The present study draws on data obtained from experimental hybridisations cytological investigations modern molecular analyses
and modeling suggest that about 54 gigatons of carbon is converted into terrestrial plant biomass each year the researchers report.
and evaluations at the MU Research Reactor Analytical Chemistry facility and at MU Plant and Soil Analysis Facility the study team drew conclusions that will help corn producers make informed decisions about raising
and may not realize that lupin has the same protein that causes allergic reactions to peanuts and soybeans.
It is high in protein and in dietary fiber --which helps lower cholesterol --and is low in fat.
However the statement stresses that clinicians be educated so they can inform patients that e-cigarettes are unregulated may contain low levels of toxic chemicals
Nicotine is a dangerous and highly addictive chemical no matter what form it takes--conventional cigarettes
or fat but Boar Mate androstenone is synthesized in a laboratory. One spray of Boar Mate on Toto was all it took to set the wheels of experimentation in motion.
It might have been the noise of the spray that stopped them and not the chemical. Mcglone asked Sergeant's to make several spray cans that had the androstenone in different concentrations
That's a massive number of naturally occurring variants a lot in cell wall chemistry genes and other known productivity genes.
Given the importance of poplar trees not just for their role in the ecosystem for instance in capturing carbon
Scientists from the German Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW) investigated the effect of antimicrobial peptides in cooperation with the Leibniz Institute of Molecular Pharmacology (FMP) and the Institute for Reproduction of Farm animals
These molecules are naturally occurring amino acid compounds are toxic for bacteria and can be found in nearly all organisms as a first defence against germs.
and some of its symptoms curbed by a natural compound that is found in pomegranate. Also the painful inflammation that accompanies illnesses such as rheumatoid arthritis
The key breakthrough by Dr Olajide and his co-researchers is to demonstrate that punicalagin which is a polyphenol--a form of chemical compound--found in pomegranate fruit can inhibit inflammation in specialised brain cells known as micrologia.
Now the research is published in the latest edition of the journal Molecular Nutrition & Food Research and Dr Olajide will start to disseminate his findings at academic conferences.
and regular consumption of pomegranate has a lot of health benefits--including prevention of neuro-inflammation related to dementia he says recommending juice products that are 100 per cent pomegranate meaning that approximately 3. 4 per cent will be punicalagin the compound
Dr Olajide states that most of the antioxidant compounds are found in the outer skin of the pomegranate not in the soft part of the fruit.
A specific protein in milk known as beta-lactoglobulin is able to initiate an allergy only when being devoid of iron.
Loaded with iron the protein is harmless. The scientists discovered the same mechanism recently with regard to birch pollen allergy.
Lack of iron load transforms milk protein into allergenone of the most important milk allergens the so-called beta-lactoglobulin belongs to the protein family of lipocalins.
Lipocalins possess molecular pockets which are able to accommodate iron complexes. Iron is bound to the protein by so-called siderophores.
The first author Franziska Roth-Walter and her colleagues now show that an empty milk protein one without iron
Knowledge of the molecular structure of allergens has contributed very significantly to our conclusion about milk allergy.
It's a really nice example of how a species evolved at a molecular level to adopt a very complex phenotype said Stephen Liberles HMS associate professor of cell biology.
and hummingbirds--a three-year process--Baldwin needed to test what the proteins expressed by these genes were responding to.
This dramatic change in the evolution of a new behavior is a really powerful example of how you can explain evolution on a molecular level.
Subsurface warming in the ocean explains why global average air temperatures have flatlined since 1999 despite greenhouse gases trapping more solar heat at Earth's surface.
or particles that could block incoming sunlight but they could not explain the massive amount of heat missing for more than a decade.
The beneficial effects of the diet on cardiometabolic risk factors such as elevated blood pressure and blood lipids were also greatest in this group.
which could help the world deal with its agricultural and plastic waste problems appear in the ACS journal Macromolecules.
The above story is provided based on materials by American Chemical Society. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.
Wildland fires involve complex interactions that include fuel distribution terrain topography chemical reactions energy transfer and the associated fluid dynamics that transport moisture gas-phase hydrocarbons air
burns to help develop models describing the chemistry and fluid dynamics of fires. His interest was sparked.
Continual warming of the leading edge of the fire is a necessary precondition to releasing the chemicals in the fuels that are needed to sustain it.
D. R. Weise The role of moisture on combustion of pyrolysis gases in wildland fires Combustion Science and Technology 185: 435-453 2013;
Hormones chemical messengers that are activated in direct response to light and temperature stimuli help them achieve this.
and are capable of activating genes that change the protein composition in the cell. A team of scientists--headed by Prof.
Brigitte Poppenberger at TUM's Institute of Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops--has been able to show for the first time that the concentration of CES protein increases in certain nuclear regions following brassinosteroid activation.
The cell seems to bundle key resources to rapidly trigger the production of certain proteins.
New signal pathwaythe scientists also mapped the mechanism that gives the CES molecules the signal to gather.
The molecules have a binding site for SUMO protein. As soon as this attaches CES moves to nuclear bodies.
what happens in the animal world where the SUMO protein is known to repress effects conferred by transcription factors.
This is known as spectroscopy and it is one of the most important tools that an astronomer has for studying the universe.
if there is a chemical relationship with their rotation speeds. While constructing the catalog Hinkel noticed that the stars in the solar neighborhood reveal unexpected compositions
says Blake Simmons a chemical engineer who is JBEI's Chief Science and Technology Officer and heads JBEI's Deconstruction Division.
and other non-food crops and in agricultural waste can be used to make advanced biofuels that could substantially reduce the use of the fossil fuels responsible for the release of nearly 9 billion metric tons of excess carbon into the atmosphere each year.
and synthesizing them into fuels and other valuable chemical products. A major challenge has been that unlike the simple sugars in corn grain the complex polysaccharides in biomass are embedded deeply within a tough woody material called lignin.
Researchers at JBEI have been cost-effectively deconstructing biomass into fuel sugars by pre-treating the biomass with ionic liquids--salts that are composed entirely of paired ions
which are made from nonrenewable sources such as petroleum or natural gas. Imidazolium-based ionic liquids effectively and efficiently dissolve biomass and represent a remarkable platform for biomass pretreatment
#Human milk fat improves growth in premature infantsfor premature infants adequate growth while in the neonatal intensive care unit is an indicator of better long-term health and developmental outcomes.
or donor human milk as well as a fortifier consisting of protein and minerals made from the donor milk.
Because infants are already receiving enough protein from the fortifier another way to help them grow is by giving them fat.
One of the byproducts of pasteurizing donor milk is milk fat also referred to as a cream supplement.
#Plants may use newly discovered molecular language to communicatea Virginia Tech scientist has discovered a potentially new form of plant communication one that allows them to share an extraordinary amount of genetic information with one another.
The finding by Jim Westwood a professor of plant pathology physiology and weed science in the College of Agriculture and Life sciences throws open the door to a new arena of science that explores how plants communicate with each other on a molecular level.
which actions to take such as which proteins to code. It was thought that mrna was very fragile and short-lived so transferring it between species was unimaginable.
But Westwood found that during this parasitic relationship thousands upon thousands of mrna molecules were being exchanged between both plants creating this open dialogue between the species that allows them to freely communicate.
because they can open the stomata on their leaves that exchange gases with the atmosphere.
The scientists examined the issue by measuring the isotopic composition of carbon in the wood along the intense rainfall gradient in their study zone.
If hydraulic limitation alone were to set maximum tree height the carbon isotope composition should not vary
But if both factors limit tree height the heavier carbon isotopes should accumulate in moister areas where faster photosynthesis (enhanced by wide-open stomata) can balance the costs of building more wood in taller trees.
Almost all existing fertilizers such as phosphorus and nitrate-based products are produced using energy-intensive methods involving the use of oil and gas.
and a production process using various toxic chemicals. As well as providing significant environmental benefits by reducing reliance on fossil fuels a successful digestate-ash fertilizer would also reduce costs
and reduce costs to farmers as production of digestate-ash fertilizer would not be linked to the global price of oil and gas.
http://www. lancaster. ac. uk/media/lancaster-university/content-assets/documents/lec/business/LEC-NERC-Catalyst-Project. pdfstory Source:
The environment surrounding the atom-thick carbon material can influence its electronic performance according to researchers at Rice
and identify out of place-place molecules on its surface through terahertz spectroscopy. They expect the finding to be important to manufacturers considering the use of graphene in electronic devices.
It was made possible by the Rice-based Nanojapan program through which American undergraduates conduct summer research internships in Japanese labs. Even a single molecule of a foreign substance can contaminate graphene enough to affect its electrical and optical properties
Imperfections as small as a stray oxygen molecule on the graphene were picked up by a spectrometer.
The change in the terahertz signal due to adsorption of molecules is said remarkable Kono. Not just the intensity but also the waveform of emitted terahertz radiation totally and dynamically changes in response to molecular adsorption and desorption.
The next step is to explore the ultimate sensitivity of this unique technique for gas sensing.
The technique can measure both the locations of contaminating molecules and changes over time. The laser gradually removes oxygen molecules from the graphene changing its density
and we can see that Kono said. The experiment involved growing pristine graphene via chemical vapor deposition
and transferring it to an indium phosphide substrate. Laser pulses generated coherent bursts of terahertz radiation through a built-in surface electric field of the indium phosphide substrate that changed due to charge transfer between the graphene and the contaminating molecules.
The terahertz wave when visualized reflected the change. The experimental results are a warning for electronics manufacturers.
For any future device designs using graphene we have to take into account the influence of the surroundings said Kono.
and Robert Vajtai a senior faculty fellow and Pulickel Ajayan the Benjamin M. and Mary Greenwood Anderson Professor in Engineering professor of materials science and nanoengineering and of chemistry and chair
This could mean that genetically edited versions of GMOS such as super bananas that produce more Vitamin a
Populations of healthy males and females can be produced in controlled environments by the addition of a chemical repressor.
If the chemical repressor is absent in the genetically engineered fliesâ##diet only males survive.
and significantly alter the cycling of carbon and nutrients in woodland ecosystems according to a new study.
The difference between the absorption of carbon dioxide via photosynthesis by trees and the release of carbon by microbes determines the overall carbon balance of the forest.
Saprotrophic fungi control the cycling of carbon and nutrients from wood in forests and their responses to changes in microclimate driven by fragmentation
whether forests are a carbon source or sink. The southern UK has a temperate climate with moderate temperatures and rainfall.
since unlike other marine mammals they rely solely on their fur rather than an extra layer of blubber to stay warm--it's like a 120-pound human eating 30 pounds of food per day.
because healthy kelp forests can grow rapidly and store large amounts of carbon. Dr. Martone's analyses of the effects of sea otters on kelp forest ecosystems can help shape predictions of how climate change
Dr. Riehl and her team measured the grains'content of two stable carbon isotopes. When barley grass gets insufficient water
while growing the proportion of heavier carbon isotopes deposited in its cells will be higher than normal.
The two isotopes 12c und 13c remain stable for thousands of years and can be measured precisely--giving Simone Riehl
Their report will be part of the 248th National Meeting & Exposition of the American Chemical Society (ACS.
either with corn barley wheat soybeans rice beans acai seed brown sugar or starch syrup she says.
In contrast the new test uses liquid chromatography and statistical tools. This gives her team a much closer look at the ingredients in an unbiased way according to Nixdorf.
Chromatography is a powerful analytical technique that is very sensitive and highly selective. Because much of the coffee is composed of carbohydrates researchers could develop a characteristic fingerprint
when using chromatography that separates out the real coffee compounds says Nixdorf. The added unwanted grain fillers generate different levels of sugars than the natural ingredients
The above story is provided based on materials by American Chemical Society (ACS. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length h
or better able to assimilate protein and other useful nutrients from the limited forage. Tolerant animals might invest energy in gut repair
In approving new biofuel products Quinn said that the EPA doesn't formally consider invasiveness at all--just greenhouse gas emissions related to their production.
and breastfeeding--Implementing a breastfeeding peer support group in a children's hospital--Considerations in meeting protein needs of the human milk-fed preterm infant--Environmental factors affecting breastfeeding duration within a NICUSUPPORTING the use of human milk is one
Their excellent preservation will allow for DNA testing as well as Carbon 14 dating. Many of the seeds excavated in 2012 and 2013 have been analyzed by Chiara Comegna in the laboratory of Gaetano di Pasquale at the University of Naples Federico II using a morphometric program originally devised for tomato seeds.
and Chemistry addresses the effects of two broad-spectrum systemic insecticides fipornil and imidacloprid on honeybees.
This action can explain the toxicity of these compounds for honeybees. Scientists are urgently trying to determine the causes of colony collapse disorder and the alarming population declines of honeybees.
Mitochondria are the power plants of a cell generating most of a cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) used as a source of chemical energy.
Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation drives ATP synthesis which is required to contract the muscles during flight. If something goes wrong the energy production is impaired explains Nicodemo.
The above story is provided based on materials by Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.
Although they do not confer the long-lasting immunity of a vaccine antibodies attach to virus particles
and lead author of the study published recently in Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry. The lack of any significant biomagnification through the food chain indicates that there is very little risk of harm from exposure to these CUPS in this region.
and other toxic chemicals such as PCBS found in wildlife and in Inuit and other aboriginal and non-aboriginal Northerners dependent on hunting Morris said.
These genes play a key role in the most efficient type of energy generation in cells a process called oxidative phosphorylation.
In the new study postdoctoral researcher Clare Rittschof used drugs to suppress key steps in oxidative phosphorylation in the bee brains.
In separate experiments postdoctoral researcher Hongmei Li-Byarlay and undergraduate student Jonathan Massey found that reduced oxidative phosphorylation in fruit flies also increased aggression.
Using advanced fly genetics the team found this effect only when oxidative phosphorylation was reduced in neurons but not in neighboring cells known as glia.
or displace animal protein as well as bad fats such as trans fat in a dish or meal.
For example if conditions do not induce diseases growers sprayed unnecessarily wasting chemicals and labor and increasing production costs.
Third too much fungicide helps build chemical resistance for the disease Vansickle said. The study written by Vorotnikova Borisova
This app enables users to rate their meals on a basic sliding'healthiness'scale from'fit'(healthy) to'fat'(unhealthy)
These guidelines aim to reduce dietary intake of foods high in salt saturated and trans fats sugar
and refined grains and alcohol and increase consumption of fruits vegetables whole grains low fat unsweetened dairy products and low cholesterol protein.
During the decade of the 90s it had been reported that the soursop contained anticancer compounds; however most studies are focused mainly on the leaves roots seeds
and stored frozen for a year the first results show that the unprocessed and frozen pulp maintains the presence of compounds called acetogenins.
With these data researchers propose to contribute knowledge about the types of these compounds found
whether or not the processing of foods derived from soursop affect anticancer compounds. The research also seeks to add value to the fruit so the least of it is wasted.
We focus on acetogenins compounds because in Mexico cancer is a disease that is increasing among the population
and scientific research shows that the compounds found in this fruit can encapsulate tumors but this depends on the how much is consumed.
For the first time Vierstra and his team have revealed the structure of the plant phytochrome a critical molecule that detects the light that tells plants
Like eyes the phytochrome is a light sensor that converts sunlight into chemical signals to get these jobs done.
It's the molecule that tells plants when to flower says Vierstra. Plants use the molecule to sense where they are in the canopy;
they use the phytochromes for color vision--to sense whether they are above next to or under other plants.
Three decades ago while a postdoctoral researcher at UW-Madison Vierstra was the first to purify the phytochrome protein.
In addition to growers the research also has implications for other scientists as the technology could be used to create new fluorescent molecules for detecting minuscule events inside cells and in the field of optogenetics
Resistant starch is fermented readily by gut microbes to produce beneficial molecules called short-chain fatty acids such as butyrate she added.
After eating 300 g of lean red meat per day for four weeks study participants had a 30 percent increase in the levels of certain genetic molecules called mir-17-92
Currently Europe's forests are mitigating climate change by taking up large quantities of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide.
The carbon loss from increasing tree mortality and disturbance could however reduce this uptake and reverse the positive effects of forest management aimed at reducing climate change.
In this respect adapted management strategies such as increased biodiversity and optimized thinning interventions in Europe's forests can buffer these carbon losses and support the climate change mitigation function of forests.
Researchers at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell biology and Genetics show that supplying D-lactate
Teymuras Kurzchalia and Tony Hyman both have labs at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell biology
but the next step will be to investigate the molecular mechanism underlying this process say Hyman and Kurzchalia.
In addition to further molecular investigation they also have more concrete plans for the future: As Kurzchalia says we can develop a yoghurt enriched with D-lactate:
#USDA report on greenhouse gas emissions: Uniform tools to measure, manage greenhouse gas emissionsthe U s. Department of agriculture today released a report that for the first time provides uniform scientific methods for quantifying the changes in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and carbon storage from various land
management and conservation activities. Colorado State university faculty members served as authors and external science advisors on the new report and a CSU team is leading the implementation of a new online tool that provides customized GHG reports
The report Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Agriculture and Forestry: Methods for Entity-Scale Inventory will help the USDA evaluate greenhouse gas mitigation programs
and develop new tools to help farmers ranchers and forest landowners participate in emerging carbon markets.
This report provides science-based methods for quantifying greenhouse gas emissions and carbon storage on local farms ranches and forests allowing managers of these entities to calculate reductions in greenhouse gas emissions
while building carbon storage and improving production efficiency on their lands said Stephen Ogle associate professor in CSU's Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability and senior scientist at the Natural resource Ecology Laboratory (NREL).
Ogle was the lead author of the cropland/grassland working group and the wetlands working group two of the four groups convened by the USDA for the methods development which also included forestry and livestock.
To help make the new GHG guidelines more accessible and applicable an interdisciplinary research team led by CSU soil
COMET-Farm is unique in that it allows non-experts to use very advanced methods databases and models for greenhouse gas inventory via a fully spatial user-friendly interface.
Scientists analyze how influenza-related proteins help infect cellsa flu virus acts like a Trojan horse as it attacks
The Rice-Baylor team applied protein-folding algorithms developed by Onuchic and his colleagues to analyze how hemagglutinin reconfigures itself as it infects a cell.
It may be the only case known to human beings where a protein starts at a fixed point
Proteins are the molecular motors that spring from DNA and perform tasks essential to life and they are the prime focus of study for Onuchic and his colleagues at Rice's Center for Theoretical Biological Physics (CTBP).
The researchers use their energy landscape theory to determine the path an unfolded strand of amino acids takes as it collapses into a final functional protein.
Energy landscape theory predicts how a protein will fold no matter how fast it happens. In the case of hemagglutinin the unfolding and refolding happens in seconds.
During the process part of the protein cracks and releases fusion peptides. The fusion peptides are the most important part of the molecule said Rice postdoctoral researcher
and co-author Jeffrey Noel. The hemagglutinin is attached to the viral membrane and when these peptides are released they embed themselves in the target cell's membrane creating a connection between the two.
Initially part of the protein forms a cap that protects the segments inside. Acidic conditions cause the cap to fall off
and the protein begins to reconfigure itself. The release of the fusion peptide which is hidden initially inside hemagglutinin is triggered by that giant conformational change Ma said.
When the cap is on the whole protein is said stable Noel. What we see in the simulation is that the hydrophobic pocket where the fusion peptides are buried is very unstable
But he suspects the inner part of the protein is conserved more highly. We're targeting the part that the virus cannot afford to change.
Most high-temperature superconductors and many closely related compounds exhibit a number of exotic electronic phases particularly as they approach the critical temperature where superconductivity arises said Pengcheng Dai professor of physics and astronomy at Rice and the study
Its molecular structure consists of layers of arsenic and barium atoms that are sandwiched between checkerboard planes of iron atoms.
The nickel atoms are substituted then partially for iron to tune the material's physical properties. The atoms in the crystals form an ordered pattern that looks identical in both the right-left (x-axis) and forward-back (y-axis) directions but not in the up-down (z-axis).
) At room temperature the material acts as one might expect conducting electricity equally well along both its x-axis and y-axis.
However as the material is cooled to near the critical temperature for magnetism it passes through a phase where electrical resistance is higher in one direction than the other.
Neutron-scattering measurements can reveal the molecular structure of materials in great detail and inelastic neutron-scattering tests allow physicists to see among others the vibrational properties of materials.
Carbon of course is associated with global warming. Most carbon emissions linked to human activity are in the form of carbon dioxide gas (CO2)
but other forms of carbon include the methane gas (CH4) and the particles generated by such fires--the tiny bits of soot called black carbon and motes of associated substances known as brown carbon.
Jacobson explains that total anthropogenic or human-created carbon dioxide emissions excluding biomass burning now stand at more than 39 billion tons annually.
That incorporates everything associated with non-biomass-burning human activity from coal-fired power plants to automobile emissions from concrete factories to cattle feedlots.
Black carbon and brown carbon maximize the thermal impacts of such fires. They essentially allow biomass burning to cause much more global warming per unit weight than other human-associated carbon sources.
Black and brown carbon particles increase atmospheric warming in three ways. First they enter the minuscule water droplets that form clouds.
At night that's not an issue. But during the day sunlight scatters around within clouds bathing them in luminescence.
or brown carbon particles Jacobson said the carbon absorbs the light energy creating heat and accelerating evaporation of the droplet.
Carbon particles floating around in the spaces between the droplets also absorb scattered sunlight converting it to heat.
Finally Jacobson said carbon particles released from burning biomass settle on snow and ice contributing to further warming.
But because carbon is dark it absorbs sunlight causing snow and ice to melt at accelerated rates.
Jacobson noted that some carbon particles--specifically white and gray carbon the variants associated with some types of ashcan exert a cooling effect
That must be weighed against the warming qualities of the black and brown carbon particles and CO2 emissions generated by biomass combustion to derive a net effect.
Jacobson said the sum of warming caused by all anthropogenic greenhouse gases--CO2 methane nitrous oxide chlorofluorocarbons
and some others--plus the warming caused by black and brown carbon will yield a planetary warming effect of 2 degrees Celsius over the 20-year period simulated by the computer.
But light-colored particles--white and gray particles primarily--reflect sunlight and enhance cloudiness causing more light to reflect.
The cooling effect of these light-colored particles amounts to slightly more than 1 C Jacobson said so you end up with a total net warming gain of 0. 9 C or so.
Exposure to biomass burning particles is associated strongly with cardiovascular disease respiratory illness lung cancer asthma and low birth weights.
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