of California Cooperative Extension in Salinas studied nitrogen (N) fertilization and irrigation management practices in fall-planted annual strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.
Their multidimensional research was designed to determine soil mineral nitrogen monitor irrigation applied and estimate crop evapotranspiration.
The researchers'evaluation of irrigation practices showed that efficient drip irrigation management was demonstrated in many fields.
In only one of the nine highest-yielding fields was seasonal irrigation more than 120%of evapotranspiration.
For example sophisticated vintners use precise irrigation to put regulated water stress on grapevines to create just the right grape composition for a premium cabernet or a chardonnay wine.
It is used for many purposes such as drinking water water for homes and businesses and irrigation water for agriculture.
Technologies such as drip irrigation that precisely deliver water where and when it's needed can help conserve water.
#Sensors allow for efficient irrigation, more control over plant growthas water use and runoff regulations become more stringent
along with an automated irrigation system to irrigate when substrate volumetric water content drops below a set threshold allowing for precise irrigation control
and improved water conservation compared with traditional irrigation practices Bayer said. Bayer and colleagues Imran Mahbub Matthew Chappell John Ruter and Marc van Iersel from the Department of Horticulture at the University of Georgia published their research findings in the August 2013 issue
of Hortscience. We designed a project to quantify the growth of Hibiscus acetosella'Panama Red'in response to various soil water content thresholds explained Bayer.
and compactness shows the potential for commercial nurseries to utilize sensor-controlled irrigation systems to control plant growth
along with reduced water use and growth control more efficient soil moisture sensor-controlled irrigation could greatly reduce leaching allowing for reductions in fertilizer applications.
Noting that high temperatures can be challenging to modify the authors recommended that growers could reduce the irrigation interval during hot days to prevent heat stress.
and irrigation to ensure ideal growth and to meet industry quality standards such as its defining deep green color.
#Recycled sewage water is safe for crop irrigation, study suggeststhe first study under realistic field conditions has found reassuringly low levels of pharmaceuticals
We can use that information to promote the use of this treated wastewater for irrigation.
Wu and Gan said the findings are a first step toward a full understanding of the potential human health effects of PPCPS in sewage treatment plant effluent recycled for irrigation.
They pointed out that irrigation of food crops with treated wastewater is established a well practice in some desert countries.
About 70%of the world's freshwater (up to 95%in some countries) is used for irrigation.
In southern Europe reclaimed wastewater is used predominantly for agricultural irrigation (44%of the wastewater projects) and urban or environmental applications (37%of the projects.
Currently 51%of treated wastewater is used for irrigation. Some countries in the region are planning to increase the use of treated wastewater.
High-income countries in the region use treated wastewater for agricultural and landscape irrigation. In Kuwait only vegetables that are eaten after cooking (potatoes
For example untreated wastewater is used for irrigation in the peri-urban zones around Kumasi in Ghana Dakar in Senegal Nairobi in Kenya and Bulawayo in Zimbabwe.
More than half was used for environmental purposes such as landscape irrigation recreation and river maintenance. Wastewater use in agriculture and industry is not substantial accounting only for 7%and 1%of the treated wastewater respectively.
or wasted from field to forka comprehensive new review of food waste in the People's republic of china has concluded that about 19 of every 100 pounds of grain produced in the country go to waste with related losses of water for irrigation and farmland productivity.
#Future water levels of crucial agricultural aquifer forecastif current irrigation trends continue 69 percent of the groundwater stored in the High Plains Aquifer of Kansas will be depleted in 50 years.
and serves as the most agriculturally important irrigation in Kansas. Tapping unsustainable groundwater stores for agricultural production in the High Plains Aquifer of Kansas projections to 2110 appears in the scientific journal Proceedings of the National
That's happening because of increased irrigation technology crop genetics and water management strategies. As a result researchers anticipate that
#Irrigation in arid regions can increase malaria risk for a decadenew irrigation systems in arid regions benefit farmers
when building large-scale irrigation projects according to the researchers. In these dry fragile ecosystems where increase in water availability from rainfall is the limiting factor for malaria transmission irrigation infrastructure can drastically alter mosquito population abundance to levels above the threshold needed to maintain malaria transmission said lead
author and U-M graduate student Andres Baeza who works in the laboratory of Mercedes Pascual in the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology.
The researchers studied changes in land use and malaria risk around a large irrigation project under construction in a semiarid area in the northeast part of the Indian state of Gujarat.
when irrigation is introduced due to increased amounts of standing water that serve as mosquito breeding sites.
Globally the number of people at risk of contracting malaria due to proximity to irrigation canals and related infrastructure has been estimated at 800 million which represents about 12 percent of the global malaria burden.
Historical evidence shows that after irrigation is introduced into arid locations the increased malaria risk eventually subsides
The study is the first to combine satellite imagery of vegetation cover with public health records of malaria cases over a large region to track changes that occur as a mega-irrigation project progresses.
Several of these methods--including intermittent irrigation and periodic flushing of canals--have proved to be affordable effective and feasible to implement at local levels.
They were then able to determine how levels of malaria changed as the massive irrigation project progressed.
--despite heavy use of insecticides--is concentrated in the areas adjacent to the main irrigation canal that have experienced the most pronounced change in irrigation levels in the last decade.
and mature irrigation areas could provide the means to reduce the malaria burden and shorten the transition phase the authors concluded.
solar-lighting technology cookstoves drip irrigation and a line of Nokia cellphones. From their research as well as interviews with product designers the researchers drew up guidelines on how to design for emerging markets.
and reliability were also big factors for small farmers in choosing a system for drip irrigation--an efficient means of delivering small amounts of water directly to the base of each plant.
Farmers tended to choose systems that came with service plans along with extras beyond the irrigation system itself.
The researchers also found that modular irrigation systems were attractive: Farmers could easily buy a small system then add more components as their farms grow.
To our knowledge this is the first time experts in irrigation desalination carbon sequestration economics and atmospheric sciences have come together to analyse the feasibility of a large-scale plantation to capture carbon dioxide in a comprehensive manner.
Further after a few years the plants would produce bioenergy (in the form of tree trimmings) to support the power production required for the desalination and irrigation systems.
and irrigation infrastructure are key to determining how much a farmer can grow Brown said. A farmer with costly equipment and high-yielding varieties can efficiently plant seeds
Meanwhile there would only be enough water to meet about a third of irrigation demand.
An unreliable supply of water for irrigation will have serious consequences for a region where most people are farmers.
and less reliable in a changing climate researchers and policy-makers have been exploring a shift to groundwater or other types of irrigation.
Irrigation projects would fare better at least initially. The study finds that if all planned projects are completed they could double water available for irrigation through 2050.
But by 2100 as water losses accumulate the system would be delivering only slightly more water than irrigation projects provide now
and not nearly enough to meet demand. The study shows the loss of water in the basin would be especially challenging for poor farmers in rural areas where agriculture is the primary provider of food and income.
In addition to problems for large-scale irrigation projects the small-scale irrigation that is common throughout the region would also be affected.
by the time since the last irrigation the workers'personal hygiene and the field's use prior to planting of produce says first author Sangshin Park of Texas A&m University college Station.
It also can evaluate crop rotations planting dates irrigation and fertilizer use and project crop yields and their impact on the land.
#New study predicts rising irrigation costs, reduced yields for U s. cornif the climate continues to evolve as predicted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change the United states stands little to no chance of satisfying its current biofuel goals according to a new study by Rice university
while increasing the amount of irrigation necessary by 9 percent. That could sharply hinder a mandate set by the Energy Independence
One important unintended consequence may be the aggravation of water scarcity by increased irrigation in some regions.
Maintaining crops would require a 5 to 25 percent increase in irrigation which would in turn require more extensive--and expensive--water catchment infrastructure.
On the Northern Plains of South dakota Nebraska and Kansas where the growth of corn for ethanol already depends heavily on irrigation the study found that crop yields would decline
even if irrigation continued to be applied as needed the researchers wrote. In fact the 2012 drought has damaged already Great plains farmlands where long-reliable aquifers used for irrigation are beginning to run dry.
The researchers said agriculture costs the water supply in two ways: through the drawdown of groundwater from irrigation and through loss to the atmosphere via evapotranspiration (ET) by which water moves through plants
and evaporates. Higher atmospheric temperatures increase ET at a cost to groundwater they wrote. The production of one liter of gasoline requires three liters of water according to the researchers.
The production of one liter of corn ethanol requires between 350 and 1400 liters of water from irrigation depending on location.
and an increase in irrigation demands to the degree that the government mandate is no longer economically viable.
Other precautions include treating irrigation water with chemicals toxic to fish and amphibians and setting poisoned bait for rodents.
and crops to determine what the soil needs to improve crop growth in terms of crop nutrients lime and irrigation for example.
The other Johns Hopkins team aims to improve the irrigation of vegetable gardens that provide nutrition and income for families in remote rural communities in South africa.
and provides much needed irrigation water for the cultivation of winter vegetables. In an additional effort aimed at sustaining the benefits from the EWB-USA effort a team of undergraduate
and other help to the community in running these irrigation systems. It's important because the water allows the farmers to grow more vegetables during dry seasons for their own use and for sale to others.
and community gardeners in other regions to run their own ram pump irrigations systems without relying on outside assistance.
and using technologies such as drip irrigation could reduce agricultural water demand. Efficiency plus equitymany of Wadimena's inquiries focused on the dual concerns of enhancing efficiency
In Morocco government subsidies for efficient drip irrigation technologies are used also as a lever to encourage farmers to grow value-added crops that make better use of scarce water.
She says there's a high energy cost associated with common lawn-care methods such as mowing irrigation
and trimmers to pump irrigation water and to make fertilizers --and all of these activities emit carbon dioxide.
This means more lawns don't require irrigation helping reduce the carbon cost of lawn maintenance and preserve the carbon sequestration benefits.
In order to jumpstart seed germination for a winter crop in these hot climates lettuce growers have turned to cooling the soil with sprinkler irrigation
Factors include intensive commercial rice farming with construction of irrigation channels which is often illegal.
and reservoirs for irrigation is denying local communities access to the grasslands on which their livelihoods depend
but the rice samples were mainly from regions where the irrigation water contains higher levels of arsenic.
and therefore is less dependent on the use of groundwater for irrigation. It also requires less fertilizer and pesticides.
#oefurthermore energy costs (electricity or diesel) will be lower as there will be less need for them to pump groundwater for irrigation#Haris says.
and irrigation issues from 2000 to 2010 over three areas within Bolivia's Valle Alto region.
During lettuce and broccoli production Brennan ensured all systems received the same fertilizer and irrigation inputs and pest management.
#Irrigation in Californias Central Valley intensifies rainfall, storms across the Southwestagricultural irrigation in California's Central Valley doubles the amount of water vapor pumped into the atmosphere ratcheting up rainfall and powerful monsoons across the interior Southwest according to a new study by UC Irvine scientists.
Moisture on the vast farm fields evaporates is blown over the Sierra nevada and dumps 15 percent more than average summer rain in numerous other states.
University painstakingly entered regional irrigation levels into global rainfall and weather models and traced the patterns.
All percent differences in the paper are the differences between applying irrigation to the Central Valley
You can isolate the phenomenon that you wish to explore in this case irrigation versus no irrigation.
A better understanding of irrigation's impact on the changing climate and water availability could improve resource management in parched or flooded areas.
Irrigation of agricultural land is a major contributor to soil salinity. And as sea levels rise with climate change understanding how plants particularly crops react to salt might allow us to develop plant varieties that can grow in the saltier soils that will likely occur in coastal zones.
He said one possible positive effect of foreign land acquisition is that corporations can afford investments in technology such as irrigation systems that increase agricultural productivity
Growing grass more efficiently through strategic irrigation fertilization and grazing strategies can significantly improve yield
However in the absence of adaptation measures such as increased irrigation the simulation projects a significant loss of suitable agricultural land in Mediterranean regions and in parts of Sub-saharan africa.
In North america and Egypt the slugs take advantage of the extensive agricultural irrigation systems. These new habitats created by humans open new paths for the expansion of the slugs into areas that are normally inhospitable for animals
and also the technologies--industrial fertilizers sophisticated large-scale irrigation new resilient cultivars--and financial resources to sustain high yields
His olive trees grow in a high-density planting method and a drip irrigation system. With a variety of soils on the land and so many rocks that he suggests visitors take one with them Swafford said caliche has yielded the best growth thus far.
and could be applied in soils with low moisture retention for arid lands of Mexico it is'golden ground'as it would reduce the amount of irrigation highlights the professor at UAM.
Bajzelj points out that higher yields will also require more mineral fertiliser use and increased water demand for irrigation.
For example in Illinois a hybrid grass Miscanthus x giganteus without fertilizer or irrigation produced 10 to 16 tons of aboveground biomass per acre more than double the productivity of native prairie vegetation or corn.
But irrigation in parts of India the Middle east and other regions relies heavily on the pumping of groundwater during some or all of the year.
whose irrigation comes partially from rain or snowmelt. For these parts of the world where farmers have little data available to help them understand current conditions SMAP's measurements could fill a significant void.
Some farmers handle drought by changing irrigation patterns. Others delay planting or harvesting to give plants their best shot at success. Currently schedule modifications are based mostly on growers'observations and experience.
but further inland drought lead to the need for irrigation or in extreme cases abandonment of the settlement.
whether to invest in an irrigation system. The goal of U2u is to develop a dashboard of tools people can use for decision-making
The solution for cultivating pastures in drought-susceptible areas may be through irrigation or the use of drought-resistant species that can adapt to climate changes the researcher told.
Mapping water trends for African maizetoday's food production relies heavily on irrigation but across Sub-saharan africa only 4 percent of cultivated land is irrigated compared with a global average of 18 percent.
and practices including irrigation planning timing of planting and choice of crop varietals. For example in Burkina faso in West Africa a comparison of different parts of the growing season showed a decrease in water availability early in the season but an increase at later time points.
For example cattle grazing on arid land in the western half of the US use enormous amounts of land but relatively little irrigation water.
which requires less land but much more irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer. The researchers needed to account for these differences
The environmental inputs the team considered included land use irrigation water greenhouse gas emissions and nitrogen fertilizer use.
and 11 times more irrigation water are responsible for releasing 5 times more greenhouse gases and consume 6 times as much nitrogen as eggs or poultry.
and account for most irrigation and fertilizer consumption on a global scale. It proposes a set of key actions in three broad areas that that have the greatest potential for reducing the adverse environmental impacts of agriculture
With respect to water rice and wheat are the crops that create the most demand for irrigation worldwide
and India Pakistan China and the U s. account for the bulk of irrigation water use in water-limited areas.
but that the rate is not as high as previously estimated. 90 percent of water consumption is due to irrigation for farming purposes.
They only use about 70 percent of the optimal irrigation amounts explains Petra DÃ ll from the Institute of Physical geography at the Goethe University.
which takes the likely deficit irrigation into account and since the model results correlate well with independent comparative data.
The increased use of groundwater for irrigation also results in a rise in sea levels: According to DÃ ll's calculations sea level rise due to groundwater depletion was 0. 31 millimetres per year during the period from 2000 to 2009.
and that the primary reason was the onset of irrigation in agriculture and population growth.
We saw a significant drop in median groundwater levels in irrigation wells from 75 to 180 feet between the 1940s
Bernd Leinauer a turfgrass expert at New mexico State university suggests combining fertigation drip irrigation and decentralized water treatment.
Fertigation is a method of supplying fertilizers to plants through irrigation water (fertilize and irrigate at the same time).
Drip irrigation delivers water directly to plant roots underground instead of sprinkling plants from above. In Leinauer's and Sevostianova's vision a decentralized treatment system at a subdivision would be tailored to generate effluent during the summer that contained 15 parts per million (ppm) of the nutrient nitrate.
The overall idea is to combine subsurface drip irrigation with tailored water: water with nutrient levels tailored for the summer versus the winter.
or overhead irrigation and some crape myrtle varieties are more susceptible than others. I've been working with crape myrtles for a long time
and is spread by factors such as overhead irrigation systems and large numbers of plants kept in close quarters.
Choosing resistant varieties moving from overhead irrigation to drip irrigation and the limited use of bactericides would be part of such an integrated strategy the researchers said.
As alternative water sources such as reclaimed water are becoming more commonly used as irrigation for urban landscapes
or irrigation water quality is said poor the authors. They recommended'Belinda's Dream''Climbing Pinkie''Mrs. Dudley Cross''Reve d'Or'and'Sea Foam'as good selections for planting in landscapes with high soil salinity.'
People in the Sonoran Desert and Tonto Basin in what is today Arizona were advanced more culturally with irrigation ball courts
and Tonto people would have difficulty finding new farming opportunities for many children since corn farming required irrigation.
And because of the country's climate and geography irrigation is now widespread burdening rivers and groundwater supplies.
If balanced with more water-efficient irrigation systems locally restructuring these regions could reduce national water use
In particular corn production and trade at the domestic level might be an area to target as changes could significantly reduce national water use for irrigation.
and used for irrigation more rapidly than it is replenished. Water used during crop production is referred to as virtual water.
and irrigation sources--and determined how much water was transferred between provinces through food trade. To obtain estimates of these water transfers the researchers analyzed how much food was traded between provinces
The researchers found that irrigation accounts for about 25 percent of water used to produce crops
However those numbers skyrocket in Xinjiang Ningxia and Inner Mongolia where irrigation water is used predominantly for crop production (85 percent 69 percent and 49 percent respectively.
They found that domestic corn trade leads to significant losses of irrigation water resources (such as rivers reservoirs and groundwater.
and their exports lead to large national water savings for both rainfall and irrigation water.
when irrigation intervals were lengthened. Thus water stress may trigger the induction of symptoms the authors said.
town by the Euphrates river in Syria may be the first evidence that agricultural irrigation systems in the middle East contributed to disease burden according to new Correspondence published in The Lancet Infectious diseases.
This research shows it may have been spread by the introduction of crop irrigation in ancient Mesopotamia the region along the Tigris-Euphrates river system that covers parts of modern-day Iraq Iran Kuwait Syria
The individual who contracted the parasite might have done so through the use of irrigation systems that were starting to be introduced in Mesopotamia around 7500 years ago.
These irrigation systems distributed water to crops and may have triggered the beginning of the enormous disease burden that schistosomiasis has caused over the past 6000 years.
and three irrigation/drainage ditches dating to the Zhou Dynasty (c. â#046-256 BC). Researchers examined about 50 vertical feet of exposed soil layers at the Anshang site carefully cleaning sections of a quarry wall to reveal patterns of sedimentary deposits dating back about 10000 years.
Kidder's research suggests the Chinese began building drainage/irrigation canals and bank/levee systems along the lower reaches of the Yellow River about 2900-2700 years ago.
In any case researchers have not found conclusive evidences about the use of irrigation as a common practice.
By adaptation we mean a range of options based on existing technologies such as switching varieties of a crop installing irrigation
Johnson suggested that growers increase the acidity levels of irrigation water and soil to match the optimum ph for the rootstock (preliminary results show that this improves root density compared to untreated groves) and water more frequently for shorter periods.
Increasing irrigation particularly in areas where potato farms are typically rain-fed such as Pennsylvania could result in substantial yield increases Fleisher says.
since the spores are able to move considerable distances thanks to the wind or irrigation water.
However electrical consumption for supplemental lighting and irrigation during plug production proved to be the leading source of CO2E emissions (more than 47%)in the model system.
and irrigation demand trials these differences do not have a dramatic effect on production sustainability from a global warming potential perspective said the authors.
#Irrigation, soil management strategies investigated for cold climate sweet cherryprevious research efforts have identified several management strategies to improve establishment of new plantings of sweet cherry trees.
Their study reveals important information about irrigation strategies for growers and includes recommendations that can inform management practices.
There have been few studies on fruiting cherry trees with respect to novel irrigation strategies such as partial and deficit irrigation
Analyses showed that high-frequency irrigation resulted in higher root zone soil moisture content relative to low-frequency irrigation despite reduced evaporative demand during part of the growing season.
The researchers found that increased soluble solids concentration (SSC) occurred with low-frequency irrigation while decreased SSC occurred with delayed harvest maturity in trees receiving phosphorus fertigation at bloom.
and earnings from it will decrease due to the insufficient availability of drinking and irrigation water and the decreasing productivity of farming.
Accounting for irrigation is currently a challenge for models which is one reason why they underestimate agricultural productivity.
If we don't take into account irrigation and other human influences in the agricultural areas we're not going to correctly estimate the amount of carbon taken up by vegetation particularly corn Joiner said.
but also provide a multitude of ecological and cultural services including water for irrigation and industry shelter habitats for biodiversity and in very poor areas sources of livelihoods.
whose livelihoods depend on subsistence agriculturefarmers here have reported environmental problems such as floods droughts reductions in water quality and increases in soil erosion and downstream sedimentation of irrigation networks.
For instance if irrigation water is used to grow crops it is exported essentially Dourte said. Once products are shipped overseas the water used to grow the commodity goes with it
or irrigation makes all the difference in assessing water resource sustainability. Dourte co-authored the study with Fraisse
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