and soil pollution greenhouse gas emissions simultaneously reducing threats to human health biodiversity and food security.
#Soy-dairy protein blend increases muscle mass, study showsa new study published online in the Journal of Applied Physiology shows additional benefits of consuming a blend of soy
and dairy proteins after resistance exercise for building muscle mass. Researchers from the University of Texas Medical Branch found that using a protein blend of soy casein
and whey post-workout prolongs the delivery of select amino acids to the muscle for an hour longer than using whey alone.
This study sheds new light on how unique combinations of proteins as opposed to single protein sources are important for muscle recovery following exercise
when compared to whey alone as only the blended protein kept synthesis rates elevated three to five hours after exercise.
Because of the increased demand for high-quality protein this study provides critical insight for the food industry as a whole
With more and more consumers recognizing the importance of protein for their overall health and well-being the results of this study have particular relevance to a large segment of the population from the serious sports and fitness enthusiast to the mainstream consumer.
if consumption of a blend of proteins with different digestion rates would prolong amino acid availability and lead to increases in muscle protein synthesis after exercise.
The protein beverages provided to study subjects consisted of a soy-dairy blend 25 percent isolated Dupont Danisco SUPRO soy protein 50 percent caseinate 25 percent whey protein isolate)
or a single protein source (whey protein isolate). Muscle biopsies were taken at baseline and up to five hours after resistance exercise.
The protein sources were ingested one hour after exercise in both groups. The study demonstrates that consuming a soy-dairy blend leads to a steady rise in amino acids the building blocks of muscle.
The data showed that the soy-dairy blend yields an increase in select amino acid delivery for about an hour longer than the use of whey protein alone.
The blend also sustained a greater positive net amino acid balance than whey suggesting there is less muscle protein breakdown during the time period shortly after consumption of a blended protein product.
which food production--and other services such as carbon storage flood mitigation and locking up pollutants--depends.
Intensive farming often results in significant declines in soil organic carbon stocks as well as reducing the ability of soils to store water and nutrients and damaging soil structure which can lead to soil erosion.
She measured a range of soil properties including soil organic carbon levels total nitrogen and the ratio between carbon and nitrogen
allotment soil had 32%more organic carbon 36%higher carbon to nitrogen ratios 25%higher nitrogen
For example 95%of allotment holders compost their allotment waste so they recycle nutrients and carbon back to their soil more effectively.
and Chemical sciences who led the research. As dwarf birch moved north some of its genes were picked up by downy birch trees
Environmentalists counter that it imperils millions of hectares of forest threatening to release the billions of tons of carbon they contain.
New public initiatives like Brazil's Low-Carbon Agriculture Program which provides US$1. 5 billion in annual subsidized loans to improve agricultural production
while reducing associated carbon emissions are also key. Such initiatives will be critical if Brazil hopes to succeed in reconciling environmental conservation and agricultural development.
#Amazon rainforest survey could improve carbon offset schemescarbon offsetting initiatives could be improved with new insights into the make-up of tropical forests a study suggests.
The findings will enable researchers to assess more accurately the amount of carbon each tree can store.
This is a key factor in carbon offset schemes in which trees are given a cash value according to their carbon content
and credits can be traded in exchange for preserving trees. Existing satellite maps of the area have estimated trees'carbon content based largely on their height
but have not accounted for large regional variations in their shape and density. Researchers from the Universities of Edinburgh and Leeds who led the research say their findings could help quantify the amount of carbon available to trade in areas of forest.
This could help administer carbon offsetting more accurately and improve understanding of how much carbon is stored in the world's forests
which informs climate change forecasts. Scientists studied a database of thousands of tree species taken from more than 400 hectare-sized plots across the nine countries of the Amazon basin--Brazil Bolivia Colombia Ecuador French guiana Guyana Peru Suriname
and Venezuela. The survey was developed as part of a sister project known as RAINFOR involving more than 200 researchers across the region.
Their research found that forests in the basin's northeast on average stored twice as much carbon as those in the southwest as a result of soil climate and species variation.
Scientists say this highlights the need to recognise that carbon is distributed not uniformly in the forest.
Satellite maps of the world's forests don't contain enough information about their carbon content.
but species really matter for carbon. This is the big challenge for the next generation of satellite and field scientists.
The tag consists of tiny magnetic DNA particles encapsulated in a silica casing and mixed with the oil.
If counterfeiting were suspected the particles added at the place of origin could be extracted from the oil and analyzed enabling a definitive identification of the producer.
and is susceptible to light temperature fluctuations and chemicals. Thus the researchers used a silica coating to protect the DNA creating a kind of synthetic fossil.
The casing represents a physical barrier that protects the DNA against chemical attacks and completely isolates it from the external environment--a situation that mimics that of natural fossils write the researchers in their paper
To ensure that the particles can be fished out of the oil as quickly and simply as possible Grass and his team employed another trick:
The magnetic iron oxide meanwhile made it easy to extract the particles from the oil.
Unbelievably small quantities of particles down to a millionth of a gram per litre and a tiny volume of a thousandth of a litre were enough to carry out the authenticity tests for the oil products write the researchers.
Silica particles are present in ketchup and orange juice among other products and iron oxide is permitted as a food additive E172.
So I prefer to know which particles have been added intentionally. Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by ETH ZÃ rich.
and scientists have discovered the mat's molecular mix. The study published this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences reveals new targets during the battle between microbe
and oft-studied plant Arabidopsis puts out a molecular signal that invites an attack from a pathogen.
which is used to inject virulence proteins into its target. It's exciting to learn that metabolites excreted by the host can play a role in triggering this system in bacteria said Thomas Metz an author of the paper and a chemist at the Department of energy's Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.
The findings come from a collaboration of scientists led by Scott Peck of the University of Missouri that includes researchers from Missouri the Biological sciences Division at PNNL and EMSL DOE's Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory.
and employs its molecular machinery to pierce it injecting its contents into the plant's cells--a crucial step in infecting an organism.
The bacteria employ a molecular system known as the Type 3 Secretion System or T3ss to infect plants.
Peck's group used those findings as a guide to find the compounds that had the biggest effect--a combination that invites infection.
We know that microbes can disguise themselves by altering the proteins or molecules that the plant uses to recognize the bacteria as a strategy for evading detection said Peck associate professor of biochemistry at the University of Missouri
and lead author of the PNAS paper. Our results now show that the plant can also disguise itself from pathogen recognition by removing the signals needed by the pathogen to become fully virulent.
The same molecular machinery employed by Pseudomonas syringae is used also by a host of microbes to cause diseases that afflict people including salmonella the plague respiratory disease and chlamydia.
and structure of the Congo rainforest affecting its biodiversity and carbon storage. Previous research used satellite-based measurements of vegetation greenness to investigate changes in the Amazon rainforest notably the effects of severe short-term droughts in 2005 and 2010.
and after chlorine treatment the researchers realized that atom-scale grain boundaries were implicated in the enhanced performance.
and chemical composition after treatment the researchers found that chlorine atoms replaced tellurium atoms within the grain boundaries.
and if population genetics and the cataloguing of genome wide mutations could shed any light on possible molecular causes of the outbreak.
and reports on the presence of hydrogen sulfide in crude oil and natural gas while they're still in the ground.
The nanoreporter is sized based on nanometer carbon material developed by a consortium of Rice labs led by chemist James Tour
and is the subject of a new paper published this month in the American Chemical Society journal ACS Applied materials and Interfaces.
On the flip side hydrogen sulfide is also a biologically important signaling molecule in processes that include pain and inflammation.
Crude oil and natural gas inherently contain hydrogen sulfide which gives off a rotten egg smell. Even a 1 percent trace of sulfur turns oil into what's known as sour crude
Now the same team joined by chemist Angel Martã is employing thermally stable soluble highly mobile carbon black-based nanoreporters modified to look for hydrogen sulfide and report results immediately upon their return to the surface.
When pumped out of a production well the particles can be analyzed with a spectrometer to determine the level of contamination This paper is a big step
'Modifying the particles with common polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was the key to making the nanoreporters stable in temperatures as high as 100 degrees Celsius (212 degrees Fahrenheit.
Kan co-director of the Rice-based Brine Chemistry Consortium; Martã an assistant professor of chemistry and bioengineering;
Wong a professor of chemical and biomolecular engineering and of chemistry; and Tomson a professor of civil and environmental engineering.
Tour is the T. T. and W. F. Chao Chair in Chemistry as well as a professor of mechanical engineering and materials science and of computer science.
The Advanced Energy Consortium supported the research. Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by Rice university.
Dead trees create changes in water qualityusing'fingerprints'of different water sources defined by the sources'water chemistry we found that a higher fraction of late-summer streamflow in affected watersheds comes from groundwater rather than surface
Our approach using water chemistry allows us to'dissect'the water in streams and better understand its source.
and act as a thickening agent while providing a cost-effective protein source. The article highlighted food scientists using sprouted brown rice to increase protein in bars powdered shakes soups pastas ready-to-drink beverages cereals and sweet and savory snacks.
Rice starches are being used to provide a variety of texture options in both food and beverages from smooth and creamy to crispy and crunchy.
Nearly nine in 10 adults made a strong effort to consume more nutrients vitamins minerals herbs/botanicals
The Protein Evolution: The protein market is still center stage with 57 percent of consumers especially between the ages of 18-34 and above age 65 seeking protein sources.
These consumers are seeking more protein to maintain healthy bones/joints strengthen immune systems and build muscle strength/tone
while maintaining energy throughout the day. Kid-Specific: Almost half of America's 32 million moms who say they always buy health foods/drinks for their kids are looking for a wider range of healthy convenient kid-friendly foods/drinks with nutrient
Half of the users of protein drinks believe they help them perform better during exercise.
Whole grains fiber and Vitamin d topped the list of ingredients that two-thirds of those trying to manage their weight added to the diet
while others added more calcium protein antioxidants or omega 3/fish oil. An estimated 60 percent of adults believe that protein works for weight loss (IFIC 2013a)
and one-third believe protein boosts metabolism and aids in fat burning. Gen Zen: Today's Millennials between the ages of 14 and 33 view their food choices as healthier more expensive more natural/organic less processed better tasting and fresh (Hartman 2013c.
Millennials are also the most likely to believe that functional foods/beverages can be used in place of some medicines (NMI 2012) to relieve tiredness/lack of energy retain mental sharpness with aging stress and eye health.
Millennials and Gen Xers read nutrition labels for calories vitamins/minerals serving size and protein.
and other biofuels reduces soil carbon and can generate more greenhouse gases than gasoline according to a study published today in the journal Nature Climate Change.
The findings by a University of Nebraska-Lincoln team of researchers cast doubt on whether corn residue can be used to meet federal mandates to ramp up ethanol production
and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Corn stover--the stalks leaves and cobs in cornfields after harvest--has been considered a ready resource for cellulosic ethanol production.
--which is 7 percent greater than gasoline emissions and 62 grams above the 60 percent reduction in greenhouse gas emissions as required by the 2007 Energy Independence and Security Act.
Importantly they found the rate of carbon emissions is constant whether a small amount of stover is removed
If less residue is removed there is less decrease in soil carbon but it results in a smaller biofuel energy yield Liska said.
and reduced soil carbon the study suggests planting cover crops to fix more carbon in the soil.
Until now scientists have not been able to fully quantify how much soil carbon is lost to carbon dioxide emissions after removing crop residue.
They've been hampered by limited carbon dioxide measurements in cornfields by the fact that annual carbon losses are comparatively small and difficult to measure
which was funded through a three-year $500000 grant from the U s. Department of energy used carbon dioxide measurements taken from 2001 to 2010 to validate a soil carbon model that was built using data from 36 field studies across North america Europe Africa and Asia.
and Wisconsin had the highest net loss of carbon from residue removal because they have cooler temperatures and more carbon in the soil.
The research has been in progress since 2007 involving the coordinated effort of faculty staff and students from four academic departments at UNL.
and horticulture to adapt Yang's soil carbon model and with Andrew Suyker an associate professor in the School of Natural resources to validate the model findings with field research.
Pelton's master's degree thesis reprogrammed the soil carbon model while Fang developed a method to incorporate carbon dioxide emissions into life cycle assessments of cellulosic ethanol.
A new approach The fate of much of the world's wildlife is playing out in human-altered landscapes that are threatened increasingly by chemical inputs such as herbicides and pesticides.
and food production to make agricultural lands more hospitable to wildlife by reducing chemical inputs preserving fragments of forest and other natural habitats and rewarding farmers and ranchers for the benefits that result.
#No-till soil organic carbon sequestration rates publishedfor the past 20 years researchers have published soil organic carbon sequestration rates.
 Many of the research findings have suggested that soil organic carbon can be sequestered by simply switching from moldboard or conventional tillage systems to no-till systems.
and soybean rotations without cover crops small grains and forages may not be increasing soil organic carbon stocks at the published rates. â#oesome studies have shown that both moldboard
and no-till systems are actually losing soil organic carbon stocks over timeâ#said University of Illinois soil scientist Ken Olson who led the review.
and Ohio who studied the published soil science and tillage literature related to soil organic carbon sequestration storage retention and loss.
and summary papers 120 papers on all sides of the soil organic carbon sequestration storage retention and loss issue were selected for review
and moldboard plots at the end of a long-term study is only a measure of net soil organic carbon storage difference between treatments
and does not support soil organic carbon sequestration claims. No-till systems on sloping and eroding sites retain more soil organic carbon in the surface from 0 to 15 centimeters
when compared to moldboard as a result of less disturbance and less soil erosion and transport of soil organic carbon-rich sediment off the plots. â#oethe subsurface layers also need to be sampled
and tested to the depth of rooting or 1 or 2 metersâ#Olson said. â#oethat no-till subsurface layer is often losing more soil organic carbon stock over time than is gained in the surface layer. â#During the analysis of the work Olson said that it became apparent that there were a number
of reasons for the conflicting findings including the definition of soil organic carbon sequestration used by different researchers.
The team proposed the definition of soil sequestration be: the process of transferring CO2 from the atmosphere into the soil of a land unit through unit plants plant residues and other organic solids
To claim soil organic carbon sequestration management practices must lead to an increase in the net soil organic carbon from a previous pre-treatment baseline measurement
 Carbon not directly originated from the atmosphere (from outside the land unit) cannot be counted as sequestered soil organic carbon.
and sediment-rich carbon deposition on a soil located on a lower landscape position or in a waterway.
or prairie with defined and identified boundaries The team identified a number of other methodological factors that could lead to errors in reported soil organic carbon sequestration rates including:
not accounting for carbon in amendments being loaded on the plots from external sources; use of different soil organic carbon laboratory methodsâ over the long-term study;
effects of soil erosion; transport and deposition on the experimental tillage plots; Â lack of sloping
and before the tillage treatment was applied that the soil organic carbon had dropped 20 to 50 percent
and lack of cover crops can all result in reduced soil organic carbon stocks. Because it would take 20 to 50 more years to design
Olson said that the accuracy of determining soil organic carbon sequestration depends on the method used. â#oein this review both the paired comparison method
and the pre-treatment soil organic carbon method were tested using the same plots and experimentâ#he said.
The results of this comparison showed that the paired-method (no-till compared to moldboard) overestimated soil organic carbon sequestration as compared to pre-treatment method where both no-till
and measure soil organic carbon sequestration rates no longer use the comparison method and adopt the pre-treatment soil organic carbon method
and (2) that existing long-term studies that researchers want to use to determine soil organic carbon sequestration rates be stopped temporarily
and sampled following the soil organic carbon sequestration protocol outlined in their article. â#oebecause these long-term studies are used for crop-yield determinations they need to be restarted without interruption
and soil sampling can be done during the non-growing seasonâ#Olson said. â#oethen the long-term experiments can be used to measure soil organic carbon sequestration rates. â#Story Source:
The above story is provided based on materials by University of Illinois College of Agricultural Consumer and Environmental sciences (ACES.
which suggests to us that the chemicals used to control pests in Europe Asia and the United states currently are not necessary in East Africa said Elliud Muli senior lecturer in the Department of Biological sciences South Eastern Kenya University and researcher at the International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology
Most greenhouse gases come from burning fossil fuels to produce energy although deforestation industrial processes and some agricultural practices also emit gases into the atmosphere according to the Environmental protection agency.
Greenhouse gases act like a blanket around Earth trapping energy in the atmosphere and causing it to warm.
This is called the greenhouse effect and is natural and necessary to support life On earth. However a buildup of greenhouse gases can change Earth's climate.
Agriculture globally contributes about 10 to 12 percent to greenhouse gas emissions Rice said. If you add in forestry it moves it up to around 25 percent.
Agriculture is significant but not the major contributor and has declined slightly percentage-wise since the last report in 2007 not so much because agriculture has changed that much
Our chapter addresses agriculture's role in the future of the emission of greenhouse gases. This is the fifth assessment report said Rice who also served on the fourth report
and can mitigate greenhouse gas emissions Rice said. They conducted literature reviews and summarized key points of the science that's occurred since the last report in 2007.
what's the impact of those greenhouse gases? It is certainly clear by 97 percent of those climate scientists that the increases in greenhouse gases such as CO2 nitrous oxide
and methane have resulted in about a 1. 5 Degree fahrenheit increase in global temperatures. That's an important point that it's global he said.
and Other Land Usesoil carbon sequestration--One of the recommendations coming out of this and previous reports is that carbon be sequestered through land management changes Rice said of practices that hold carbon in the soil.
Through reduced tillage in farming--no-till being the prime example --and systems using cover crops
and residue those are major ways agriculture can reduce the emission of greenhouse gases because carbon dioxide is being taken up by the plant materials
It turns out that (carbon sequestration) has multiple benefits. If you increase the carbon content you improve the quality of the soil.
It makes it more productive less prone to erosion and the organic matter helps hold water
Cement is a major emitter of carbon dioxide (CO2) greenhouse gas so the authors suggested that wood products
or protein consumption goes up. Because livestock production is a contributor to greenhouse gases he said it had to be put on the table.
Reducing food waste--Another thing that's easier to accomplish is cutting back on food waste he said adding that 30 to 40 percent of food that's produced is used not.
Those individuals will come up with policies for countries to implement aimed at reducing greenhouse gases.
and in many cases their wives too taking their own lives by drinking the modern pesticides designed to provide them with bountiful harvests--a truly horrific end as the chemicals cause swift muscle and breathing paralysis. Added Kennedy:
and fewer calories but also consumed less protein and calcium. Additionally the ban may have been a factor in a 7%decrease in District's Lunch Program participation.
and air stabilizing soil during heavy rains storing carbon and replenishing soil nutrients. In this latest study the researchers found that total global production of shade grown coffee has increased
The team showed that purified flagella were able to directly interact with lipid molecules found in the membranes of plant cells.
Such perception is based on the expectation that wild plants will have grown to full maturity and in rich soils with less interference from human activities such as chemical application.
#Deforestation could intensify climate change in Congo Basin by halfby 2050 deforestation could cause temperatures in the Congo Basin to increase by 0. 7 °C. The increase would intensify warming caused by greenhouse gases
Central africa of 2050 will be an average of 1. 4 °C hotter than today as a result of global greenhouse gas emissions.
in addition to the warming caused by greenhouse gases. Such drastic temperature increases will drive off plant and animal species and may even threaten some with extinction warn the researchers.
and other greenhouse gases to arrive at their calculations. Their deforestation scenario is far from extreme.
and moisture on the site and stores carbon said Carolyn Copenheaver an associate professor of forest ecology In virginia Tech's College of Natural resources and Environment.
T-cells are a type of white blood cell that are coated with chemical receptors that must activate together to run the body's immune system properly.
Changes in immune cells influenced by microgravity are found to occur rapidly at the molecular level With this discovery microgravity provides an excellent platform to investigate functional changes to immunity that normally take place over a period of time.
#Nutrient-rich forests absorb more carbonthe ability of forests to sequester carbon from the atmosphere depends on nutrients available in the forest soils shows new research from an international team of researchers including IIASA.
The study published in the journal Nature Climate Change showed that forests growing in fertile soils with ample nutrients are able to sequester about 30%of the carbon that they take up during photosynthesis. In contrast forests growing in nutrient-poor
soils may retain only 6%of that carbon. The rest is returned to the atmosphere as respiration.
-poor forests spend a lot of energy--carbon--through mechanisms to acquire nutrients from the soil whereas nutrient-rich forests can use that carbon to enhance biomass production.
Until now scientific models to predict forest carbon sequestration on a global scale had considered only the amount of nitrogen in the soil
and did not take into account other constraints such as phosphorus or the ph of the soil which is related to the availability of nutrients.
Tropical rainforests had the poorest nutrient availability and the lowest efficiency for carbon sequestration the researchers found.
The researchers believe that the difference in efficiency of carbon absorption could be due to several factors.
and produce chemicals that can help dissolve nutrients from the soil. This takes energy though
and thus retains more carbon. Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by International Institute for Applied Systems analysis.
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