At least one species--the grey mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus)--develops a neurological disease that is strikingly similar to human Alzheimer's so the animals are considered important models for understanding the aging brain.
and discovered that mice that showed robust locomotor sensitization had deficits in a form of brain neuroplasticity--how experiences reorganize neural pathways in the brain--that has been linked with cocaine addiction in other animal models.
What this suggests for the first time in the alcohol addiction field is that this particular deficit may represent an important brain correlate of vulnerability to alcoholism.
#Toxicity map of brain may help protect cognition for cancer patientsnew research from Wake Forest Baptist Medical center is giving radiation oncologists who treat brain tumors a better understanding of how to preserve the brain's functions while still killing cancer.
Ann M. Peiffer Ph d. assistant professor of radiation oncology at Wake Forest Baptist and colleagues looked at how radiation treatment to different brain areas impacts function to help protect cognition
However the same isn't true for brain tissue so the researchers worked to develop a toxicity map of the brain to preserve function.
The issue is the toxicity to the brain and its function which is cognition or how you think
In one of those trials 57 brain cancer survivors returned six months or more after their radiation treatment to determine
By matching cognitive performance to these measurements we determined which area of the brain and
Peiffer said by looking at the irradiation dose received by specific brain areas important to different cognitive functions tolerance levels related to function can be established.
The exposed amount of these critical brain areas were then related to outcomes of specific tests used to assess cognition
#Pig brain models provide insights into human cognitive developmenta mutual curiosity about patterns of growth
and development in pig brains has brought two University of Illinois research groups together. Animal scientists Rod Johnson and Ryan Dilger have developed a model of the pig brain that they plan to use to answer important questions about human brain development.
It is important to characterize the normal brain growth trajectory from the neonatal period to sexual maturity said Johnson.
Until we know how the brain grows we don't know what is going to change added Dilger.
In cooperation with the Beckman Institute they performed MRI scans on the brains of 16 piglets starting at the age of 2 weeks then at 4 weeks and then at 4-week intervals up to 24 weeks.
We have world-class people at the Beckman Institute who are pushing and developing the next generation of neuroimaging technology
The software put the information together into a three-dimensional image of the pig brain. This is used to determine the volume of the different structures.
which shows how neural tracks develop allowing the exploration of brain complexity and of how neurons form.
It was also possible to measure neurochemicals including creatine and acetylcholine in the brain which provides a unique insight into brain metabolism.
The end result of this work is what they call the deformable pig brain atlas.
We are taking 16 pigs and averaging them so it's more representative of all pigs said Dilger.
It's called a deformable brain atlas because the software takes information from an individual
what is available for the mouse brain and make it publicly available. But they don't want to stop with tool development.
when the brain is undergoing massive growth to see how it alters brain growth and development.
if that alters the trajectory of normal brain growth in the offspring. The risk for behavioral disorders and reduced stress resilience is increased by pre-and postnatal infection
Dilger's group is interested in the effects of early-life nutrition on the brain. They are looking at the effects of specific fatty acids as primary structural components of the human brain and cerebral cortex and at choline a nutrient that is important for DNA production and normal functioning of neurons.
and human and we're developing a pig model to study the direct effects choline deficiency has on brain structure
This work helps us understand the basic mechanisms of how caffeine affects our brains. What we see in bees could explain why people prefer to drink coffee when studying.
Although human and honeybee brains obviously have lots of differences when you look at the level of cells proteins
and genes human and bee brains function very similarly. Thus we can use the honeybee to investigate how caffeine affects our own brains and behaviours.
This project was funded in part by the Insect Pollinators Initiative which supports projects aimed at researching the causes
and brain could cause a common protein to change shape and form dangerous blood clots. The scientists were surprised to find that the proteins could remain in the dangerous clot-initiating shape for up to five hours before returning to their normal healthy shape.
This research group has published previously work showing the benefits of GSSE in combating obesity heart dysfunction brain lipotoxicity and kidney cancer.
and the part of the brain used for language. Another similarity Berwick notes relates to an insight of celebrated MIT professor emeritus of linguistics Morris Halle who as Berwick puts it observed that all human languages have a finite number of stress patterns
of wings teeth and certain bones type of hair cover and brain structures. The dataset is about 10 times larger than information used in previous studies of mammal relationships.
The team reconstructed the anatomy of the placental common ancestor by mapping traits most strongly supported by the data to determine it had horned a two uterus a brain with a convoluted cerebral cortex and a placenta in
because it can affect brain development and result in emphysema heart attack and now stroke he said.
and keeps the virus from traveling to the brain. Rabies continues to kill many thousands of people throughout the developing world every year
ALS is a progressive neurological disease that attacks nerve cells (neurons) in the brain and spinal cord which control voluntary muscles.
and Nobel laureate prowess speculating that the flavonoid content of chocolate was behind the boost in brain power.
and this may boost brain power the evidence suggests. So to improve your chances of winning Nobel prizes you should
The researchers also discovered that SBV rapidly grows in the brain and spinal cord of aborted lambs and calves.
which explains why it infects and damages the brain. This also results in muscular defects such as abnormally flexed legs often seen in stillborn animals
#Smaller radiation fields can spare brain when treating tumors, research findsnew research from Wake Forest Baptist Medical center shows that patients suffering from aggressive brain tumors can be treated effectively with smaller radiation fields to spare the rest of the brain and preserve cognition.
For patients with glioblastoma we now know we can safely and effectively treat them with smaller radiation fields to spare the rest of their normal brain said lead investigator Michael D. Chan M d. assistant professor of radiation oncology at Wake Forest Baptist.
That's important because it lessens the symptoms from radiation toxicity like tiredness and nausea.
Chan said that a patient's cognition is related to how much normal brain is irradiated so focusing radiation on smaller areas of the brain may help preserve cognition
and does not seem to lead to an increase in the likelihood of the tumor recurring.
Tyrosine is an amino acid that increases the production of dopamine in the brain which positively influences our ability to think creatively.
Florian Krause investigated how our brain processes and understands numbers and number size. He shows that movements
which brain areas represent size and how these areas work together. He concludes that number size is associated with sizes experienced by our body.
'If numerical size and other body-related size information are represented indeed together in the brain strengthening this link during education might be beneficial.
#This is your brain on snacks: Brain stimulation affects craving, consumptionmagnetic stimulation of a brain area involved in executive function affects cravings for
and consumption of calorie-dense snack foods reports a study in the September issue of Psychosomatic Medicine:
Journal of Biobehavioral Medicine the official journal of the American Psychosomatic Society. The journal is published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins a part of Wolters Kluwer Health.
Brain Stimulation Affects Cravings and Consumption for'Appetitive'Snacksthe study included 21 healthy young women selected
but to brain power as well. In a paper published in the early online edition of the journal Prostaglandins Leukotrienes
Human intelligence has a physical basis in the huge size of our brains--some seven times larger than would be expected for a mammal with our body size said Steven Gaulin UCSB professor of anthropology
Since there is never a free lunch those big brains need lots of extra building materials--most importantly they need omega-3 fatty acids especially DHA.
and seem to be bad for brains. Both kinds of omega fat must be obtained through diet.
First because various kinds of fats interfere with one another in the body breast milk DHA shows how much of this brain-essential fat survives competition with omega-6. Second children receive their brain-building fats from their mothers.
We found that this depot that has been elaborated evolutionarily in women is important to building a good brain.
Now the researchers are looking at diet as the key to brain-building fat since mothers need to acquire these fats in the first place.
because that's where kids'brains come from. But it's important for men as well
because they have to take care of the brains their moms gave them. Just like a racecar burns up some of its motor oil with every lap your brain burns up omega-3
and you need to replenish it every day he said. Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by University of California-Santa barbara. The original article was written by Andrea Estrada.
The reality is that they were modern humans with the brain capacity and talents that we have now.
and they don't listen to their brains telling them they are full. Alcohol can further complicate matters particularly for heart patients.
An international team of scientists has made now a breakthrough by showing that many genes controlling the development of the brain
The researchers were amazed by the strong enrichment of genes involved in the development of the brain
It is very likely that a similar diversity of gene variants affecting the brain and the nervous system occurs in the human population
and brain and is responsible for one third of all AIDS-related deaths. The study which appears Aug 21 in PLOS Pathogens found strong genetic evidence that three tree species--Canary Island pine Pohutukawa
Sensory systems give us a window into the brain to define what we understand about the world around us he said.
As you repeat the behavior in the same context the information is reorganized in your brain.
Insect aggression boosted by altering brain metabolismscientists report they can crank up insect aggression simply by interfering with a basic metabolic pathway in the insect brain.
Their study of fruit flies and honey bees shows a direct causal link between brain metabolism (how the brain generates the energy it needs to function) and aggression.
When he and his colleagues looked at brain gene activity in honey bees after they had faced down an intruder the team found that some metabolic genes were suppressed.
In the new study postdoctoral researcher Clare Rittschof used drugs to suppress key steps in oxidative phosphorylation in the bee brains.
We want to know just how this experience gets under their skin to affect their brain.
and are the energy storehouses of the brain Robinson said. The findings offer insight into the immediate and longer-term changes that occur in response to threats Robinson said.
But changes in brain metabolism take much longer and cannot account for this immediate response he said.
or how your brain reacts to stimuli such as taste smell and texture. The survey used metrics designed by Howard Moskowitz a psychophysicist who has helped companies including Ragu enhance flavors to meet consumer demand.
You have purchasers that work with the sensory side of the brain and then you have purchasers that work with the psychological side.
Organophosphates permanently bond to neurotransmitters in the brain interfering with their ability to function and causing irreversible damage.
and brain cardiovascular system eyes and urinary tract Dalaly explained. Some claim it's the world's healthiest food.
Some of the genes that were activated differently in the honey-eating bees have been linked to protein metabolism brain-signaling and immune defense.
Scans of Khroma's skull showed she had a brain slightly smaller than that of a newborn elephant
Those changes include a shifting of blood from the extremities to the body's core including the brain and heart.
Blood coursing into Lyuba's brain due to the mammalian diving reflex may have provided the iron source for the vivianite nodules according to the authors.
#Study of noninvasive retinal imaging device presented at Alzheimers conferencea noninvasive optical imaging device developed at Cedars-Sinai can provide early detection of changes that later occur in the brain
of beta-amyloid plaque in the brain is a hallmark sign of Alzheimer's but current tests detect changes only after the disease has advanced to late stages.
The retina unlike other structures of the eye is part of the central nervous system sharing many characteristics of the brain.
A few years ago we discovered at Cedars-Sinai that the plaques associated with Alzheimer's disease occur not only in the brain but also in the retina.
By'staining'the plaque with curcumin a component of the common spice turmeric we could detect it in the retina even before it began to accumulate in the brain.
This clinical trial was designed to enable researchers to correlate retinal plaque detected by optical imaging with brain plaque detected by PET scans.
Studies involved patients diagnosed with Alzheimer's a group with mild cognitive impairment and a group of people with no evidence of brain abnormality.
It further demonstrates significant correlation with brain amyloid burden thereby predicting accumulation of plaques in the brain through the retina said Koronyo-Hamaoui a faculty principal investigator and head of the Neuroimmunology and Retinal Imaging Laboratory at Cedars-Sinai.
and flavoring material can reverse the biomechanical cellular and anatomical changes that occur in the brains of mice with Parkinsonâ##s disease (PD).
spectrometric analysis we have seen that Ceylon cinnamon is much more pure than Chinese cinnamon as the latter contains coumarin a hepatotoxic moleculeâ#said Pahan. â#oeunderstanding how the disease works is important to developing effective drugs that protect the brain
and DJ-1 decrease in the brain of PD patients. â#The study found that after oral feeding ground cinnamon is metabolized into sodium benzoate
which then enters into the brain stops the loss of Parkin and DJ-1 protects neurons normalizes neurotransmitter levels
and colleagues of the Institute of Transformative Biomolecules (WPI-ITBM) of Nagoya University have finally found the missing piece in how birds sense light by identifying a deep brain photoreceptor in Japanese quails in
Although it has been known for over 100 years that vertebrates apart from mammals detect light deep inside their brains the true nature of the key photoreceptor has remained to be a mystery up until now.
This study led by Professor Yoshimura has revealed that nerve cells existing deep inside the brains of quails called cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)- contacting neurons respond directly to light.
On the other hand vertebrates apart from mammals receive light directly inside their brains and sense the changes in day length.
We had revealed already in previous studies reported in 2010 (PNAS) that a photoreceptive protein Opsin-5 exists in the quail's hypothalamus in the brain says Professor Yoshimura.
This Opsin-5 protein was expressed in the CSF-contacting neurons which protrudes towards the third ventricle of the brain.
Yoshimura's group has used the patch-clamp technique for brain slices in order to investigate the light responses (action potential) of the CSF-contacting neurons.
Our studies have revealed that these neurons are actually the photoreceptors working deep inside the bird's brain.
Brain blends individual notes to create a new odor identitythe chemical odor codes are translated into olfactory stimulus patterns
and process them in the brain the individual odor components do not just add up. Rather the individual olfactory notes are translated into a new odor identity.
But while it may seem to our ears that sweet by any other name means the same thing new research shows that taste-related words actually engage the emotional centers of the brain more than literal words with the same meaning.
Researchers from Princeton university and the Free University of Berlin report in the Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience the first study to experimentally show that the brain processes these everyday metaphors differently than literal language.
The new research suggests that these associations go beyond just being descriptive to engage our brains on an emotional level
If metaphors in general elicit an emotional response from the brain that is similar to that caused by taste-related metaphors then that could mean that figurative language presents a rhetorical advantage
The brain areas that taste-related words did not stimulate are also an important outcome of the study Citron said.
and elicit enhanced brain responses in several brain regions Citron said. Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by Princeton university.
and because the brain has a preference for sweetness it diminishes the perception of bitterness.
The addition of phantom aromas such as vanilla berry citrus bacon or even cheese can distract the brain from acknowledging a bitter to taste.
or bitter signal to the brain. When deciding which food additives to use to diminish bitter taste formulators must consider differences in regional diets for effective solutions said Sobel.
#Cocoa extract may counter specific mechanisms of Alzheimers diseasea specific preparation of cocoa-extract called Lavado may reduce damage to nerve pathways seen in Alzheimer's disease patients'brains long before they develop symptoms according to a study conducted at the Icahn School of medicine
Specifically the study results using mice genetically engineered to mimic Alzheimer's disease suggest that Lavado cocoa extract prevents the protein Î-amyloid-(AÎ) from gradually forming sticky clumps in the brain
and vegetables with past studies suggesting that they prevent degenerative diseases of the brain. The Mount sinai study results revolve around synapses the gaps between nerve cells.
Evidence in the current study is the first to suggest that adequate quantities of specific cocoa polyphenols in the diet over time may prevent the glomming together of AÎ into oligomers that damage the brain as a means to prevent Alzheimer's disease.
It also strongly supports further studies to identify the metabolites of Lavado cocoa extract that are active in the brain
A 2011 study on sheep published in the journal Kenya Veterinarian showed that the plant caused emphysema pneumonia bleeding ulcers brain swelling and death among other effects.
and brain building molecules for premature babies or a drink that slows digestion so people feel fuller for longer.
and may pose threats to brain development during gestation potentially resulting in developmental delay or autism.
because the developing fetal brain may be more vulnerable than it is in adults. Because these pesticides are neurotoxic in utero exposures during early development may distort the complex processes of structural development
In that early developmental gestational period the brain is developing synapses the spaces between neurons where electrical impulses are turned into neurotransmitting chemicals that leap from one neuron to another to pass messages along.
Although Hv1a/GNA was carried to the brain of the honeybee it had no effect on the insect
They also looked at case reports of people suffering encephalopathy (brain condition) following exposure to DEET in the 1980s.
which raises concerns about the potential addictiveness of water pipe smoking and possible effects on the developing brains of children
Prenatal exposure to tobacco smoke on inhibition controlindividuals prenatally exposed to tobacco smoke exhibited weaker response in some regions of the brain
Individuals prenatally exposed to tobacco smoke exhibited less activity in regions of the brain in response to a task that measured inhibitory control vs. neutral stimuli.
#Scientists link Africanized honeybees changing roles throughout their lives to brain chemistryscientists have been linking an increasing range of behaviors
A report published in ACS'Journal of Proteome Research presents new data that link the amounts of certain neuropeptides in these notorious bees'brains with their jobs inside and outside the hive.
whether peptides in the brain were associated with the bees'shifting duties. They found that the amounts of two substances varied by time
and location in the brains of the honeybees in a way that mirrored the timing of their changing roles.
Thus these neuropeptides appear to have some functions in the honeybee brain that are specifically related to the age-related division of labor the scientists conclude.
These aggregates can form plaques as often seen in the brains of people with neurodegenerative diseases.
and neurodegenerationwhen cannibals ate brains of people who died from prion disease many of them fell ill with the fatal neurodegenerative disease as well.
and thereby destroy the brain. And because that process is similar across many neurodegenerative diseases better understanding prion disease development might have broader implications.
Secondly we've wanted to improve the delivery of the therapeutic into the brain to combat West Nile virus at the place where it does the greatest harm.
However this antibody was not to be able to accumulate at high levels in the brain.
One approach to tackle this challenge is to program into the therapeutic antibodies the capability of binding to receptors that can help the MABS to cross into the brain.
Chen wanted to use this strategy to produce a more effective way to combat West Nile virus. In the new study they improved upon their phu-E16 design making half a dozen new variants that could for the first time lead to the development of MABS that effectively target the brain
when the virus has already spread to the brain. In each case they protected up to 90 percent of the mice from lethal infection.
Our next step is to move this forward with the development of bifunctional MABS that can target to the brain with the ultimate goal of entering human clinical trials.
#Bees capable of learning feats with tasty prize in sightthey may have tiny brains but bumblebees are capable of some remarkable learning feats especially
which caused significant issues with brain development resulting in global developmental delay. The NIH-UDP is a program of NIH's National Human genome Research Institute (NHGRI) Office of Rare Diseases Research and Clinical Center.
The GRIN2A gene influences electrochemical events that affect the flow and strength of electrical impulses in the brain.
We believe this GRIN2A mutation initiated changes in the child's brain that led to intractable seizures which contributed to his poor development
It acts on female goats'brains to turn their reproductive systems on. The study is the first to uncover a pheromone that activates the central reproductive axis according to the researchers.
and structure of the brain's reproductive center is conserved highly among mammals. In goats the researchers already knew it is the hair of males not the urine that shows male effect pheromone activity.
Those analyses uncovered several chemicals specific to intact male goats including one in particular 4-ethyloctanal with the power to activate the gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse generator in the female brain
The researchers were able to show the effects of that ingredient using a method they developed for real-time electrophysiological monitoring of a key part of the goats'brains.
The software uses multiple camera viewpoints to build the 3d model in much the same way that your brain infers 3d structure using your two eyes Messinger said.
The study involved 65 people who had experienced an intracerebral hemorrhagic stroke or a blood vessel rupture inside the brain.
The team investigated the expression of aggression genes in the brains and ovaries of paper wasps--Polistes metricus.
We found that the most important influence on expression of genes in the brains of paper wasps was external factors such as the season
But our results show that the external environment plays a much greater role in regulating expression of genes in the brain
Exposure to pesticides starts a cascade of cellular events preventing ALDH from keeping a lid on DOPAL a toxin that naturally occurs in the brain.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system characterized by blood brain (BBB) permeability and demyelination a process in
and show that epsilon toxin kills the brain's myelin producing cells oligodendrocytes; the same cells that die in MS lesions says Jennifer Linden of Weill Cornell Medical College who presented the research.
Originally we only thought that epsilon toxin would target the brain endothelium cells and oligodendrocytes;
These sticky amyloid proteins--which may form in regions of the brain involved in memory learning
and clump together in the brain and increase as the disease progresses. This new research is important Richardson says
Overtext Web Module V3.0 Alpha
Copyright Semantic-Knowledge, 1994-2011