Trace gases called greenhouse gases warm the surface making it habitable for humans plants and animals.
People plants and animals live in the lowest layer of the atmosphere called the troposphere. In this layer the temperature decreases with altitude as mountain climbers experience.
and distribution of plants and animals around the globe big data has yet to make a mark on conservation efforts to preserve the planet's biodiversity.
but a plant like a dandelion with lots of close relatives shouldn't be counted equal to our endemic redwood
-and paleoendemism (CANAPE) while he was in Australia in 2011 to take advantage of the country's comprehensive plant database.
He Bruce Baldwin and David Ackerly UC Berkeley professors of integrative biology earlier this year received a $391000 three-year grant from the National Science Foundation to apply CANAPE to the state's plant databases
The new paper takes as an example a small subset of Australia's flora its acacia trees.
People following the DASH diet are encouraged to eat fruits vegetables low-fat dairy and protein predominantly from plant sources.
Although a draft the sequence provides new insight into the plant's structure organization evolution and genetic complexity.
Our focus is on exploring plant-derived natural food bioactive compounds as antimicrobials to control foodborne pathogens
The UW Arboretum long a refuge for Wisconsin's native plants and animals is confirmed the first site for Amynthas agrestis an invasive worm believed to have arrived in the United states from its native range in Japan
and the Korean peninsula with plants imported for landscaping. Amynthas was listed as a prohibited species under Invasive Species Rule NR 40
Our native plant communities developed without the presence of all these hungry worms. The Amynthas eat so much that they take away the spongy surface organic layer that those plants need for nutrients.
That bottomless appetite leaves a characteristic wake in the woods. They change the soil structure leaving behind a balled-up granular soil according to Herrick.
We think that may be the biggest problem for plants especially when it comes time for seeds to germinate.
Some bees and plants are matched very closely with bee tongue sized to the flower depth.
Other bee species are generalists flitting among flower species to drink nectar and collect pollen from a diverse variety of plants.
Their reduced height makes them more resistant to lodging a bending or breaking of the main plant stem.
indeterminate--tall plants whose main stem continues to grow after flowering--and determinate--shorter bushier plants
while indeterminate plants'overlapping vegetative and reproductive stages make them better suited to the north. But the height of indeterminate cultivars renders them prone to lodging.
or better yields than indeterminate plants and can handle a short growing season Ma said. Only one semideterminate soybean cultivar NE3001 is common in the United states. Having pinpointed Dt2 will enable Ma
and his researchers to use natural plant breeding methods to develop a variety of semi-determinate cultivars.
After identifying the gene he inserted it into indeterminate cultivars to confirm that it caused the plants to become semideterminate.
Ma said this type of mutation appears to be unique to soybeans as semideterminancy in other plants such as tomatoes
Rice has higher arsenic concentrations than other grains because of the unique physiology of the plant
A research group of the Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Genomics (CBGP) of Universidad Politã cnica de Madrid (UPM) conducted infection assays of commercial kiwis with Alternaria alternata spores which is a pathogenic fungus involved in chronic asthma
When a pathogen infects a plant the defense response is activated producing an increase of certain proteins related to the defense (known as protein 5). Likewise the fungus increases the production of the proteins involved in attacks or virulence.
#A-maize-ing double life of a genomeearly maize farmers selected for genes that improved the harvesting of sunlight a new detailed study of how plants use'doubles'of their genomes reveals.
when the plant made a double of its genome--a'whole genome duplication'event. They then traced how maize evolved to use these'copied'genes to cope with the pressures of domestication
'Although whole genome duplication events are widespread in plants finding evidence of exactly how plants use this new'toolbox'of copied genes is said very difficult Dr Steve Kelly of Oxford university's Department of Plant sciences
those that retained a single copy went on to become the plant we now know as sorghum.
In the wild plants have to overcome the challenges posed by pathogens and predators in order to survive.
However once domestication by humans began plants grown as crops had to cope with a new set of artificial selection pressures such as delivering a high yield and greater stress tolerance.'
'Whole genome duplication events are key in allowing plants to evolve new abilities'said Dr Kelly.'
'Understanding the complete trajectory of duplication and how copied genes can transform a plant is relevant for current efforts to increase the photosynthetic efficiency of crops such as the C4 Rice Project c4rice. irri. org/.
and safety of organic and conventional plant-based foods including fruits vegetables and grains. The study team applied sophisticated meta-analysis techniques to quantify differences between organic and nonorganic foods.
A plant on a conventionally managed field will typically have access to high levels of synthetic nitrogen
As a result the harvested portion of the plant will often contain lower concentrations of other nutrients including health-promoting antioxidants Without the synthetic chemical pesticides applied on conventional crops organic plants also tend to produce more phenols
This study is telling a powerful story of how organic plant-based foods are nutritionally superior
The expression of stress tolerance genes may be an energy burden on the plant if the functions of these genes are required not.
Fertigation is a method of supplying fertilizers to plants through irrigation water (fertilize and irrigate at the same time).
Paper is also superior to plastics from the viewpoint of plant gas metabolism. This cover has given its best performance in tunnel cultivation
The development of cover materials for various perennial berry-producing plants and different soils continues in Finland
and they've been such a disease-resistant plant for such a long time so it's pretty significant
and large numbers of plants kept in close quarters. The bad news is that the bacterium is widespread.
and its co-evolved plant and animal species. Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by Pensoft Publishers.
and exotic species such as garlic mustard and Japanese stiltgrass plants not favored by deer. Oak and ash tree seedlings gave way to highly deer-resistant or unpalatable trees such as pawpaw.
Working with Christopher Webster a Michigan Tech University professor and Purdue alumnus Jenkins and then-master's student Lindsay Jenkins (no relation) tested the effectiveness of the hunting program by comparing the amount of plant
They found that total plant cover in state parks more than doubled from 1996-97 to 2010.
Tree seedlings jumped from about 2 percent to about 13 percent of total plant cover a finding that suggests
Plants grown from neonicotinoid-treated seed have the pesticide in all their tissues including the nectar and pollen.
I plant pathologist Radwan said. His team is screening for charcoal rot resistance and I am screening for drought tolerance Radwan said.
The fungus causes charcoal rot in about 500 other host plants including corn sorghum sunflower and other important crops.
Consequently the plant must be able to tolerate drought salt and resist this fungus at the same time.
but the fungus that causes charcoal rot is necrotrophic meaning that it kills the plant tissue then lives on the dead plant cells.
Although no plants have complete immunity from the fungus some soybean lines have been shown to have partial resistance to it.
and then stops watering the plants to simulate drought. The susceptible ones wilt and even after adding water don't recover.
#New plant species from the heart of Texascollectors found the first two specimens of the prickly plant in 1974 and 1990 in west Texas. Then for two decades the 14-inch-tall plant was identified wrongly as one
and her colleagues identified the spiny plant as a new possibly endangered species and named it from the heart in Latin
Most new plant species are found in the tropics and it is uncommon for a new one--especially a flowering plant--to be found in the United states says University of Utah biology professor Lynn Bohs senior author of a new study describing
It's a new unique plant from the United states she says. Plus it's from Valentine
The plant has no common name. The derivation of Solanum is unknown but may be from sol for sun
and many of the plants are toxic hallucinogenic or medicinal although others--like tomatoes potatoes and chili peppers--are edible.
and Jeffrey Keeling who just earned his master's degree at Sul Ross State university in Alpine Texas. Three Other Plants Elevated from Varieties to Speciesdiscovery of the new species was a small part of a five-year $4. 36
In the same study the botanists elevate to full species status three other closely related plants that were named previously varieties of other Solanum species
Only five plants have been collected from two sites in Mexico's western Chihuahua state. Its status is data deficient
Elder found the plant on his property. A botanist wrongly identified the plant as S. heterodoxum.
It later was identified wrongly re two more times: as S. davisense in 1997 and as a variety of S. grayi in 2006.
and Utah postdoctoral researcher Terri Weese showed the plant's DNA differed from known species
. And the plant is an annual while related species are perennials. So Bohs and colleagues decided to try to find more specimens.
In 2010 Stern--then a Utah grad student--spent days looking for the plant in Texas without success. In November 2013 Keeling searched the Valentine area for days before finding the third specimen on the Elder property--near where the 1990
and finally found one horrible wilted plant specimen Bohs says. It looked awful. It was wilted
because Keeling found one plant that had been living in 2013 she adds. Whether that was the last one
and more plants will be found. Stern believes more are out there. Keeling collected the specimen of S. cordicitum pressed
Like other plants in Androceras the new species and its five-petaled flowers are bilaterally symmetrical (like a mirror image down a vertical line)
which fits nicely with the rainforest environment indicated by the fossil plants at Driftwood Canyon said Dr. Jaelyn Eberle of the University of Colorado lead author of the study.
The early Eocene is a time in the geological past that helps us understand how present day Canada came to have the temperate plants
In September 2013 customers of Chobani brand Greek yogurt complained of gastrointestinal (GI) problems after consuming products manufactured in the company's Idaho plant.
but suggests how these strategies can affect the ecology of plant communities. Such strategies affect not only the individuals directly involved but also broader ecological interactions between the food-gatherers and their food Lichtenberg says.
The University of Colorado team's entry in the exploration HABITAT (X-Hab) Academic Innovation Challenge is called Plants Anywhere:
Plants Growing in Free Habitat Spaces. Instead of an area set aside just for vegetation the approach calls for plants to be distributed in any available space in a deep-space habitat.
The X-Hab challenge is a university-level project designed to engage and retain students in science technology engineering and math or STEM.
They are developing a Distributed Remotely Operated Plant Production System or DROPPS. It is a concept for producing edible plants during long-term missions to destinations such as Mars. Heather Hava who is working on a doctorate in aerospace engineering sciences explains that the goal is to have robots do much of the monotonous tasks saving time
for the astronauts. The'Plants Anywhere'approach is designed to help minimize astronaut workload said Hava whose degree will focus in bioastronautics.
This keeps them free to concentrate on more important tasks. A year ago the University of Colorado student team demonstrated a gardening system with plants robotically tended on a Lazy susan-like device.
We took what we learned the past two years and applied it to this new system Hava said.
Telemetry in each SPOT provides data on plant condition to a computer display. The robots and plants are networked together
and the SPOTS have the ability to monitor their fruit's or vegetables'soil humidity
and supports its plants it can determine when ROGR needs to perform plant maintenance tasks.
ROGR is a robot on wheels has a forklift to move SPOTS a mechanical arm for manipulating the plants
and a fluid delivery system that can provide fresh water or water with nutrients. Larsen explains that the system could be operated remotely
The ROGR robots can visit a specific plant to deliver water or to locate and grasp a fruit or vegetable.
If an astronaut requests tomatoes for a salad the system decides which specific plants have the ripest tomatoes
We want to optimize a system allowing the humans to get psychological benefits from interacting with the plants she said in a 2013 Web video interview produced by the University of Colorado Boulder.
We also want the plants to be in the astronauts'environment so they can see them smell them
The Cottage Lane students hope to determine how long the plant takes to germinate in microgravity while the Florida group looks at the frequency of lettuce seed germination in space.
#Discovery provides insights on how plants respond to elevated carbon dioxide levelsbiologists at UC San diego have solved a longstanding mystery concerning the way plants reduce the numbers of their breathing pores in response to rising carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere.
In a paper published in this weekâ##s early online edition of Nature they report the discovery of a new genetic pathway in plants made up of four genes from three different gene families that control the density
of breathing poresâ#r â#oestomataâ#â#n plant leaves in response to elevated CO2 levels.
Their discovery should help biologists better understand how the steadily increasing levels of CO2 in our atmosphere (which last spring for the first time in recorded history remained above 400 parts per million) are affecting the ability of plants and economically important crops to deal with heat stress and drought.
It could also provide agricultural scientists with new tools to engineer plants and crops that can deal with droughts and high temperatures like those now affecting the Southwestern United states. â#oefor each carbon dioxide molecule that is incorporated into plants through photosynthesis plants lose about 200 hundred molecules of water
through their stomataâ#explains Julian Schroeder a professor of biology who headed the research effort. â#oebecause elevated CO2 reduces the density of stomatal pores in leaves this is at first sight beneficial for plants as they would lose less water.
However the reduction in the numbers of stomatal pores decreases the ability of plants to cool their leaves during a heat wave via water evaporation.
Less evaporation adds to heat stress in plants which ultimately affects crop yield. â#Schroeder is also co-director of a new research entity at UC San diego called â#oefood and Fuel for the 21st Centuryâ
#which is designed to apply basic research on plants to sustainable food and biofuel production. â#oeour research is aimed at understanding the fundamental mechanisms
and genes by which CO2 represses stomatal pore developmentâ#says Schroeder. Working in a tiny mustard plant called Arabidopsis which is used as a genetic model
and shares many of the same genes as other plants and crops he and his team of biologists discovered that the proteins encoded by the four genes they discovered repress the development of stomata at elevated CO2 levels.
when plants sense atmospheric CO2 levels rising they increase their expression of a key peptide hormone called Epidermal Patterning Factor-2 EPF2. â#oethe EPF2 peptide acts like a morphogen
which is responsive to atmospheric CO2 levelsâ#says Engineer. â#oecrsp plays a pivotal role in allowing the plant to produce the right amount of stomata in response to the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere.
when the plant is under attack from invading corn rootworms. The chemical attracts'friendly'nematode worms from the surrounding soil
if restoring E-Î-caryophyllene emission would protect maize plants against corn rootworms. After introducing a gene from oregano the transformed maize plants released E-Î-caryophyllene constantly.
As a result these plants attracted more nematodes and suffered less damage from an infestation of Western Corn Rootworms.
Plant defences can be direct such as the production of toxins or indirect using volatile substances that attract the natural enemies of the herbivores says lead scientist Dr Ted Turlings (University of Neuchã¢tel Switzerland).
One of the types of toxins that maize plants produce against their enemies is a class of chemicals called benzoxazinoids.
These results show how knowledge of natural plant defenses can be applied practically in agricultural systems.
when the organic matter and plant residue penetrate the ground. Moreover the ethanol produced from sugarcane grown in these areas over time ultimately offsets the CO2 emissions that occur during the conversion process
Published in the journal Nature today the identification of boron tolerance genes in wheat DNA is expected to help plant breeders more rapidly advance new varieties for increased wheat yields to help feed the growing world population.
The researchers from the Australian Centre for Plant Functional genomics at the University of Adelaide's Waite campus within the University's School of Agriculture Food and Wine say that in soils where boron toxicity is reducing yields genetic improvement
and use policies people need to consider several factors including short-and long-term financial profits biodiversity and local needs for timber and non-timber forest products such as medicinal plants.
#Locusts harness the sun to get their optimum dietif you are a locust the most nutritious plant to eat depends on the ambient temperature.
and carbohydrate from different plants does not increase in step with temperature. As a result nutrient availability at a given temperature varies between different plant species. A plant can be a poor quality diet at one temperature and a good quality diet at another.
The researchers used two species of grass that are eaten commonly by locusts in Australia. The first Kangaroo grass gives a high protein diet at high temperatures and a high carbohydrate diet at low temperatures.
Intriguingly when both plants are available the locusts modify their behaviour to get the maximum benefit from the nutrients on offer.
However there is some evidence that rodents may increase their body temperature to reduce the toxicity of compounds found in some plant leaves.
Meanwhile the researchers are currently investigating why plant quality varies with temperature and how climate change may affect dietary preferences of herbivorous insects.
accelerate global warmingclemson University scientists are shedding new light on how invasion by exotic plant species affects the ability of soil to store greenhouse gases.
In a paper published in the scientific journal New Phytologist plant ecologist Nishanth Tharayil and graduate student Mioko Tamura show that invasive plants can accelerate the greenhouse effect by releasing carbon stored in soil into the atmosphere.
Since soil stores more carbon than both the atmosphere and terrestrial vegetation combined the repercussions for how we manage agricultural land
In their study Tamura and Tharayil examined the impact of encroachment of Japanese knotweed and kudzu two of North america's most widespread invasive plants on the soil carbon storage in native ecosystems.
Our findings highlight the capacity of invasive plants to effect climate change by destabilizing the carbon pool in soil
and shows that invasive plants can have profound influence on our understanding to manage land in a way that mitigates carbon emissions Tharayil said.
Climate change is causing massive range expansion of many exotic and invasive plant species. As the climate warms kudzu will continue to invade northern ecosystems
and suggest that it is the chemistry of plant biomass added to soil rather than the total amount of biomass that has the greatest influence on the ability of soil to harbor stable carbon.
and biological interactions that take place in the plant-soil interface shape plant communities. He is also the director of Clemson's Multi-User Analytical Laboratory
Nearly half of the world's threatened endemic tropical mammal bird and plant species are found in 27 developing counties that the World bank now classifies as having reached upper middle income (UMI) status. UMI countries
and agricultural crops plants are being subjected to higher levels of soluble salts which can ultimately cause salt stress in plants.
In arid and semiarid regions high soil salinity is the result of low rainfall and high evapotranspiration while in northern regions it is caused by deicing salts.
Increasing soil salinity negatively affects plant growth and development so screening and identifying salt-tolerant plant species
and cultivars is becoming increasingly important. Looking to inform rose enthusiasts and growers researchers at Texas A&m University evaluated 18 popular varieties of Earth-Kindâ roses for salt tolerance.
and plants that were living in the Eocene Arctic greenhouse period said Eberle. To finally get some data on the Eocene marine environment using these shark teeth will help us to begin filling in the gaps.
The clearing of tropical forests to plant oil palm trees releases massive amounts of carbon dioxide a greenhouse gas fueling climate change.
Vegetation removal along stream banks destroys plant life that stream organisms depend on for sustenance and shade.
According to researchers Charles R. Hall and Dewayne Ingram authors of a study in the May 2014 issue of Hortscience a plant's carbon footprint is an impact indicator of primary interest to growers
The carbon footprint of plants and trees a measure of all greenhouse gases emitted in a product's life cycle is expressed in units of tons (or kilograms) of carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2E.
and potential benefits associated with short-run changes in cultural practices such as transport distance postharvest activities fertilization rates and plant mortality.
when volatile organic compounds given off by plants are broken down in sunlight and react with the common pollutant nitrogen dioxide.
when volatile organic compounds given off by plants are broken down in sunlight and react with the common pollutant nitrogen dioxide.
Water is the limiting factor for many plants and trees. Consequently there are grave concerns that the rainfall patterns altered by climate change could trigger a forest decline on a global scale.
As the scientists reveal in their study published in Nature Climate Change stored carbohydrates play a key role in the resilience of the individual plant. 1400 saplings of ten species monitoredwhile stored starch
Organic farming is beneficial to the richness of plant and bee species. However observed benefits concentrate on arable fields says TUM's Prof.
Organic farming benefited the four taxonomic groups of plants earthworms spiders and bees --which were sampled as surrogates for the multitude of creatures living on farmland--in different ways.
In general more species of plants and bees were found on organic than on nonorganic fields but not more species of spiders and earthworms.
For example knowing more about the odor codes of crop plants and fruits at molecular level can be useful to breeders.
which use the potential of optimized biosynthetic pathways in plants for industrial-scale production of high-quality food odorants.
#Vegetarian diets produce fewer greenhouse gases and increase longevity, say new studiesconsuming a plant-based diet results in a more sustainable environment
The accompanying article makes the case for returning to a large-scale practice of plant-based diets in light of the substantial and detrimental environmental impacts caused by the current trend of eating diets rich in animal products.
Making a switch to plant-based foods will increase food security and sustainability thereby avoiding otherwise disastrous consequences.
or choice large segments of the world's population have thrived on plant-based diets Sabate said.
and wheat along with such livestock products as ruminant (animals like cattle goats and sheep that subsist on plant matter) pork and poultry.
A new resource for advanced biofuels researchresearchers at the U s. Department of energy (DOE)' s Joint Bioenergy Institute (JBEI) have unveiled the first glycosyltransferase clone collection specifically targeted for the study of the biosynthesis of plant cell walls.
The idea behind what is being called the JBEI GT Collection is to provide a functional genomic resource for researchers seeking to extract the sugars in plant biomass
Glycosyltransferases (GTS) are enzymes that catalyze the connection of simple monosaccharide sugars into the complex polysaccharide sugars that are essential to a wide range of plant cell structures and processes.
While it is known that plants have evolved large families of GTS the chemical nature of these enzymes is such that the specific functions of most GTS remain largely unknown.
This is a major drawback for bioenergy research where the goal is to modify plant biomass for maximum fuel yields.
To address this problem especially as it pertains to cell wall biosynthesis a large team of JBEI researchers led by Joshua Heazlewood director of JBEI's Plant Systems Biology program has cloned
In plant biology Arabidopsis is the reference plant for species like poplar and rice the reference plant for grasses.
We're making this entire collection available to the plant research community and expect it to drive our basic understanding of GTS
The JBEI pbullets are constructed with markers for the plant endomembrane system the collection of membranes that separates a cell's functional and structural compartments.
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