International Agency for Research on Cancer in Lyon,
France, interviewed thousands of adults with and without cancer in 13 countries about their mobile-phone usage.
and protect ecologically and culturally sensitive sites. Under the agreement, unveiled on 18 may in Toronto, Ontario, 21 members of the Forest Products Association of Canada,
In 1997, the Chinese government approved the commercial cultivation of cotton plants genetically modified to produce a toxin from the bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) that is deadly to the bollworm Helicoverpa armigera.
More than 4 million hectares of Bt cotton are grown now in China. Since the crop was approved
Their rise in abundance is associated with the scale of Bt cotton cultivation. Wu and his colleagues suspect that mirid populations increased
because less broad-spectrum pesticide was used following the introduction of Bt cotton. Mirids are not susceptible to the Bt toxin
so they started to thrive when farmers used less pesticide, says Wu. The study is published in this week's issue of Science1.
The rise of mirids has driven Chinese farmers back to pesticides they are currently using about two-thirds as much as they did before Bt cotton was introduced.
New york, concluded that the economic benefits of Bt cotton in China have eroded2. The team attributed this to increased pesticide use to deal with secondary pests.
since Bt cotton was introduced. Along with genetically modified crops, says Andow, farmers need effective systems for responding to changes in pest abundance.
although that contribution varies from 10-60%between the sites studied. Belcher explains that most forest products are readily available to poor people
Leisher adds that control sites are used rarely in project assessments, meaning that any reduction in poverty cannot be attributed directly to conservation efforts.
while a ship monitors the air off the coast and two electric vehicles zip about collecting samples upwind and downwind of selected sites.
Levin is one of many scientists developing air-sampling networks, computer models and satellites to assess the origin and amount of greenhouse-gas emissions.
She sees the California programme as a model and says that governments need to begin working with scientists to reduce uncertainties in their emissions inventories.
calling for more detailed inventories from industrialized countries and an expansion and improvement of greenhouse-gas monitoring networks everywhere.
scientists are pushing governments to expand their monitoring networks. NOAA currently heads a network of some 150 greenhouse-gas monitoring stations around the world,
but these stations were sited originally to avoid major pollution sources because scientists at the time were interested more in large-scale trends, rather than in monitoring particular pollution emitters.
seeking to expand the network to cover cities, agricultural areas and major industrial sources. In Europe, scientists are pushing forward with the Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS),
which aims by 2014 to convert a series of about 50 independent monitoring stations into a single network with uniform monitoring capabilities;
Called the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR), the inventory collects data from international, national and industrial sources to estimate emissions.
These include requiring site-specific licences, limiting exposure for workers and people living nearby to one-half and one-fifth, respectively, of the EPA's regulatory target levels, increasing buffer zones,
says Ted Schettler, science director of the Science and Environmental Health Network in Ann arbor, Michigan,
dropped dramatically compared with that of birds living in untreated sites. The fall in reproductive success was due to the loss of mosquitoes the birds'preferred food source.
and size of prey eaten by the birds in the control sites and the areas
and 14,857 prey items collected by the birds across three control sites and three treated sites.
They found that birds inhabiting the control sites predominately ate mosquitoes and midges. But flying ants accounted for a larger proportion of the birds'diet in the treated areas.
and treatment sites is due to Bti application. In contrast, differences in these factors as a result of naturally occurring seasonal or yearly variations,
%The overall breeding success of birds at sites sprayed with Bti was lower than those at untreated sites.
In contrast, birds at the control sites achieved an average of three fledging chicks. Pounlin says she hopes that the results will stop a proposed expansion of Bti spraying in the Camargue,
The research team used camouflaged video cameras to collect data on how often 61 wild crows from 17 social groups in northern Spain fed chicks.
Pfizer and Astrazeneca are both restructuring their R&d programmes to replenish pipelines and cut costs.
But in March, a study using the same satellite data added confusion to the issue when it failed to find excessive greening2.
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