or regurgitating food in the three gorillas studied. Previous research on how music affects zoo-housed gorillas produced mixed results.
In this new study researchers Lindsey Robbins and Susan Margulis of Canisius College in Buffalo New york observed the effects of three kinds of music played to three adult gorillas.
at the Buffalo Zoo. Each selection was played for two hours a day four times a week over a period of three weeks.
and regurgitating and re-ingesting food repetitive behaviors which are considered often signs of stress in captive gorillas.
and re-ingested food less often when natural sounds were played to them. Both Koga and Sidney and Lily two adult females turned to face the source of the music a hidden speaker more often
while others follow a strictly vegetarian diet. Most turtles however are omnivores eating both animals and plants.
What a turtle eats depends on its species specifically what kind of jaw it has for masticating (chewing) food where it lives and
what food sources are available to it. Sea turtles depending on the species may eat seagrasses algae sponges sea squirts squid shrimp crabs jellyfish cuttlefish or sea cucumbers.
For instance leatherback sea turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) which can reach a whopping 1100 pounds (500 kilograms) use their scissorlike jaws to munch on a jellyfish-only diet according to the Sea turtle Conservancy.
A freshwater turtle's diet is varied just as and may include worms snails insect larvae aquatic insects crustaceans water plants algae and fallen fruit.
Terrestrial turtles also eat a variety of foods from earthworms grubs snails beetles and caterpillars to grasses fruit berries mushrooms and flowers.
Both aquatic and land turtles have been known to eat carrion (decaying flesh) when it's available.
and just like their wild cousins they eat a diverse range of foods. Commercial turtle pellets and fish pellets as well as gut-loaded insects (bugs with nutrient-rich diets) earthworms and small fish are sold often as turtle food at pet stores.
Turtle owners should speak with a veterinarian or other professional when planning a diet for their pet as the diets of captive turtles also vary by species. Follow Elizabeth Palermo on Twitter@techepalermo Facebook or Google+.
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#Digging into Probiotics: Experts Look at Foods'Bacteria & Health Claims The term probiotic is misused so often that a group of experts has taken a fresh look at what probiotics really are examined
and what scientists have learned about them in recent years. Probiotics are thought generally of as the good bacteria in the body.
a food science researcher and consultant who was one of the experts on the panel as well as executive science officer for the organization that convened the panel. 5 Ways Gut Bacteria Affect Your Health
This includes undefined bacteria present in fermented foods. For example there may be numerous species of bacteria in blue cheese
or kefir (a fermented milk drink) but it is more appropriate to call these products sources of live cultures rather than sources of probiotics the researchers said.
There's much folklore around the health benefits of fermented food Sanders told Live Science. For example aged cheeses such as blue cheese contain a mix of bacteria.
And although cheese makers likely use defined cultures of bacteria that include a known mix of species the microbial content of any given cheese isn't listed on the food's label
and in fact varies among samples of cheese she said. Blue cheese may have lots of really neat microbes in it
and it might be source of live microbes but you can't really call it a probiotic until some research shows that there is a benefit associated with it she said.
We thought that the term'probiotics'had to be reserved for the microbes associated with fermented products that have been defined
and have been shown to have some health effect Sanders said. The researchers also said that fecal microbiota transplants#procedures that involve transferring fecal matter from a healthy person into an infected person to help patients suffering from hard-to-treat gut infections with the bacteria Clostridium difficile#shouldn't be considered probiotics
But in Canada and Italy foods labeled as probiotic are required to contain at least 1 billion colony-forming units (CFUS) of probiotics per serving.
otherwise use the material as animal feed. With support from the U s. National Science Foundation (NSF our company Ecolyse Inc. based in College Station Texas is working to address this issue by developing products to treat bacterial contamination.
indeed phages are present in many foods and natural environments. But this specificity also makes it challenging to find a suitable phage for a given situation.
Ecolyse produces the phage as liquid lysates the liquid soup consisting of cellular debris and phage particles that is created
An additional plus is that replacing antibiotics with phages during the fermentation process increases the marketability of the dried distillers-grain byproduct (the potential animal feed)
However its microscopic tree cells called tracheids internal highways that transfer water and nutrients show signs of fire stress in a manner similar to tree rings.
and nutrients Byers said. This post-fire growth spurt is seen also in modern trees. Rethinking the past
At its core is the homogenisation of global food systems which increasingly must deliver the same products to an expanding population (in all senses) across the world.
Within a few kilometres of my house I can purchase the same fast-food as in New york London or Sydney.
The first Mcdonald s in Kuala lumpur opened in 1982. Now there are more than 250 restaurants in Malaysia with 42%of the local fast-food market in the Klang Valley.
It is hard to imagine that when the Mcdonald brothers opened their first branch in California in 1940 they would initiate a global phenomenon
whereby 70m customers in 118 countries would consume an estimated 1%of the food eaten every day on the planet in a Mcdonald s outlet.
Mcdonald s now serves 144m happy meals#in Malaysian outlets each year. Presumably this saves 144m bored Malaysians from staring into their bowls of curry mee satay and Roti Canai.
The homogenisation of global food systems means that any fast-food outlet must depend on a long complex and increasingly vulnerable supply chain to source products
whose ingredients are derived from a tiny range of plant and animal species. While there are an estimated 30000 edible plant species just three (wheat rice
and maize) now account for more than 60%of the calories consumed by 7 billion people across the world.
As the climate changes our increasing reliance on a few major crops will jeopardise food security. The recent IPCC (2014) report predicts that without adaptation temperature increases of above about 1o C from preindustrial levels will negatively affect yields on the major crops in both tropical and temperate regions for the rest of the century.
For example bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea) is a highly nutritious drought-tolerant African food legume. However during Africa s colonial period it was displaced increasingly by the oil-rich peanut grown for its cash and export potential.
Bambara the groundnut of the women#has survived more through its own resilience and the tenacity of the communities that have cultivated it than the contribution of agricultural scientists to its improvement or extension agencies to its expansion.
Our entire food system is in a precarious state propped up by a narrow elite range of major crops backed by global research and advocacy.
Meanwhile everything else including the underutilised and ignored crops that could sustain us in the future is starved increasingly of resources.
Without urgent serious and comparative research on crops that can yield in hotter volatile climates of the future the global food system will increasingly depend on only a few crops.
Medical Myths Even Doctors Believe Cow urine soda? Though Westerners may find the practice surprising if not outright disgusting the therapeutic use of cow urine has a long history in India particularly in Ayurvedic medicine an ancient health care tradition that has been practiced in India for at least 5000 years.
For people who would rather not drink their cow urine straight the RSS has developed a cow-urine-based soft drink called Gomutra Ark.
The drink is promoted as a healthy alternative to Coca-cola Pepsi and other soft drinks which are seen as part of a wider problem resulting from corrupt Western influences.
We have developed a soft-drink formula with gau jal as the base. Science weighs in Health experts
however are less enthusiastic about the health benefits of drinking cow urine especially when anticancer properties are claimed.
However these and other studies may not convince skeptics to start drinking urine anytime soon even if it is part of a tasty soft drink.
Just trust me on this this drink really will require flavoring Keith-Thomas Ayoob nutritionist at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine told ABC News
. If they use sugar or a caloric sweetener then the world probably doesn't need another drink that's just a source of sugar calories
although this drink will probably have its 15 minutes of fame because of its novelty. Follow Marc Lallanilla on Twitter and Google+.
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#Mysterious Energy Ribbon at Solar system's Edge a'Cosmic Roadmap'A strange ribbon of energy and particles at the edge of the solar system first spotted by a NASA spacecraft appears to serve as a sort of roadmap in the sky for the interstellar
#Does Sugar Really Cause Cavities? You've probably heard it all your life: Eating sweets will rot your teeth.
But while a diet high in sugar certainly promotes the formation of cavities (as well as other medical problems such as obesity) sugar itself isn't the real culprit behind tooth decay.
Dental cavities also known as caries the Latin word for decay are formed when bacteria living in the mouth digest carbohydrate debris left on the teeth after you eat.
Such debris might include the refined sugars found in cookies candy and other treats but can also come from healthy foods like whole grains vegetables and fruits.
When digesting these carbohydrates bacteria in your mouth produce an acid that combines with saliva to form that nasty stuff your dentist warned you about:
8 Foods for Healthy Teeth It's plaque not sugar that leads to tooth decay. Plaque starts building up after every meal and if it isn't brushed away frequently it can erode the hard outer enamel of a tooth resulting in tiny holes in the tooth's surface.
These holes mark the first stage of cavity formation. And those tiny holes can do a lot of damage if left untreated.
Cavities affecting the pulp of a tooth as well as the bone supporting the tooth can cause severe toothaches sensitivity pain when eating and abscesses in the mouth.
Ultimately sugar is just one of many carbs that can land you in the dentist's chair
but that doesn't mean you should trade in your apples for candy corn just yet. In addition to the many health benefits of a plant-heavy diet the kinds of foods you eat are important to oral health.
Some foods like hard candy breath mints raisins and dry cereal can get stuck in the grooves and crevices of your teeth where they could cause decay.
Fruit and yogurt on the other hand wash away easily with saliva and are therefore less likely to cause plaque buildup.
And the way you consume food is just as important as the kinds of food you eat.
For example chugging a can of soda actually does less damage to your teeth than sipping on a soda throughout the day
because the acid created by mouth bacteria sticks around for 30 minutes after you eat or drink.
So every time you munch another chip or take a sip of soda you restart the plaque-production clock
and increase your risk of developing cavities. Carbonated soft drinks also contain phosphoric and citric acids that have been shown to erode tooth enamel.
Eating or drinking highly acidic foods even healthy foods like citrus fruits can lead to tooth decay if oral hygiene is maintained not properly.
Follow Elizabeth Palermo on Twitter@techepalermo Facebook or Google+.+Follow Livescience@livescience. We're also on Facebook & Google
Also by only searching for tree fruits during the night owl monkeys avoid competing with larger monkeys that spend their days hunting for the same foods.
So by time sharing#the canopy with larger monkeys in a day/night cycle owl monkeys increase their potential for collecting food while reducing their risk from predators.
While invoking not-so-delightful images food references in medical vernacular are useful aids in helping doctors identify many different ailments.
Doc Reviews Food Words Used in Medicine Hypersexuality in women linked to this: A condition often understudied in the female population hypersexuality in women is being linked with more aggressive sexual behaviors.
It would be very difficult to get the levels of sulforaphane used in the study just by eating large amounts of broccoli Talalay warned.
To make matters worse the drop in atmospheric CO2 plunged the Earth into a massive deep freeze that has come to be called the Snowball Earth Event.
The planet was covered entirely with thick sheets of ice except near the equator and life in the dark oceans was driven nearly to extinction.
In 1967 biologist Lynn Margulis was the first to recognize that some prokaryotic organisms were able to merge together in a cooperative arrangement she named endosymbiosis that helped them survive the Snowball Earth crisis. We now understand that the mitochondria in animal cells
and spread to every habitable continent on the Earth in a relatively short time pushing the Neanderthals and all other remaining hominid species to extinction.
People domesticated animals too as companions servants or food sources. By about 10000 years ago large permanent settlements like Jericho and Catalhoyuk appear in the archeological record.
#Ancient Nordic Grog Intoxicated the Elite Ancient Scandinavians quaffed an alcoholic mixture of barley honey cranberries herbs
and even grape wine imported from Greece and Rome new research finds. This Nordic grog predates the Vikings.
It was found buried in tombs alongside warriors and priestesses and is now available at liquor stores across the United states thanks to a reconstruction effort by Patrick Mcgovern a biomolecular archaeologist at the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology and Delaware-based Dogfish Head Craft
Brewery. You'd think with all these different ingredients it sort of makes your stomach churn Mcgovern the study's lead author told Livescience.
But actually if you put it in the right amounts and balance out the ingredients it really does taste very good.
Drink of the ancients Mcgovern began the journey toward uncovering the ingredients of ancient Nordic alcohol decades ago
and Sweden looking for pottery shards that held traces of old beverages. But in the mid-1990s the technology to analyze these chemical remnants just wasn't available he said.
The other three came from strainer cups used to serve wine found in Denmark and Sweden.
Beer brewing goes back at least 10000 years and ancient humans were endlessly creative in their recipes for intoxicants.
and Romans proved that southern Europeans were among the first wine snobs these authors dismissed Northern beverages as barley rotted in water.
In fact Nordic grog was a complex brew Mcgovern and his colleagues found. The ingredients included honey cranberries and lingonberries (acidic red berries that grow in Scandinavia.
Wheat rye and barley and occasionally imported grape wine from southern Europe formed a base for the drink.
Herbs and spices such as bog myrtle yarrow juniper and birch resin added flavor and perhaps medicinal qualities.
Because the warrior had crafted well weapons in his tomb he was likely of high status. Pure mead was probably a drink for the elite
10 Intoxicating Beer Facts Delicious brew The grog was likely a high-class beverage Mcgovern said.
Dubbed Egtved Girl (pronounced eckt-VED) the corpse was buried wearing a wool string skirt with a bucket of grog at her feet.
In other graves wine-serving kits imported from southern Europe are associated also with women Mcgovern said.
That gives the impression that the women were the ones who would make the beverages in antiquity
and they were the ones that would serve it to the warriors he said The imported wine strainer cups
and traces of grape wine which was produced only in southern Europe suggest a robust trade network in this period Mcgovern said.
Northerners likely shipped Baltic amber southward in return for the wine and drinking utensils. With Mcgovern's help Dogfish Head recreated the Nordic grog in October 2013 using wheat berries honey and herbs.
The only difference was that Dogfish Head's brew contains a few hops the bittering agents used in most modern beers.
Hops weren't used in beers in Europe until the 1500s. Dogfish Head's grog is called Kvasir a name that hints at its roots.
In Nordic legend Kvasir was created a wise man by gods spitting into a jar. Two dwarfs later murdered Kvasir and mixed his blood with honey creating a beverage that was said to confer wisdom and poetry onto the drinker.
The grog tastes sour like a Belgian lambic Mcgovern said. But there are other options available to those who want a taste of Bronze age Europe.
The Swedish brewery Nynã¤shamns Ãgbryggeri created another version of grog called Arketyp and it is available at state liquor stores in Sweden.
And on the Swedish island of Gotland locals still brew a mixture of barley honey juniper
and herbs that tastes much like what their ancient ancestors drank. Follow Stephanie Pappas on Twitter and Google+.
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#Google Goes Wild: How Off-road Tech Aids Conservation Google earth and Google street view have made it possible for anyone with an Internet connection to explore some of the world's most spectacular destinations right from their computer tablet or smartphone.
Now homebodies and wannabe globetrotters can dive into the Great Barrier reef uncover the history of the Roman Colosseum and even climb Mount everest for free and without the airport hassles.
Health professionals and parents appear to disagree about what determines children s food preferences. While the former often take the view that healthy foods
and the absence of junk food#in the home will lead to healthier choices and eating habits parents tend to focus on the individual likes
and dislikes of their children sometimes struggling to feed healthy food to a child born with#a dislike of vegetables.
And how many times will you have heard a parent say my first was fussy from the start
but my second is laid much more back#?#New research suggests that parents may not be so wrong after all.
The results of a study we carried out of more than 1300 pairs of three to four-year-old twins showed that food likes
At the Health Behaviour Research Centre at UCL we decided to use the Gemini cohort a long-term study of 2400 pairs of twins to study food preferences.
In 2010 when the children were around three we asked their parents to complete a food preference questionnaire asking about their twins liking for 114 different foods in six categories:
fruits vegetables protein foods dairy foods carbohydrates and snacks. Predictably perhaps vegetables were liked the least food and snacks the most liked.
We also found that the food preferences of identical twins were much more similar than those of nonidentical twins suggesting that preferences are to some extent inherited from parents.
Statistical analyses then provided estimates of the contribution of genes and the environment to these preferences.
and protein foods can be attributed to genetic factors and the remainder to environmental factors like what parents choose to feed their children and foods available in the home.
The picture was somewhat different for carbohydrates dairy foods and salty and sugary snacks liking for which is determined more by the environment and only around 30%by genetic factors.
Most highly heritable appeared to be children s liking for vegetables (54) %and fruit (53%)with protein foods close behind (48%).
%On the other hand the environment played a larger part in liking for the other food groups: snacks (60%)carbohydrates (57%)and dairy foods (54%.
%The findings support the assertions of health professionals that the home environment exerts a strong influence on children s liking of the high-calorie foods implicated in excessive weight gain.
However they also suggest that parents are right in identifying innate differences in liking particularly for the low-calorie nutritious foods that parents
and health campaigners try to encourage. We know that children are born with a liking for sweet tastes
and a dislike of bitter or sour tastes and this may partly explain the pattern of findings.
While the genetic effects on food preferences suggested by this study published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition are large it s clear that a child s actual experiences with food are very influential.
And a substantial body of research has shown that food preferences can be changed particularly in very young children.
Repeatedly offering small quantities of healthy foods and acting as a role model by eating and enjoying these foods for example have been shown to be highly effective in increasing children s food acceptance.
And so-called covert control#can discourage unhealthy eating habits and food preferences by simply limiting the availability of high fat
and high calorie snacks in the home. There is no doubt that parents would feel reassured to know that
although genes play a part in their children s food preferences there are scientifically tested strategies to help them to create a healthy home environment and happy mealtimes even with fussy eaters.
Lucy Cooke has received in the past funding from the Medical Research Council and the European union 7th Framework programme.
Additionally the yeast in kefir transforms lactose into carbon dioxide (with a small amount of alcohol.
This gives kefir its characteristic carbonation earning it the nickname the champagne of milk. The different preparations result in different consistencies.
While yogurt is a creamy semisolid kefir is a bubbly drink. Kefir offers a number of established and potential health benefits.
8 Foods for Healthy Teeth<p>Regular brushing and flossing help keep teeth healthy by getting rid of sugars
and food particles that team up with bacteria to form plaque. Plaque produces acid that damages tooth enamel causes cavities and sets the stage for periodontal or gum disease.</
</p><p>Now a growing body of research is finding that certain foods may be good for teeth too.
Just as so-called " functional foods" may keep your heart healthy for instance others may<a href=http://www. livescience. com/1492-fluoride-myths-bad-baby-teeth. html>promote oral health</a>according to Christine D. Wu
a pediatric dentistry researcher at the University of Illinois at Chicago.</</p><p>Here are eight teeth-friendly foods that show promise.</
</p><p>Compounds called polyphenols found in black and green teas slow the growth of bacteria associated with cavities and gum disease.
Researchers at the University of Illinois at Chicago found that people who rinsed their mouths with<a href=http://www. livescience. com/10053-bottled-brewed-study-reveals-healthiest-teas. html>black tea</a>for one minute 10 times
a day had less plaque buildup on their teeth than people who rinsed their mouths with water.
</p><p>Tea undermines the ability of some bacteria to clump together with other bacteria the researchers said.<
and her colleagues wrote that tea especially black tea fights halitosis or bad breath. " Polyphenols suppress the genes of bacteria that control the production of smelly compounds in the mouth"
</p><p>Research published in the journal General Dentistry earlier this year reported that 12-to 15-year-olds who ate cheddar cheese had lower acid levels in their mouths than those
</p><p>After eating the foods the adolescents and teens rinsed their mouths with water.
but the cheese eaters had a rapid drop at each measurement interval. </</p><p>Cheese may neutralize the plaque acid said Wu who was involved not in the cheese study.
What' s more chewing<a href=http://www. livescience. com/19463-5-facts-spit. html>increases saliva production</a>."
t contain sucrose or table sugar. Sugar helps bacteria stick to the tooth surface letting them produce plaque Wu said.
Some compounds in raisins also affect the growth of bacteria associated with gum disease Wu has found.</
</p><p>It takes serious chewing to break down foods such as carrots apples and cucumbers. But all that crunching isn'
</p><p>Foods containing calcium — such as cheese almonds and leafy greens — and foods high in phosphorous —
such as meat eggs and fish — can help<a href=http://www. livescience. com/40195-oral-health-body. html>keep tooth enamel strong and healthy</a>according to the American Dental Association.</
</p><p>" Acidic foods and beverages may cause tiny lesions on tooth enamel" Wu said. "
Calcium and phosphate help redeposit minerals back into those lesions. " Calcium is also good for bones including your jaw.</
</p><p>Pop a stick in your mouth after eating. Chewing boosts saliva secretion clearing away some bacteria Wu said.
The keyword here is " sugarless. " Bacteria rely on sucrose to produce plaque Wu said.</
</p><p>In a study published in the Journal of the American Dental Association in July Wu
and her team found that drinking a a href=http://www. livescience. com/36512-experts-explain-milk-health-benefits-risks. html>glass of milk</a>after downing dry sugar-sweetened Fruit Loops
lowered levels of acid in the mouth more than drinking water or apple juice did.</</p><p>"
Milk neutralizes some of the acid produced by plaque bacteria" Wu said. Adding milk to cereal doesn'
Drinking a glass of milk after eating a sweet dessert like chocolate cake may protect teeth too.
t handy nibble on some post-dessert cheese.</</p><p>Cranberries contain polyphenols (just as tea does)
which may keep plaque from sticking to teeth thus lowering the risk of cavities according to a study published in the journal Caries Research.
Because the fruit is so tart many cranberry products have added sugar which may affect any potential benefits for teeth Wu said.</
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