test findswhen mice ate a diet of 25 percent extra sugar--the mouse equivalent of a healthy human diet plus three cans of soda daily--females died at twice the normal rate
Our results provide evidence that added sugar consumed at concentrations currently considered safe exerts dramatic adverse impacts on mammalian health the researchers say in a study set for online publication Tuesday Aug 13 in the journal
This demonstrates the adverse effects of added sugars at human-relevant levels says University of Utah biology professor Wayne Potts the study's senior author He says previous studies using other tests
fed mice large doses of sugar disproportionate to the amount people consume in sweetened beverages baked goods and candy.
and encouraged my family to do the same he adds noting that the new test showed that the 25 percent added-sugar diet--12.5 percent dextrose (the industrial name for glucose)
or added sugar Potts says. The mice tell us the level of health degradation is almost identical from added-sugar and from cousin-level inbreeding.
The study says the need for a sensitive toxicity test exists not only for components of our diet
but is particularly strong for both pharmaceutical science where 73 percent of drugs that pass preclinical trials fail due to safety concerns
A Mouse Diet Equal to What a Quarter of Americans Eatthe experimental diet in the study provided 25 percent of calories from added sugar--half fructose and half glucose--no matter how many calories the mice ate.
Both high-fructose corn syrup and table sugar (sucrose) are half fructose and half glucose. Potts says the National Research Council recommends that for people no more than 25 percent of calories should be added from sugar which means they don't count what's naturally in an apple banana potato or other nonprocessed food.#
#The dose we selected is consumed by 13 percent to 25 percent of Americans. The diet fed to the mice with the 25 percent sugar-added diet is equivalent to the diet of a person who drinks three cans daily of sweetened soda pop plus a perfectly healthy no-sugar-added diet Potts says.
Ruff notes that sugar consumption in the American diet has increased 50 percent since the 1970s accompanied by a dramatic increase in metabolic diseases such as diabetes obesity fatty liver and cardiovascular disease.
The researchers used a mouse supply company that makes specialized diets for research. Chow for the mice was a highly nutritious wheat-corn-soybean mix with vitamins and minerals.
For experimental mice glucose and fructose amounting to 25 percent of calories was included in the chow.
For control mice corn starch was used as a carbohydrate in place of the added sugars. House Mice Behaving Naturallymice often live in homes with people
so mice happen to be an excellent mammal to model human dietary issues because they've been living on the same diet as we have
ever since the agricultural revolution 10000 years ago Potts says. Mice typically used in labs come from strains bred in captivity for decades.
They are highly competitive over food nesting sites and territories he says. This competition demands high performance from their bodies so
Within each of the six sections was a nest box a feeding station and drinking water.
Each bin had four nesting cages in it and an enclosed feeder. The two other sections were suboptimal territories with open planter trays instead of enclosed bins.
and then assigned either to the added-sugar diet or the control diet with half the males and half the females on each diet.
while they were fed these diets. Then the mice were placed in the mouse barns to live compete with each other
They all received the same added-sugar diet while in the mouse barns so the study only tested for differences caused by the mice eating different diets for the previous 26 weeks.
The founder mice had implanted microchips like those put in pets. Microchip readers were placed near the feeding stations to record which mice fed where and for how long.
In reality the dominant males made almost 100 percent of male visits to the feeder in the desirable territory they dominated.
Added Sugar Impairs Mouse Lifespan and Reproduction--After 32 weeks in mouse barns 35 percent of the females fed extra sugar died twice the 17 percent death rate for female control mice.
There was no difference in the 55 percent death among males who did did and not get added sugar.
Ruff says males have much higher death rates than females in natural settings because they compete for territory
but there's no relation to sugar. --Males on the added-sugar diet acquired and held 26 percent fewer territories than males on the control diet:
control males occupied 47 percent of the territories while sugar-added mice controlled less than 36 percent.
Male mice shared the remaining 17 percent of territories. --Males on the added-sugar diet produced 25 percent fewer offspring than control males as determined by genetic analysis of the offspring.
The sugar-added females had higher reproduction rates than controls initially--likely because the sugar gave them extra energy to handle the burden of pregnancy
--but then had lower reproductive rates as the study progressed partly because they had linked higher death rates to sugar.
The researchers studied another group of mice for metabolic changes. The only differences were minor:
cholesterol was elevated in sugar-fed mice and the ability to clear glucose from the blood was impaired in female sugar-fed mice.
The study found no difference between mice on a regular diet and mice with the 25 percent sugar-added diet
when it came to obesity fasting insulin levels fasting glucose or fasting triglycerides. Our test shows an adverse outcome from the added-sugar diet that couldn't be detected by conventional tests Potts says.
Human-made toxic substances in the environment potentially affect all of us and more are discovered continually Potts says.
You have to ask why we didn't discover them 20 years ago he adds.
The answer is that until now we haven't had a functional broad and sensitive test to screen the potential toxic substances that are being released into the environment or in our drugs or our food supply.
Potts and Ruff conducted the study with University of Utah biology lab manager Linda Morrison and undergraduates Amanda Suchy Sara Hugentobler Mirtha Sosa and Bradley Schwartz and with researchers Sin
The findings highlight the potential for cows to serve as a reservoir for bacteria with the capacity for pandemic spread in humans.
The three-year study of blue tits which also involved researchers from the University of California Davis USA and the University of Glasgow showed that mothers with more UV-reflectant crown feathers did not lay more eggs
The birds are socially monogamous with the female solely incubating the eggs and both parents feeding the chicks.
We showed that dowdy coloured females found this level of hard work twice as stressful compared with brighter mothers.
because bees play a pivotal role in crop pollination agricultural yields and therefore food supply and prices.
and reduction in variety of forage sources due to pressures of intensifying land use increasing spread of new and old pests--caused by globalisation of trade in bees and bee products--as well as possible adverse effects
#Healthy diet, moderate alcohol linked with decreased risk of kidney disease in patient with diabeteseating a healthy diet
and drinking a moderate amount of alcohol may be associated with decreased risk or progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus according to a report published by JAMA Internal medicine a JAMA Network publication.
However little is known about the long-term effect of diet on the incidence and progression of early-stage diabetic CKD according to the study background.
Daniela Dunkler Ph d. of Mcmaster University Ontario Canada and colleagues examined the association of a healthy diet alcohol protein and sodium intake with incident or progression of CKD among patients with type
while moderate alcohol intake reduced the risk of CKD (OR 0. 75) and mortality (OR 0. 69).
A healthy diet and moderate intake of alcohol may decrease the incidence or progression of CKD among individuals with type 2 diabetes.
Moving Dietary Management of Diabetes Forwardin a related commentary Holly Kramer M d. M p h. of Loyola University Chicago Maywood Ill. and Alex Chang M d. M
Patients with both type 2 diabetes and kidney disease may be frustrated by the numerous dietary restrictions that are recommended by their health care team.
and treating hypertension and the same dietary advice for everyone: eat a diet rich in fruits
and vegetables low-fat dairy products and whole grains while minimizing saturated and total fat they conclude.
and that this food versus disease dilemma is a temporary stage on the road to greater prosperity.
and characterized by an enhanced environmental malaria risk despite intensive mosquito control efforts said Pascual the Rosemary Grant Collegiate Professor of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at U-M and a Howard
In the human body the parasites multiply in the liver and then infect red blood cells. In the PNAS study the researchers examined epidemiological data on microscopically confirmed malaria cases from rural areas some dating back to 1997.
In general the high-risk areas had a lower proportion of literate people and more limited access to sources of clean drinking water.
#School lunch and TV time linked with childhood obesityamong middle-school children the behaviors most often linked with obesity are school lunch consumption
Additional work is needed to help us understand the beneficial impact of improving school lunches and decreasing screen time says cardiologist and senior study author Elizabeth Jackson M d. M p h. assistant professor of internal medicine at the University of Michigan Medical school.
Other studies have linked eating school lunch with obesity but a major issue with such studies Jackson says is the influence of socioeconomic status. Poor children eligible for free
considering the link between obesity and lower socioeconomic status. Although we were not able to examine the specific nutritional content of school lunches previous research suggests school lunches include nutrient-poor
and calorie-rich foods Jackson says. The University of Michigan study adds a new element in the fight to reduce childhood obesity by providing a real-world view of the gender differences in obesity risk factors.
A possible explanation would be a reduction in sugary drinks which girls replaced with milk.
The Project Healthy Schools program is designed to teach sixth graders heart-healthy lifestyles including eating more fruits
and vegetables making better beverage choices engaging in 150 minutes of exercise per week eating less fast food
and less fatty foods plus reducing time spent in front of computer and video game screens. Story Source:
and quickly spread through the ponderosa pine canopies on the rolling hills near Colorado springs. The wildfire destroyed 500 homes in the first 48 hours
These data feed into decision support systems that guide managers on where and when to deploy valuable firefighting resources and where to focus fire-prevention and recovery efforts.
We can take heart that native woodpecker species are clearly figuring out that EAB is edible
and this new and widely abundant food source appears to be enhancing their reproduction. Data used in the study were collected by volunteers for Project Feederwatch a Cornell Lab of Ornithology and Bird Studies Canada project in
which volunteers count birds that visit feeders at backyards nature centers community areas and other locations from November through early April.
to the Makgadikgadi Salt Pans--the largest salt pan system on the planet. Zebras walk an unmarked route that takes them to the next best place for grazing
Anecdotal evidence--unverified stories--prior to the 1970s described a zebra migration from the Okavango Delta to the Makgadikgadi Salt Pans at the start of the rainy season in September
The veterinary fences--which had been built to keep wild buffalo from transferring diseases to cattle--were taken down in 2004.
because the timing of their food--insect hatches greening plants for example--no longer coincides with their travel this can have serious consequences for their continued survival.
Our findings reinforce that the novel virus possesses the potential for pandemic spread. So does this imply that H7n9 has come one step closer towards adapting fully to humans ask James Rudge
and does not necessarily indicate that the virus is on course to develop sustained transmission among humans.
#Sleep deprivation linked to junk food cravingsa sleepless night makes us more likely to reach for doughnuts
or pizza than for whole grains and leafy green vegetables suggests a new study from UC Berkeley that examines the brain regions that control food choices.
Moreover the participants favored unhealthy snack and junk foods when they were sleep deprived. What we have discovered is that high-level brain regions required for complex judgments
Moreover he added high-calorie foods also became significantly more desirable when participants were sleep-deprived.
Previous studies have linked poor sleep to greater appetites particularly for sweet and salty foods but the latest findings provide a specific brain mechanism explaining why food choices change for the worse following a sleepless night Walker said.
These results shed light on how the brain becomes impaired by sleep deprivation leading to the selection of more unhealthy foods
and ultimately higher rates of obesity said Stephanie Greer a doctoral student in Walker's Sleep
Another co-author of the study is Andrea Goldstein also a doctoral student in Walker's lab. In this newest study researchers measured brain activity as participants viewed a series of 80 food images that ranged from high-to low-calorie
As an incentive they were given the food they most craved after the MRI scan. Food choices presented in the experiment ranged from fruits and vegetables such as strawberries apples and carrots to high-calorie burgers pizza and doughnuts.
The latter are examples of the more popular choices following a sleepless night. On a positive note Walker said the findings indicate that getting enough sleep is one factor that can help promote weight control by priming the brain mechanisms governing appropriate food choices.
Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by University of California-Berkeley. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.
A sandwich of many layers of such material might provide substantial protection from a blast in a lightweight wearable form though such applications will likely require substantial further research Fang says.
#Vegetarian diet for fish: Scientists discover key to easing aquacultures reliance on wild-caught fishfor the first time scientists have been able to develop a completely vegetarian diet that works for marine fish raised in aquaculture the key to making aquaculture a sustainable industry as the world's need for protein increases.
The findings led by Aaron Watson and Allen Place at the University of Maryland Center for Environmental science's Institute for Marine and Environmental Technology are published in the August issue of the journal Lipids.
and Aquaculture the team has proven that a completely plant-based food combination can support fast-growing marine carnivores like cobia
and gilthead sea bream in reaching maturity just as well as--and sometimes better than--conventional diets of fish meal and fish oil made from wild-caught fish.
As a result their food in captivity is made of a combination of fishmeal and fish oil and must be caught from the wild to feed them.
We can now sustain a good protein source without harvesting fish to feed fish. The replacement of fishmeal and fish oil in aquaculture diets has been a goal for researchers for decades
but has met with limited success. The team's research centered on evaluating fishmeal-free plant protein-based diets originally developed for rainbow trout by the USDA-Agricultural research service
and modifying them to replace the fish oil for cobia and potentially other high-value high-value marine carnivores.
Fish meal was replaced with a food made of corn wheat and soy. Fish oil--expensive and scarce thanks in part to its popularity as a health supplement for people--was replaced with soybean
An amino acid used in energy drinks taurine plays a critical role in the metabolism of fats stress responses
and ease the pressure on catching wild fish raising fish on a vegetarian diet also means cleaner fish to eat with levels of PCBS and mercury as much as 100-fold lower.
But a second study demonstrated how the food industry can act to restore the frozen vegetable's health benefits.
and because they're less expensive said Elizabeth Jeffery a U of I professor of nutrition.
but that isn't true for bags of broccoli that you pluck out of your grocery's freezer she noted.
because in our first study we tested three commercially frozen broccoli samples before and after cooking.
When they used a temperature of 76 C 82 percent of the enzyme myrosinase was preserved without compromising food safety and quality.
But they had had previously success using other food sources of myrosinase to boost broccoli's health benefits.
and undetectable to our taste buds--on the frozen broccoli the two compounds worked together to form sulforaphane Dosz said.
Would sulforaphane survive the heat of microwave cooking? We were delighted to find that the radish enzyme was heat stable enough to preserve broccoli's health benefits even
so they can market frozen broccoli that has all of its original nutritional punch. Until they do said she that consumers can spice up their frozen cooked broccoli with another food that contains myrosinase to bring the cancer-fighting super-food up to nutritional speed.
Try teaming frozen broccoli with raw radishes cabbage arugula watercress horseradish spicy mustard or wasabi to give those bioactive compounds a boost she advised.
Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by University of Illinois College of Agricultural Consumer and Environmental sciences (ACES.
http://www. nrs. fs. fed. us/pubs/43678story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by USDA Forest Service-Northern Research Station.
Kabay used published studies of timber rattlers'diets at four Eastern forest sites to estimate the number of small mammals the snakes consume
#Disappearance of coral reefs, drastically altered marine food web on the horizonif history's closest analog is any indication the look of the oceans will change drastically in the future as the coming greenhouse world alters marine food webs
and food webs that did not sustain the abundance of large sharks whales seabirds and seals of the modern ocean.
The'rainforests-of-the-sea'reefs were replaced by the'gravel parking lots'of the greenhouse world said Norris The greenhouse world was marked also by differences in the ocean food web with large parts of the tropical and subtropical ocean ecosystems supported by minute
This energy poverty means they lack fundamental benefits for illumination cooking and transportation and they're more susceptible to extreme weather disasters.
While the tea tortrix is native to Japan many similar moths exist in North american including the spruce bud moth grape berry moth light brown apple moth and summer fruit tortrix.
The data were collected every five days at the Kagoshima tea plantation in Japan. This type of insect remains dormant during the winter and emerges once the temperature reaches a certain level in the spring.
By 2015 the varieties will be vying for space in grocery stores among the Empires Galas and Honeycrisps.
and animal feedthe world's croplands could feed 4 billion more people than they do now just by shifting from producing animal feed
and biofuels to producing exclusively food for human consumption according to new research from the Institute on the Environment at the University of Minnesota.
Even a smaller partial shift from crop-intensive livestock such as feedlot beef to food animals such as chicken or pork could increase agricultural efficiency
and provide food for millions the study says. We essentially have uncovered an astoundingly abundant supply of food for a hungry world hidden in plain sight in the farmlands we already cultivate says graduate research assistant Emily Cassidy lead author of the paper published in Environmental Research Letters.
Depending on the extent to which farmers and consumers are willing to change current practices existing croplands could feed millions or even billions more people.
Demand for crops is expected to double by 2050 as population grows and increasing affluence boosts meat consumption.
Meat takes a particularly big toll on food security because it takes up to 30 crop calories to produce a single calorie of meat.
In addition crops are increasingly being used for biofuels rather than food production. This study sought to quantify the benefit to food security that would accrue
if some or all of the lands used to produce animal feed and fuel were reallocated to directly produce food for people.
To get at that question Cassidy and colleagues first mapped the extent and productivity of 41 major crops between 1997 and 2003 adjusting numbers for imports
and exports and calculating conversion efficiencies of animal feed using U s. Department of agriculture data. The researchers assumed humans need an average of 2700 calories per day
and grazing lands and animals were included not in the study. Among the team's findings: In addition to the global findings the research team looked at allocation of crop calories in four key countries:
while a complete shift from animal to plant-based diets may not be feasible even a partial shift would benefit food security.
Quantifying the impact of various strategies they found that a shift from crop-intensive beef to pork
and chicken could feed an additional 357 million people and a shift to nonmeat diets that include eggs
and milk could feed an additional 815 million people. The researchers emphasized that they are not making diet prescriptions or recommendations just pointing out opportunities for gains in food production.
They noted that humans can completely meet protein needs with plant-based diets but that crop systems would need to shift (e g. toward more production of protein-rich legumes) to meet human dietary needs.
The good news is that we already produce enough calories to feed a few billion more people Cassidy says.
As our planet gets more crowded or we experience disasters like droughts and pests we can find ways of using existing croplands more efficiently.
and Management program in the University of Minnesota's College of Food Agriculture and Natural resource Sciences.
The researchers tested nearly 200 people for their sensitivity for ten different chemical compounds that are commonly found in foods.
and Richard Newcomb of Plant and Food Research in New zealand found that for four of the ten odors tested there was indeed a genetic association suggesting that differences in the genetic make-up determine
malt (isobutyraldehyde) apple (Î-damascenone) blue cheese (2-heptanone) and Î-ionone which smells floral to some people
These smells are found in foods and drinks that people encounter every day such as tomatoes and apples.
This might mean that when people sit down to eat a meal they each experience it in their own personalized way says Jeremy Mcrae.
When Mcrae and colleagues compared the differences in sensitivities between human populations in different parts of the world they found no sign of regional differentiation.
So if you are good at smelling blue cheese it doesn't mean you're necessarily good at smelling the apple next to it.
Knowing the compounds that people can sense in foods as well as other products will have an influence on the development of future products.
Companies may wish to design foods that better target people based on their sensitivity essentially developing foods
#Chanel, UCSBS corpse flower, blooms and causes a big stinkchanel UC Santa barbara's corpse flower has finally spread her odiferous wings broadcasting a stench that smells like a cross between rotting flesh and Limburger cheese.
#A glass of milk after eating sugary cereals may prevent cavitieswashing down sugary breakfast cereal with milk after eating reduces plaque acid levels
Dry ready-to-eat sugar-added cereals combine refined sugar and starch. When those carbohydrates are consumed bacteria in the dental plaque on tooth surfaces produce acids says Christine Wu professor of pediatric dentistry
Reports have shown that eating carbohydrates four times daily or in quantities greater than 60 grams per person per day increases the risk of cavities.
The new study performed by Wu's former graduate student Shilpa Naval involved 20 adults eating 20 grams of dry Froot Loops cereal then drinking different beverages--whole milk 100
percent apple juice or tap water. Plaque ph or acidity was measured with a touch microelectrode between the premolar teeth before eating;
at two and five minutes after eating; and then two to 30 minutes after drinking a liquid.
The ph in plaque dropped rapidly after consuming cereal alone and remained acidic at ph 5. 83 at 30 minutes.
Those who drank apple juice remained at ph 5. 84 at 30 minutes while water raised the ph to 6. 02.
Fruit juices are considered healthy food choices but the added sugar can be a risk to dental health Wu said.
Our study results show that only milk was able to reduce acidity of dental plaque resulting from consuming sugary Froot Loops said Naval who is currently a fellow at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta.
and overcome the previously lowered plaque ph. Milk with a ph ranging from 6. 4 to 6. 7 is considered to be a functional food that fights cavities
Eating cereal combined with milk lowered plaque ph to levels similar to that obtained after rinsing with a 10 percent sugar solution.
Eating sugar-added cereal with milk followed by drinking fruit juice is thus a highly cavity-causing combination Wu said.
Studies of food intake and cavities have focused mainly on the sugar or carbohydrate content. Fewer studies have looked at how combinations of food and the order in
which they are eaten may help fight cavities. Results from a previous study suggested that the last food item consumed exerts the greatest influence on subsequent plaque ph she said.
For example eating cheese after a sugary meal reduces acid production and consumers can modify their diet in such a way as to prevent the cavity-causing effects of sugary foods.
If understood and implemented properly food sequencing can be used as a public health educational tool to maintain
and preserve good oral health said Naval. Other contributors included Drs. Anne Koerber Larry Salzmann Indru Punwani and Bradford Johnson all of the dentistry faculty at UIC.
The research was supported by the college's pediatric dentistry department. Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by University of Illinois at Chicago.
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