Synopsis: 4.4. animals: Animal:


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It turns out the white-lipped peccary--a piglike animal from Central and South america--will settle for fish

The species sometimes travels in herds of hundreds of individual animals the only Neotropical ungulate (hoofed mammal) known to do so.


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and this is the biggest map as yet assembled for any organism animal or plant Gill said.


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Another aim has been to collect animal bone material--or simply 5000 year old food remains.

'By studying the levels of isotopes in the bones we can for example find out where the animals were raised


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what the doctor ordered according to new animal research from the University of Michigan Health System.

and the drug Actos in stroke-prone rats by measuring the animals'systolic blood pressure as well as locomotion balance coordination all of

if the risk for stroke would decline in animals taking both tart cherry and the drug Seymour says.


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New study finds animals do recover from neglectanimal sanctuaries can play an important role in rehabilitating goats

and other animals that have suffered from neglect according to scientists at Queen Mary University of London.

In this first scientific study of rescued animals the researchers examined moods in 18 goats nine

which involved giving the animals an opportunity to look for food to understand the link between poor welfare

In this case we found that female goats that had been neglected previously were the most optimistic of all the tested animals.

The study shows that animal rescue centres such as Buttercups Sanctuary for Goats where we collected our data can provide a vital role in reversing long-term neglect once the animals receive excellent care.

The study was published in the journal Applied Animal Behaviour Science April 23 2013. Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by Queen Mary University of London.


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#Vets and medical doctors should team up to tackle diseases transmitted from animals to humansa new study at the Institute of Tropical Medicine (ITM) in Antwerp analyses the impact of animal brucellosis and bovine tuberculosis (BTB) on animals

The World health organization (WHO) ranks them as major zoonoses infectious diseases transmitted between species. The research maps risk factors for transmission of these diseases from animals to humans indicating that closer collaboration between medical doctors

consumption of unpasteurised milk lack of hygiene in households presence of coughing animals in the herd and absence of quarantine.

Animals graze in rural areas but are brought to the city when lactating in order to be as close as possible to the consumer.

The study concludes that it is crucial to address the interlinks between humans animals and the environment to control animal brucellosis and BTB.

We should not forget that more than 60%of human pathogens originate from animals. But raising awareness about these relatively unknown diseases is also crucial from an economic perspective.

Results show that around 13%of herds included animals infected with brucellosis. It was found that animals below the age of one were more likely to fall ill than animals aged 1-4 years.

Around one in hundred cows were found to be infected with BTB. Analysis of samples taken at the abattoir of Niamey showed that cows were affected significantly more by BTB than other categories of cattle.


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Car accidents involving animals are a serious and growing problem in Europe. They pose a risk for human life

and therefore the probability is higher as they are nocturnal animals adds Lagos. In addition in these months

which coincide with the hunting season the beaters chase the animals away and they often cross the roads in Galicia.


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and integrated into the animals'diets for 90 days. Specifically the results showed that three months of a grape-enriched diet significantly reduced inflammatory markers throughout the body but most significantly in the liver and in abdominal fat tissue.


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Second many people consider their pets to be part of the family so the food has to be culturally acceptable to the owner as well as good for the animal.

while meeting the animals'nutritional needs and keeping the products affordable. Pet food is a $55 billion industry worldwide so adopting sustainable practices could have a global impact.


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The question of how animals orient themselves in space has been studied extensively but until now experiments were conducted only in two-dimensional settings.

when the animal is located in that area. Together the place cells produce full representations of whole spatial environments.

Unlike the laboratory experiments however the navigation of many animals in the real world including humans is carried out in three dimensions.

in order to understand movement in three-dimensional volumetric space it is necessary to allow animals to move through all three dimensions--that is to research animals in flight.

The researchers note that for those non-flying animals that essentially move in flat space the different axes might not be perceived at the same resolution.

It may be that such animals are naturally more sensitive to changes along the length and width axes than that of height.

The neural basis of animal behavior will be investigated in laboratories that simulate natural conditions--or even on animals in their natural habitats carrying out their normal day-to-day activities.


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Depending on their behavior animals respond very differently to human development Wilmers said. Lions are totally willing to brave rural neighborhoods


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There is currently no way of treating infected animals but a study published in Nucleic acids Research reports that the Schmallenberg virus nucleocapsid protein

It causes a relatively mild illness in adult animals but is responsible for stillbirths and birth defects in cattle sheep and goats.

but the discovery by the Leeds-led team is the first step toward developing a treatment that could be used after an animal is infected.


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The study by researchers from Cambridge the Wildlife Conservation Society and CONAF the Chilean national forestry commission is released today in the journal Oryx published by conservation charity Fauna and Flora International.

The Huemul is a naturally tame and approachable animal which led to it becoming easy prey for hunters particularly with the arrival of European colonists in the area who would hunt Huemul for meat to feed their dogs.


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and carbohydrates found in the chips the animals'brains reacted much more positively to the chips.


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#Self-medication in animals much more widespread than believedit's been known for decades that animals such as chimpanzees seek out medicinal herbs to treat their diseases.

Animals use medications to treat various ailments through both learned and innate behaviors. The fact that moths ants and fruit flies are known now to self-medicate has profound implications for the ecology and evolution of animal hosts and their parasites according to Mark Hunter a professor in the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and at the School

and two colleagues wrote in a review article titled Self-Medication in Animals to be published online today in the journal Science.

When we watch animals foraging for food in nature we now have to ask are they visiting the grocery store

We can learn a lot about how to treat parasites and disease by watching other animals.

which animals such as baboons and woolly bear caterpillars medicate themselves. One recent study has suggested that house sparrows and finches add high-nicotine cigarette butts to their nests to reduce mite infestations.

which animals medicate their offspring or other kin according to Hunter and his colleagues. Wood ants incorporate an antimicrobial resin from conifer trees into their nests preventing microbial growth in the colony.

Perhaps the biggest surprise for us was that animals like fruit flies and butterflies can choose food for their offspring that minimizes the impacts of disease in the next generation Hunter said.

when humans interfere with the ability of animals to medicate they point out. For example increases in parasitism and disease in honeybees can be linked to selection by beekeepers for reduced resin deposition by their bees.


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#Chimpanzees use botanical skills to discover fruitfruit-eating animals are known to use their spatial memory to relocate fruit yet it is unclear how they manage to find fruit in the first place.


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To address the major challenges in managing the growing amounts of animal and human waste water pollution; protecting water resources and restoring an economically vital coastline we will need to invest in the characterization of our water microbiological communities and shift the pollution science paradigm toward an understanding of risk and resilience under global change.


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petroleum plants and animals. Producing custom-tailored oils starts with optimizing the algae to produce the right kind of oil


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Audiences influence future status of quails following fights between rivalsfor animals prevailing in a fight affects their likelihood of winning future conflicts.


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Chomsky had inspired the name of another animal the chimpanzee Nim Chimpsky who was a part of an extended study of animal language acquisition at Columbia University.


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but it's something that almost any animal could do in the right circumstances says Dr Elli Leadbeater from ZSL's Institute for Zoology.

but almost all other animals including humans are also capable of forming associations. For example we might associate Easter with chocolate or injections with fear.


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and animals when found in moderate to high concentrations said Tia-Lynn Ashman principal investigator of the study and professor and associate chair in Pitt's Department of Biological sciences in the Kenneth P. Dietrich School of arts and Sciences.

and won't pose threats to local animals that pollinate. The paper The effects of aluminum and nickel in nectar on the foraging behavior of bumblebees first appeared online March 6 in Environmental Pollution.


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and economically important species. Crustaceans are tiny to very large shelled animals that include crab shrimp and lobster.

The researchers found that these plant-eating animals feast on the nuisance algae that grow on seagrass ultimately helping maintain the seagrass that provides nurseries for seafood.

The grazers also serve as food themselves for animals higher on the food chain. Drifting seaweed usually thought of as a nuisance also plays a part in this process providing an important habitat for the grazing animals that keep the seagrass clean.

Inconspicuous creatures often play big roles in supporting productive ecosystems said Matt Whalen the study's lead author who conducted this work

These tiny animals by going about their daily business of grazing are integral to keeping healthy seagrass beds healthy.

Our results provide convincing field evidence that grazing by small animals can be just as important as good water quality in preventing nuisance algae blooms and keeping seagrass beds healthy.


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A study just published in the online journal PLOS ONE and supported in part by San diego Zoo Global shows that a staggering 62%of all forest elephants have been killed across their range in Central africa for their ivory over the past decade.

Bethan Morgan Phd head of San diego Zoo Global's Central africa Program stressed the importance of this study.


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that included a review of the animal's little-known history in the state. Over the course of the study black bears were captured both in the wild and at the urban interface in response to conflict complaints.

The captured animals used in the study (adult males and females only) were evaluated for multiple physiological indicators including condition sex reproductive status weight


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and animals from eating them like cellulose in stems and bitter-tasting tannins in leaves


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Opara said the next step in the research already underway is to evaluate the function of the ovarian structures in animals.


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and Dave Weisrock both at Duke university at the time analyzed two mitochondrial and four nuclear DNA genes to figure out where the animals fit into the lemur family tree.

Mouse lemurs are a closer genetic match to humans than mice and rats the most common lab animals.

At least one species--the grey mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus)--develops a neurological disease that is strikingly similar to human Alzheimer's so the animals are considered important models for understanding the aging brain.


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and focused on how individual animals responded to alcohol. Their findings may lead not only to a better understanding of addiction

Weiner said the study model focused on how individual animals responded to alcohol. Typically when a drug like alcohol is given to a mouse every day the way the animals respond increases--they become more stimulated

and run around more. In high doses alcohol is a depressant but in low doses it can have a mellowing effect that results in greater activity he said.

Prior studies with other drugs such as cocaine and amphetamine have suggested that animals that show the greatest increases in locomotor sensitization are also the animals most likely to seek out

But in this study the researchers focused on individual differences in how each animal responded to the alcohol.

We found that this loss of the ability of brain cells to change the way that they communicate with each other only occurred in the animals that showed the behavioral response to alcohol he said.


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The peregrine is renowned as the world's fastest animal and the falcon is the national emblem of United Arab Emirate.


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The decision to sequence the peach genome was announced first during the 2007 Plant and Animal Genome XI Conference.


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However the world is changing and rural societies are facing changes that can affect the way they relate to large carnivores like wolves.

and as an animal that should be eliminated. In Macedonia livestock breeding is weakened a activity facing economic difficulties.


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The animals that are hunted include almost all mammals including gorillas and chimpanzees and some small species of monkey.


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when viruses from humans and animals exchanged genes to create a new virus in a process called reassortment.

and animals should be monitored for novel viruses which could help predict and prevent the next pandemic he said.


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and lead author of the study published in the'Animal Behaviour'journal. In order to determine whether social and solitary bees responded to these olfactory alarm signals an experiment was performed using individuals from both types and from different countries:


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#Goats milk with antimicrobial lysozyme speeds recovery from diarrheamilk from goats that were modified genetically to produce higher levels of a human antimicrobial protein has proved effective in treating diarrhea in young pigs demonstrating the potential for food products from transgenic animals to one

These results provide just one example that through genetic engineering we can provide agriculturally relevant animals with novel traits targeted at solving some of the health-related problems facing these developing communities.

and cows contains very little lysozyme prompting the effort to boost lysozyme levels in the milk of those animals using genetic modification.


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and then exposed the animals to the bacteria. Mice in which the critical differentiation period was allowed to occur unimpeded remained healthy protected from a potentially lethal infection.


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We can predict the animal's behavior to stand according to their core temperature Allen said.

The research was presented Mar 12 as part of the Animal Behavior Housing and Well being Oral Session. Story Source:


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Mycelium is comparatively inexpensive too as it can grow on farm waste that can't be fed to animals


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We must never lose sight of the fact that the costs of lion conservation ultimately derive from the need to protect people from these animals said Packer


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When transgenic food animals are accepted by consumers the Enviropig perhaps would be one of the first innovations to be introduced into swine production said Forsberg.


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Studies that show how animals respond to fire help inform the ongoing public policy debate over the role of fire in ecosystem management

This study fills a critical gap on how fire affects an important group of animals.


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The U s. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service recently implemented a formal methodology for evaluation of weediness


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New research led by the University of Washington challenges the 140-year-old assumption that finding fossilized remains of prehistoric animals with such teeth meant the animals were living in grasslands and savannas.

and mostly up in the animals'gums when they are young. As chewing surfaces of the teeth wear away more of the tooth emerges from the gums until the crowns are used up.

and other animals evolving specialized teeth. The cause and effect however took 4 million years considerably more lag time than previously thought.


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and keep open the forest clearings other animals use; they disperse the seeds of many of the rainforest trees--elephants are forest gardeners at a vast scale.

) Dian Fossey Gorilla Foundation International the Jane Goodall Institute Lukuru Foundation Zoological Society of London Fauna and Flora International Max Planck Institute San diego

Zoo African Wildlife Foundation University of Liege and University of Stirling. Funding was provided by Nancy Abraham the African Wildlife Foundation Beneficia Foundation Busch Gardens CITES-MIKE Columbus Zoo Conservation International Daniel K. Thorne Foundation Diane

Fossey Gorilla Foundation International Espã ces Phares (European union) Ecosystã mes Forestiers d'Afrique Centrale ECOFAC) Fauna and Flora International Frankfurt Zoological

Society IUCN Netherlands John D. and Catherine T. Macarthur Foundation KFW Lifeweb (Spain) National Fund for Scientific research (FNRS Belgium) Offield Family Foundation


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Eighty-seven percent of the world's flowering plants including most of the leading global food crops are pollinated by animals.


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Maria Eugenia D'Amato from the University of the Western cape commented The delivery of unidentifiable animal carcasses to market

This technique is also able to provide new information about the identity of animals and meant that we found several animals whose DNA had been misidentified in the scientific libraries.

Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by Biomed Central Limited. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.


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when keeping tabs on the distribution of threatened animals such as Sumatran orangutans and Javan leopards according to a recent Princeton university study in the journal Folia Primatologica.

Consequently conservation groups have not intensely monitored the animals'swamp use. But the presence of endangered cats and primates in swamp forests might be overlooked seriously Nowak found.

Life in the swamps can still be harsh for some animals. Species such as the crab-eating macaque and fishing cat can adapt somewhat readily to a life of swimming


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and wild insects will enhance global yields of animal-pollinated crops and promote long-term agricultural production.


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When the animals received GSSE at 500 mg/kg bw (which corresponds to 35g/day for a 70 kg human adult)


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Previous studies in animals have shown that the transplantation of bone-marrow-derived cells can contribute to the regeneration of the gastrointestinal tract in IBD said Almeida-Porada.


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Among 62 coprolites analyzed of all types--34 human 16 domesticated dog and others from various animals--43 (or 69 percent) contained maize starch grains phytoliths


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and identified a diverse assortment of bacteria from the six individual animals even though all six consumed the same diet and were breed the same gender and age.


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The balance of evidence they believe suggests that human language is a grafting of two communication forms found elsewhere in the animal kingdom:

first the elaborate songs of birds and second the more utilitarian information-bearing types of expression seen in a diversity of other animals.

By contrast other types of animals have barebones modes of expression without the same melodic capacity.


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#Climate change effect on plant communities is buffered by large herbivores, new research suggestscan existing ecological communities persist intact as temperatures rise?

if populations of caribou musk ox and other large herbivores remain intact. The study demonstrates that grazing by these large herbivores maintains plant species diversity

while warming reduces it Post said. Plant communities with lower diversity display a greater tendency toward instability under warming a pre-cursor to the loss of such communities.

and animals directly but also how species'interactions may influence those effects of warming. Post began the study in a remote low-Arctic plant community near Kangerlussuaq Greenland in 2002.

and musk ox--two ecologically important large herbivores in the Arctic--while separate 800-square-meter areas that also received warming chambers were fenced off to exclude the animals.

one in which plants and herbivores continued to live together as the temperatures climbed within the warming chambers;

the other in which the animals were not present and the plants were left ungrazed.

whether large herbivores contribute to the diversity-stability relationship in a climate-change context. After 10 years of careful observation of the Kangerlussuaq Greenland plant communities Post found that the grazed

and birch became the dominant plants in response to warming where the herbivorous animals were excluded from the ecosystem.

Post said the take-home message from his study is that in a warming climate intact populations of large herbivores may be crucial to the maintenance of plant-community diversity and to the persistence of existing plant communities.

What this experiment suggests is that factors that threaten the persistence of large herbivores may threaten the plant communities they exist in as well.

Conservation of these herbivores in the rapidly changing Arctic will require careful mediation of interacting stressors such as human exploitation mineral extraction


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and animals found only on the continent. Many animals that dwell in trees bushes deadfall

or underground perish from the blazes or succumb later from lack of food and shelter or increased predation.

In Australia for instance the koala is especially vulnerable to wildfires that consume the tree canopy as the animals are slow-moving


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and animals eat them. The new study focused on two of the most widespread mycotoxin contaminants of grain crops--deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN.


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Most animals produce offspring for a while and then they enter a life stage where they don't said Gordon.

while others eat herbivorous insects. Understanding how populations of ant colonies reproduce and expand and the rate at


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Alvarez contended that confined animal feeding operations (CAFOS) are potential sources of environmental contamination by antibiotics

and E coli which carries resistant genes directly from animals through their feces into the environment.

whether in a person an animal or in the environment the weak microbes will die


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Western diets that are based in animal and grain products are highly acidic and can lead to metabolic acidosis when too much acid builds up in the body.


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Visual reconstruction of the placental ancestor--a small insect-eating animal--was made possible with the help of a powerful cloud-based and publicly accessible database called Morphobank.


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and animal studies that a protein lures zinc into key cells that are first-responders against infection.

When researchers allowed this protein to function unchecked in mice with zinc deficiency the animals developed excessive inflammation in response to sepsis--confirmation that IKKB was zinc's target to turn off the inflammatory pathway.


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A similar motif is found in effectors of animal parasites such as the malaria pathogen Plasmodium suggesting an evolutionarily conserved means for delivering effectors that affect host immunity.


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The animals orient themselves vertically with their bodies in the wet soil along the banks

which serve as a reservoir and breeding ground for the animals. The worms turn out to play an important role in the development of rice farming being a facilitator in the decomposition of organic matter to be a natural fertilizer as well as improving the soil properties for better rice root system.

The author Dr. Somsak Panha from the Animal Systematics Research Unit Chulalongkorn University in Bangkok Thailand comments:


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or serve as a poison to herbivores. These chemicals are effective in deterring the feeding of most general insect herbivores.

A well-studied practice by some specialist insects is their predilection to consume these plant poisons sequester those poisons into parts of their body then exploit the poisons for their own protection.

Here we find another example of how an herbivore insect can be confronted with a plant's behavior that helps reduce the likelihood of being eaten then take advantage of that behavior by using it for the same purpose said Marler.


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Cockroaches clean their antennae by using forelegs to place the antennae in their mouths; they then methodically clean every segment of the antenna from base to tip.

That method of insecticide delivery could be more effective than relying on residual insecticides to penetrate the thick cuticle for instance.


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The elephants in the database are semi-captive animals working in the timber industry by pushing and dragging logs.

These results could have important implications for Asian elephant populations both in western zoos where they may experience unfamiliar climate added Hannah

and was carried out at the University of Sheffield and Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin and the Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research in Germany.


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In addition to informing scientists about the environment that our ancestors took shape in Feakins'study provides insights into the landscape that herbivores (horses hippos


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or even poisoned carcasses intended to control other carnivores such as jackals. The research using Global Positioning System (GPS) satellite transmitters to track the movements of adolescent vultures is published in the journal PLOS ONE.

and away from other competing carnivores such as lions and the new study shows that the birds will go to considerable lengths to find food crossing multiple state boundaries with each bird on average ranging across an area twice the size of England.


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The more roughage is in the diet of the ruminant animal the more methane is produced by the microbes in the gut of the ruminant


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#Stable fisher population found in the Southern Sierra Nevadaafter experiencing years of population decline on the West Coast a recent study examining fisher populations found that--at least in the southern Sierra nevada--the animal's numbers appear to be stable.


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