#Fall Colors Spotted from Space (Photos) Pictures from space show that fall is in full swing in parts of North america.
Carotenes and xanthophyll pigments appear yellow to orange. Meanwhile fiery reds and deep purple leaf colors come from anthocyanins
They're high in protein vitamins and healthy monounsaturated fats and they contain no cholesterol.
Tortilla chips: In 2013 sales of tortilla chips grew faster than sales of potato chips (3. 7 percent vs. 2. 2 percent) and not only because of Hispanic shoppers.
and/or trans fats and many brands of chips are high in sodium. Some health experts recommend baking your own tortilla chips from 100 percent corn tortillas
The orange-fleshed tubers are especially high in Vitamin a (also called beta-carotene which is the carotenoid that turns into Vitamin a) vitamins C E and B6 fiber and manganese.
They even contain some iron. Plus they re fat-free relatively low in sodium and have fewer calories than white potatoes
Sweet potatoes are one of the best Vitamin a sources out there containing more than 100 percent of the daily recommended intake.
Vitamin a is an antioxidant powerhouse and beta-carotene has been linked to anti-aging benefits cancer prevention and helping maintain good eyesight.
While the orange and yellow types contain the most Vitamin a the purple sort is an excellent way to get antioxidants.
1 medium (4. 6 oz/130 g) Calories 100 Calories from Fat 0*Percent Daily Values(%DV) are based on a 2000 calorie diet.
Heart health Sweet potatoes are a great source of B6 vitamins which are brilliant at breaking down homocysteine a substance that contributes to the hardening of blood vessels and arteries.
Immunity and anti-inflammatory properties One sweet potato contains about half our daily recommended intake of Vitamin c.
Vitamins A and E also support a healthy immune system and are powerful disease-fighting antioxidants.
While orange sweet potatoes contain more Vitamin a purple sweet potatoes are packed with the antioxidants cyanidin and peonidin All of these pigment-related antioxidants have excellent anti-inflammatory benefits
Skin and hair Vitamin a can help protect against sun damage and vitamins C and E are well-known beauty supplements.#
#They encourage healthy glowing skin and collagen growth. Digestion Sweet potatoes are a good source of dietary fiber
which aids in maintaining a healthy digestive tract and helps keep you regular. Cancer prevention The NIH reports that some studies have suggested that beta-carotene may reduce the risk of breast cancer in premenopausal women ovarian cancer in postmenopausal women.
While the Vitamin a in sweet potatoes has numerous benefits if consumed in daily abundance your skin could turn yellow or orange.
What to Expect a pregnancy advice website suggests eating three servings of lean protein on a daily basis. This will help tissue develop.
Add some foods rich in Vitamin c like oranges and berries to help with iron absorption. Folic acid is very important at this stage as is calcium.
Babycenter. com recommends getting 600 micrograms of folic acid a day. Prenatal vitamins can provide that much;
talk to your health care provider about adding them to your diet. Leafy greens like spinach deliver both of these nutrients
which help to promote bone development and avoid birth defects. Citrus foods are also naturally high in folate so a calcium-enriched orange juice is a great addition to any breakfast.
The American Pregnancy Association recommends talking to your health care provider before beginning or continuing an exercise routine
What to Expect a pregnancy advice website suggests eating three servings of lean protein on a daily basis. This will help with tissue development.
Add some foods rich in Vitamin c like oranges and berries to help with iron absorption. Folic acid is also very important at this stage as is calcium.
Leafy greens like spinach deliver both of these nutrients which help with bone development and avoiding birth defects.
Citrus foods are also naturally high in folate so a calcium-enriched orange juice is a great addition to any breakfast.
Talk to your health care provider about adding a prenatal vitamin to your diet. The American Pregnancy Association recommends talking to your health care provider before beginning
Cutting out the chemicals: Nature Newsozone experts are exploring ways to curb powerful greenhouse gases of their own making under the Montreal Protocol,
arguing that direct regulation would be faster and cheaper than using carbon markets under a global climate treaty.
The Montreal Protocol set a strong precedent for such an approach, having almost eliminated production of the once-ubiquitous chlorofluorocarbons (CFCS) that eat away at stratospheric ozone.
now, chemical manufacturers have moved on to a third-generation replacement, hydrofluorocarbons (HFCS; see graphic. HFCS are cheap
but are also powerful greenhouse gases. Although in this respect many are less potent than their predecessors,
As greenhouse gases, they are covered under the Kyoto Protocol, but many believe that they could be eliminated much faster
a network of experts worldwide and a 20-year track record of handling these types of chemicals.
We created these chemicals and we can get rid of them, says Durwood Zaelke, president of the Institute for Governance & Sustainable Development, an advocacy group in WASHINGTON DC.
We have the chemicals. We have the wherewithal within the treaty. It's just an administrative issue.
Emissions of some ozone-depleting chemicals will continue for some time and even in 2100 long-lived CFCS will remain the dominant ozone destroyers.
But schedules are in place to phase out most of the remaining chemicals of concern. The ozone story is winding to a close,
when analysing chemicals. And Fahey says Montreal's experts have performed well on that account. He co-authored a 2007 paper estimating that
explicitly citing the potential to further reduce greenhouse-gas emissions. The US Environmental protection agency says that the resulting greenhouse-gas reductions could equate to around 2. 6 billion tonnes of CO2,
akin to taking more than 68 million vehicles off the road for 30 years, depending on which chemicals fill the void.
This is largely why the Montreal parties decided to weigh in on HFCS now. Although they represent less than 1%of the greenhouse-gas forcing,
HFC emissions are rising by about 15%per year, largely as demand for air conditioning and refrigerators grows in countries such as China.
HFCS could also be dealt with in a global carbon market; the problem is that, because many are thousands of times more potent than CO2,
In a particularly controversial example, industrialized countries have been offsetting their emissions by paying companies in the developing world to incinerate the chemical HFC-23,
which is 11,700 times more potent than CO2 as a greenhouse gas (M. Wara Nature 445,595-596;
The chemical giant Dupont, based in Wilmington, Delaware, is concerned more about industrial HFC refrigerants than incidental HFC by-products, for
when HFCS are wrapped into the carbon market. He illustrates with the following scenario: a US$25-per-tonne price on carbon equates to $150 for the cost of the HFCS that go into an average home air conditioner,
which translates into a $450 to $600 price bump for consumers. By contrast, the Lieberman-Warner climate legislation introduced in the US Senate last year proposed a stricter phase-down for HFCS than for other greenhouse gases,
but under separate regulations. Compliance would cost just $2 to $3 per unit, Dupont estimates, meaning only a $4 to $6 bump in consumer prices.
better industrial processes and, ultimately, the development of new, more climate-friendly chemicals, says Mcfarland.
by applying either the treaty itself or its framework to other powerful greenhouse gases such as perfluorocarbons (PFCS) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6), both
Emissions of both gases are limited to relatively small and specialized industrial sectors which lend themselves to the kinds of rapid technical assessment
He worries that the carbon market will be too slow to spur the kind of technological transformations that will be necessary to avoid the worst that global warming has to offer.
Chemicals in early refrigerants contributed to the hole in Earth's ozone layer-->Â See also Correspondence'Time running out to deal with banks of greenhouse gases
What the work means for the carbon balance of the Earth is also not as obvious as it may seem.
Recently, it was shown that old forests continue to suck away carbon into their third centuries and beyond2.
With fewer live trees, you would expect that they would take up less carbon suggests Kurz.
or long-lived wood products to keep the carbon from the atmosphere, and then replanting with species that are suited slightly more to the changing climate.
The new legislation aims make the approval of these compounds more uniform throughout Europe There was also growing public concern that the existing system lets through pesticides that endanger people's health.
The directive promotes the use of non-chemical pest-control methods, bans aerial crop spraying without specific authorization and curbs the use of pesticides in areas such as parks and playgrounds.
The Swedish Chemicals Agency (KEMI) estimates that the compromise package will result in just 23 existing substances being banned,
including injecting aerosol particles into the stratosphere and increasing the reflectivity of clouds over the ocean.
This kind of approach will be at best a minor niche player in our overall response to the climate-carbon problem.
even while being adamant that they cannot replace the imperative need to cut carbon emissions.
plants simply take up the gas dissolved in water from the soil, and pass it back out through their leaves.
Methane is a powerful greenhouse gas and, if true, the finding would require a major rethink of the planet's carbon budget.
But the claim has proved controversial. Now Ellen Nisbet, now at the University of South australia
A search of plant genome databases found them to contain no genes comparable to those of certain bacteria known to make the gas.
this gas is a by-product of the breakdown of cell material. People hadn't realized that
if there's gas in the soil water it will be emitted taken up and by plants, says Euan Nisbet, an Earth scientist at Royal Holloway, University of London,
Frank Keppler of the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry in Mainz, Germany, a co-author on the original report on plant methane emissions,
The best way for the current generation to help posterity might be through reducing carbon emissions;
and natural gas and significantly reduce the billions of dollars we send abroad each year.</</br>Institute for 21st-Century Energy report, 2008 Chu:
but also fiscal policies and regulations and the most important is, of course, a price on carbon. Whether it is a tax
Rainforest loss in Xishuangbanna also has implications for carbon dynamics and climate change in the region.
and his colleagues have calculated that 6 million tonnes of biomass carbon stock were lost in the prefecture between 1976 and 20031.
are exploring the potential of carbon trading and biodiversity offsets to help conserve the land
Nature Newsthe climate community is counting the costs of losing NASA's Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO),
and identify'carbon sinks'around the globe. Many also hoped that OCO would pioneer an approach for monitoring greenhouse gas emissions under a future Kyoto-style global warming treaty.
I think it's a tragedy for carbon-cycle science, says Elisabeth Holland, a senior scientist who studies carbon and nitrogen cycles at the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder,
Colorado. My experience is that every time we have a comprehensive new data set, we redefine the field,
and Japan's Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT), launched in January this year, will measure carbon dioxide as well as methane and water vapour.
roughly half of the CO2 now being emitted by humans stays in the atmosphere, where it acts as a greenhouse gas,
if the international community implements carbon regulations that require each country to accurately assess its carbon emissions.
The proposed A-SCOPE (Advanced Space Carbon and Climate Observation of Planet Earth) would use a laser to actively probe the CO2 in the atmosphere.
These defences target a specific molecule produced by the fungus, and in time, the fungus often evolves a way to modify the molecule,
or to go without it entirely. Increasingly, breeders are turning to a class of defence gene with a broader spectrum of resistance.
The gene encodes a protein that is similar to molecular transporters that have been implicated in drug resistance.
The team speculates that the proteins work by transporting metabolites that impede fungal growth to the site of the infection.
as a result of work on a wild wheat that has yields with an unusually high protein content2. During tests on the wheat
he noticed that it was more resistant to rust infection than strains with normal protein content.
The gene that led to higher protein content happened to be located near a gene, called Yr36,
Dubcovsky and his colleagues now report that that Yr36 encodes a protein that may activate a protein signalling cascade in response to lipids,
In 2004, Monsanto, an agricultural company headquartered in St louis, Missouri, announced that it was halting development of transgenic herbicide-resistant strains of wheat after US farmers expressed concerns that they would not be able to export the crops to other countries.
which nitrate is converted to nitrogen gas. Nitrates also leached into ground and surface water in both regions,
decreasing the amount of carbon that plants remove from the atmosphere further exacerbating greenhouse warming by carbon dioxide.
Embryonic development is guided initially by proteins and RNA found in the egg, with control eventually passing to DNA in the nucleus. This transfer of power occurs in humans
and release huge amounts of carbon each year. On the whole, they are a significant'sink'for atmospheric carbon dioxide,
but their future role in sequestering the greenhouse gas is uncertain. If rainforests are hit by serious drought,
they could turn into a carbon'source'sooner than we thought. So, are we in danger of losing our closest allies in the fight against climate change?
the unusual 2005 drought there has turned apparently some of the affected areas of the Amazon from a carbon sink to a carbon source.
and after the drought revealed that forest patches subjected to a 100-milimetre decrease in rainfall released on average 5. 3 tonnes of carbon per hectare as trees in the area died.
Basin-wide, between 1. 2 billion and 1. 6 billion tonnes of carbon were released as a result of the intense dry season and weakened wet season during 2005, the team estimates.
So does climate change mean that rainforests will not be carbon sinks in the future? That's not clear,
How large a carbon sink are the world's tropical forests at the moment? Scientists estimate that mature tropical forests,
take up as much as 1. 3 billion tonnes of carbon per year. This is a substantial amount, equivalent to almost 20%of carbon emissions from fossil-fuel burning.
Tropical forest thus accounts for around 40%of the global terrestrial carbon sink. The good news is undisturbed that old forests keep getting better at sequestering carbon from the atmosphere.
Over the past couple of decades, mature tropical forests in Africa and South america seem to have taken up an extra 0. 6 tonnes of carbon per hectare each year on average2
3. Tropical forests in Asia are likely to have improved their carbon uptake as well, although probably at a lower rate.
How reliable are these figures? Measuring tree growth is notoriously difficult, not least because tropical observation networks are pitifully few, particularly in Africa.
Problems related to plot selection, comparability and converting tree-diameter measurements to carbon content have led to an intense debate about the size and fate of the tropical (and global) terrestrial carbon sink.
Given the many uncertainties, forests have been excluded from national carbon budgets under the 1997 Kyoto Protocol on Climate Change.
However, data gathered over the past decade suggest that undisturbed old-growth forests in and outside the tropics do indeed continue to grow
and accumulate carbon. There is little doubt that tropical forests have acted as a substantial carbon sink for at least the past couple of decades.
Old-growth boreal forests which were suspected long to be carbon-neutral, have recently been found to keep accumulating carbon as well4.
How long will old forests continue to get better at taking up CO2? That is a key question.
Deforestation and forest degradation, through logging, clearing and fire, are only the most obvious problems.
So when putting a carbon value on them we'd rather be conservative.
Evidence for ancient horse ranch uncovered: Nature Newshumans rode and milked horses as early as 3500 BC,
the team analysed the hydrogen isotope ratios of fat residue in pottery shards and found two distinct signatures that seemed to correspond to horse carcass fat and mare's milk.
We've not just got domestic horses we've got domestic horses that seem to have been ridden
Zinc-finger nucleases have recently been used to create human immune cells that are resistant to HIV (see'Designer protein tackles HIV'.
European Medicines Agency recommends approval of two H1n1 vaccines, from Novartis and Glaxosmithkline. 15 september 2009:
FDA approves four H1n1 vaccines, from CSL Limited, Medimmune LLC, Novartis, and Sanofi Pasteur. 10 september 2009:
Novartis says a trial on 100 subjects shows its H1n1 vaccine is potentially protective for 80%of subjects after one dose and over 90%after two doses. 21 august 2009:
The California Air Resources Board approved its'low-carbon fuel standard'on 23 april, requiring fuel providers to cut the greenhouse-gas emissions from fuels by 10%by 2020,
The regulation includes greenhouse-gas-emissions calculations for the life cycle of all fuels. To meet the requirement,
%or more, meaning that ethanol often results in higher greenhouse-gas emissions than gasoline. Matt Hartwig, a spokesman for the Renewable Fuels Association in WASHINGTON DC, questions the science behind indirect emissions and says California has overstated vastly the problem.
but the low-carbon fuel standard is exactly the right approach. The US Environmental protection agency is reviewing its own ruling that will establish greenhouse-gas criteria under the national biofuels mandate.
European regulators are also looking into indirect emissions, but are expected not to make a determination until next year.
The low-carbon fuel standard could also prove a barrier to coal-based fuels, while providing a boost to vehicles powered by natural gas and electricity.
Research for development: Nature Newschris Whitty became head of research at the UK Department for International Development last month.
At the moment developing countries don't really contribute much in terms of carbon. We need to identify the particular things we can do to make sure that we don't limit those countries'growth
but at the same time ensure that growth can be minimized carbon. What sort of research will DFID's health programme support?
marketed for adults as Coartem by Novartis. By 2013, the end of the current strategy,
US environment agency declares greenhouse gases a threat: Nature Newsthe US Environmental protection agency (EPA) today declared greenhouse gases a threat to public health and welfare, a move that gives the Obama administration broad powers to regulate greenhouse gases without going through Congress.
EPA administrator Lisa Jackson said the proposed endangerment finding confirms that greenhouse gases pose a serious problem for current and future generations,
who could face an increased frequency of droughts, air pollution and flooding, as well as a rise in sea level.
hydrofluorocarbons and perfluorocarbons all of the greenhouse gases covered under the United nations climate treaty. The document specifically cited greenhouse gas emissions from vehicles as a danger to public health.
Nature Newsforestry experts have warned again that climate change could transform forests from sinks to sources of carbon.
The carbon storing capacity of global forests could be lost entirely if the earth heats up 2. 5 °Celsius above preindustrial levels, according to a new report1.
The impacts of these fires and pest infestations will lead to an additional release of carbon into the atmosphere,
This would lead to more carbon being released a recent report in Science2 found that a 2005 drought in the Amazon basin released about 1. 2 billion-1. 6 billion tonnes of carbon (See'Climate change crisis for rainforests'.
By 2020, the projected end of the outbreak, about 270 megatonnes of carbon will have been emitted to the atmosphere3.
Nature Newssince the Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO) crashed into the ocean minutes after its 24 february launch,
Or fund ground and suborbital carbon measurements, while working with existing greenhouse-gas monitoring satellites such as Europe's Envisat and Japan's Greenhouse gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT, also known as IBUKI).
The case against reincarnating OCO is that the spectroscopy it used to measure carbon levels needed reflected sunlight to work,
preventing it from making measurements at dawn, dusk and night. Many scientists, including OCO's principal investigator David Crisp, of the Jet propulsion laboratory in Pasadena,
and some states are hoping that a market for carbon credits based on retaining forests will make them money.
Nature Newsthe Australian government's proposed cap-and-trade scheme to regulate greenhouse gases, released in draft legislation last month,
Australia produces less than 2%of the world's greenhouse gases, but its per-capita emissions are among the highest in the world
or more tonnes of carbon dioxide per year or the equivalent in other greenhouse gases would be required to obtain permits to emit,
widely thought to state that the greenhouse gases are pollutants endangering the public's health.
and produce fewer greenhouse-gas emissions than vehicles powered by ethanol, researchers report today. Burning biomass to produce electricity is generally more efficient than converting it into ethanol.
the reductions in greenhouse-gas emissions using bioelectricity are more than double those calculated for the cellulosic ethanol.
The state's'low carbon fuel standard''adopted last month, sets a greenhouse-gas standard for fuels
However, there are proposals to deploy something like California's low carbon fuel standard at the national level.
or molecular sodium both in the plumes and in one of Saturn's rings thought to be fed by these plumes, the E ring.
Postberg says the vapour evaporating from the ocean will also contain other gases, and bubbles of those gases carry salty water droplets through vents in Enceladus's crust, to be frozen suddenly once they get there.
These grains travel out into space in the plumes along with salt-poor ice grains that are formed like snowflakes from pure water vapour.
One of these suggests that reservoirs of clathrates gassy molecules locked up in the lattice of another molecule exist below the surface.
and collide, the crust fractures and these clathrates release gases, which carry up ice particles with them to form the icy plumes.
These ice particles could carry up salt as well says Susan Kieffer a geologist at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Sodium isn't the proof of a liquid ocean, she says. Sodium can be locked up in the ice of an icy clathrate model.
Kieffer also says that the other gases present in the plume including methane, carbon dioxide and nitrogen can only be accounted for with the clathrate model.
where more carbon is bound up in plants and soil. Areas that are protected not formally, and thus are most likely to be cleared in the future,
contain roughly 25 percent more carbon than areas cleared in 2001, according to the study. 1the arc of deforestation started out in the southeast,
which is responsible for upward of 20 percent of global carbon emissions. Asner says the study serves as a reminder that monitoring forest cover will not be enough in the future.
what scientists know about both forest carbon and the drivers of deforestation. It makes perfect sense,
the results were published in Global Change Biology. 2 It basically provided a benchmark map of the biomass carbon in the Amazon,
rather than focusing largely on the gene that encodes the haemagglutinin'protein, which is critical for vaccine production,
With this promise, Mexico is challenging the idea that developing nations are sitting on their hands as greenhouse-gas emissions skyrocket.
The gulf between developed and developing nations over greenhouse gases and who should take responsibility for what remains alarmingly wide.
China bases its assessment of historical emissions on the idea of a per-capita carbon budget for carbon emissions from 1850 to 2050, in which cumulative emissions,
Annex I countries would have had to stop emitting greenhouse gases entirely in 2007. Bolivia carries this approach one step further by framing the issue in terms of'climate debt'.
I countries reduce their current carbon emissions they will still have exceeded their per-capita allocation.
The Alliance of Small Island States, for instance, often pushes for aggressive action to reduce greenhouse gases because of its pressing concern over rising sea levels,
The researchers tracked how much of each flour the beetles had consumed by looking at the ratio of carbon-13 to carbon-12 in ground-up beetle carcasses.
Wheat and maize have different ratios of these carbon isotopes. After only two weeks, Agashe found, the beetles'diet shifted to almost 30%maize flour.
For example, next year, Monsanto, a US agricultural products company based in St louis, Missouri, intends to launch a line of maize (corn) that contains eight different genes that make the crop resistant to herbicides and to attack by insects.
The two toxic proteins, Cry1ac and Cry2ab have very different amino-acid sequences and bind to different target sites.
Tabashnik wanted to learn more about how insects may become resistant to the less-studied Cry2ab protein,
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