-ing societies, cooperatives, trade unions, reading clubs, and philanthropic business leaders creating model towns and model schools.
into work. But these definitions provide a reasonable starting point A good example of a socially innovative activity in this sense is the spread
-nological†for example, using the mobile telephones to support frontline workers or using cable television or the Internet to strengthen local communities.
-pany Innocentive, for example, offers cash rewards for innovators who have work -able solutions to problems they solve, based on an assumption that often in a
turnover of managers and executives. Indeed, growth in all sectors nearly always involves outgrowing founders.
develop experience about how to make them work. This phase involves consolida -tion around a few core principles that can be communicated easily.
evolve†but small ones can gain some of this ability through the skills of their staff
Real-life innovation is a discovery process that often leaves ideas transformed and mutated, and it sometimes sees them jump from one sector to
-tics, strong civic organizations (from trade unions to hospitals) and the support of progressive foundations and philanthropists.
-mediaries who help make markets work more efficiently, spotting connections and opportunities, 16 the analyses of how much innovation is understood best as cre
-ative reinterpretation, 17 and the work pioneered by Everett Rogers on diffusion Often the insights from business pose important challenges to social innova
including what became the Expert Patients Programme in the U k. National Health Service; similarly the open-source methods have taken models from aca
of theoretical work in this field has been low, with little progress since the pioneer -ing work in the 1980s at Manchester
Considerable work is now under way on measuring the outputs and outcomes of public and social organizations, including the fascinating work led by Dale
Jorgensen at Harvard on valuing the informal economy and family work, and the recent work led by Tony Atkinson at Oxford university on the value of public serv
-ices. These go far beyond the rather crude claims that are made sometimes for the productivity and efficacy of social organizations.
Yet the truth is that very little is known about productivity in the civic sectorâ€
J. Gerhuny, Social Innovation and the Division of labour (London: Oxford University Press, 1983; M. Njihoff, The Political economy of Innovation (The hague:
Daniel Bell the world†s â€oemost successful entrepreneur of social enterprises, †and in his work and
the issues faced by executives in today†s rapidly changing automotive industry Unplugged: Electric Vehicle Realities Versus Consumer
discusses what executives should consider when weighing the pros and cons and evaluating the details of establishing
executives worldwide. The report confirms that the landscape for competitive manufacturing is in the midst of a massive power shift †based on an in depth analysis of
â€oethe decline in EU labour productivity growth rates in the mid-ï oe990s was attributed equally to a lower investment per employee and to a slowdown in the rate of technological progressâ€
Kok, 2004 In the presence of roughly 20 million small and medium-sized enterprises (SMES) in the EU25, which make up more
employment. It also accounted for 25%of total EU research in business (EC, 2006. ICT increasingly forms an integral
in addition to the related employment, is an instrument of autonomy and sovereignty and provides the capacity to develop
6) Inspired by work of Thomas Kurz, Salzburg University of Applied sciences Fig. 2 The stack view of the Digital Business
and other intermediary actors such as professional associations or volunteer open source communities. This has led to the broadening of the conceptualisation of the term †businessâ€.
This model works well when the central ï rm is healthy, but represents a signiï cant weakness for the
all actors complement one another, leading to a more dynamic version of the division of labour and organised along one-dimensional value chains and two-dimensional value networks (Corallo, 2007.
designated agent (usually an employee) and outsources it to an undeï ned, generally large group of people in the form of an open call
Work currently being done in the OPAALS project: www. opaals. org ï oe2) In the private sector this refers to fewer IPR restrictions,
Therefore, the balance that seems to work in business environments is layered based on a approach: combining an open source shared middleware infrastructure with software services, models and information
various structured and unstructured organisational settings, such as collaborative working environments composed of complex heterogeneous human and digital devices and systems.
reality through formal ontologies and imposed by experts mediating on behalf of the users. The formal languages used have a high expressive power,
but due to their complexity the codiï cation requires mediation by experts. As a consequence, due to the scarcity of human resources, very limited aspects of the †real world†have been described
Furthermore, the key unconfessed assumption of the ï rst computational ontologists was that the knowledge
formal ontologies by domain experts. Loose associations of concepts and a greater ï exibility and adaptability
community, or the know-how of the way the open source process works and the implications of diï €erent types of
ï oe) more visible performance to the relevant audience (peers, labour market, and venture capital community 2) higher impact of eï €ort on performance
28) An †epistemic community†is a network of knowledge-based experts or groups with an authoritative claim to policy-relevant
digital technologies that work to meet social needs and enhance society†s capacity to act.
of the social innovative configurations that work Social innovation is also a process which transforms the socio-technical structures which
Research issues to be explored in future work Ahead of the presentation at the BAM 2014 conference we will further develop the
The economic theory, Work Foundation Degelsegger, A. & Kesselring, A. 2012. Do Nonhumans Make a Difference?
Case studies, Work Foundation Latour, B. 2005. Reassembling the social-an introduction to actor-network-theory Reassembling the Social-An Introduction to Actor-Network-theory, by Bruno Latour
The Work Foundation, London The European commission. 2013. Collective Awareness Platforms for Sustainability and Social Innovation Online.
This work is a product of the staff of The World bank with external contributions. The findings
interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World
guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other
information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World bank
This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3. 0 Unported license (CC BY 3. 0) http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by/3. 0/igo.
and adapt this work including for commercial purposes, under the following conditions Attribution†Please cite the work as follows:
World bank. 2014. Doing Business 2015: Going Beyond Efficiency. WASHINGTON DC: World bank Group. DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-0351-2. License:
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Finally, the name of the employing workers indicator set has been changed to labor market regulation, and the
on benefits provided to workers. The labor market regulation indicators continue to be excluded from the aggregate distance to frontier score and ranking on the
formerly employing workers) are included not in this year†s aggregate ease of doing business ranking, but the
business owners and employees. Legal entities can outlive their founders. Resources are pooled as several shareholders join forces to start a company
And their employees can benefit from protections provided by the law. An additional benefit comes with limited liability companies.
ï Has between 10 and 50 employees ï Conducts general commercial or industrial activities WHAT THE STARTING A BUSINESS
license to initiate the execution of works and start operations. A company can start operations after submitting a simple notification
first 30 days of the start of activities and the opening of the workplace Every autonomous community has its own form.
business or workplace in question) be filed along with the forms. Other forms and documents might be needed depending on the workplace
activities Agency: Direcciã n Gral Trabajo-Comunidad de Madrid 1 day simultaneous with previous procedure
ï Has 60 builders and other employees The warehouse ï Is valued at 50 times income per capita
information collected from experts in construction licensing, including architects, civil engineers construction lawyers, construction firms, utility
the inspector (s) and by the person to whom the construction works have been attributed at the time of the inspection
the declaration of conformity at the end of the construction works Buildco must pay a fee to the collaborating entities.
which must be signed by the technical director of the work. This certificate must declare that the constructed building is in accordance
•If urbanization works have been carried out simultaneously with construction, and this urbanization was completed by the builder, the
builder must present the final certification of these works •Certificado final de obra visado por el Colegio Profesional y Plan de
and the external and final connection works. The ranking of economies on the ease of getting
Obtaining external installation works and possibly purchasing material for these works Concluding any necessary supply contract and
obtaining final supply Time required to complete each procedure calendar days Is at least 1 calendar day Each procedure starts on a separate day
the works are carried out in a public land, so there is no crossing into other people's
*The customer obtains a license for the external works from the City council Customers need to obtain a license for the external works from the
municipality. The taxes on this license are 4%of the cost of the works Agency:
City council 25 calendar days EUR 1, 840 4 Iberdrola or a private firm does the connection works
Customers have two choices: The external connection works can be done by Iberdrola or the customer can hire a private licensed electrical
constructor Two cases are considered equally likely for a customer with a load of 140kva: Iberdrola's distribution network allows for connections of up to
Irrespective of who executes the actual works of the connection installation of the transformer, excavation for cables etc.
ï Have 50 employees each, all of whom are nationals The property (fully owned by the seller
ï Has up to 50 employees ï is owned 100%domestically, as is the lender The ranking of economies on the ease of getting
(i e. before tax claims and employee claims) when a debtor defaults outside an insolvency procedure
(i e. before tax claims and employee claims) when a business is liquidated Yes are secured creditors subject to an automatic stay on enforcement
extent of conflict of interest regulation index and the extent of shareholder governance index. To make the
Extent of conflict of interest regulation index 0†10 Sum of the extent of disclosure, extent of director liability
Simple average of the extent of conflict of interest regulation and extent of shareholder governance indices 50 Spain Doing Business 2015
on the conflict of interest 2 Is immediate disclosure of the transaction to the public and/or shareholders required?(
Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0-10) 5. 3 Extent of shareholder rights index (0-10.5) 10.5
Must shareholders approve the election and dismissal of the external auditor Yes 1. 5 Can shareholders freely trade shares prior to a major
as well as basic information on their primary employment be disclosed No 0 Must the compensation of individual managers be
the employer Property and property transfer taxes Dividend, capital gains and financial transactions taxes Waste collection, vehicle, road and other taxes
Employer paid-Social security contributions 1 online filing 90 30.9 %gross salaries 35.68 Corporate income tax 1 online filing 33 30
Employee paid-Social security contributions 0 paid jointly 6. 35 %gross salaries 0 withheld Value added tax (VAT) 1 online filing 44 21
case study assumes that the court hears an expert on the quality of the goods in dispute.
*Court appointment of independent expert: Judge appoints, either at the parties'request or at his own
initiative, an independent expert to decide whether the quality of the goods Plaintiff delivered to
Notification of court-appointment of independent expert: The court notifies both parties that the court is
appointing an independent expert (see assumption 5-b *Delivery of expert report by court-appointed expert:
The independent expert, appointed by the court delivers his or her expert report to the court (see assumption 5-b
Witnesses and a court-appointed independent expert may be heard and questioned at the oral hearing 23
employment, specifically as it affects the hiring and redundancy of workers and the rigidity of working hours
This year, for the first time, the indicators measuring flexibility in labor market regulations focus on those affecting the food retail industry,
employees hired through temporary-work agencies as well as on those applying to permanent employees or
employees hired on fixed-term contracts. The indicators also cover additional areas of labor market regulation
including social protection schemes and benefits as well as labor disputes Over the period from 2007 to 2011 improvements were
regulation indicators (formerly the employing workers indicators) with the letter and spirit of the International
Labour Organization (ILO) conventions. Only 6 of the 188 ILO conventions cover areas measured by Doing
employee termination, weekend work, holiday with pay, night work, protection against unemployment and medical care and sickness benefits.
The Doing Business methodology is fully consistent with these 6 conventions. The ILO conventions covering areas related
the right to collective bargaining, the elimination of forced labor, the abolition of child labor and equitable
treatment in employment practices Between 2009 and 2011 the World bank Group worked with a consultative group†including labor lawyers
employer and employee representatives, and experts from the ILO, the Organisation for Economic Co -operation and Development (OECD), civil society and the
http://www. doingbusiness. org/methodology/employing-workers Doing Business 2015 presents the data for the labor
employment regulations that is completed by local lawyers and public officials. Employment laws and regulations as well as secondary sources are reviewed to
ensure accuracy. To make the data comparable across economies, several assumptions about the worker and
the business are used The worker ï Is a cashier in a supermarket or a grocery store
ï Is a full-time employee ï Is not a member of the labor union, unless membership is mandatory
The business ï Is a limited liability company (or the equivalent in the economy) with 60 employees
ï Operates a supermarket or grocery store in the economy†s largest business city. For 11
ï Is subject to collective bargaining agreements if such agreements cover more than 50%of the food retail sector and they apply even to firms
grant workers more benefits than those mandated by law, regulation or (if applicable collective bargaining agreements
Spain Doing Business 2015 LABOR MARKET REGULATION Employment laws are needed to protect workers from arbitrary or unfair treatment and to ensure efficient
contracting between employers and workers. Many economies that changed their labor market regulation in the past 5 years did so in ways that increased labor
market flexibility. What changes did Spain adopt that affected the Doing Business indicators on labor market
redundancy dismissals DB2013 Spain temporarily allowed unlimited duration of fixed-term contracts Source: Doing Business database
Employment laws and regulations as well as secondary sources are reviewed to ensure accuracy Difficulty of hiring index Difficulty of hiring covers 4 areas:(
iii) the minimum wage for a cashier, age 19, with 1 year of work experience; and (iv) the ratio of the minimum
wage to the average value added per worker. The average value added per worker is the ratio of an
economy†s GNI per capita to the working-age population as a percentage of the total population
Difficulty of hiring index Data Fixed-term contracts prohibited for permanent tasks? Yes Maximum length of a single fixed-term contract (months
Minimum wage applicable to the worker assumed in the case study US$/month 1140.02 Ratio of minimum wage to value added per worker 0. 31
Source: Doing Business database 84 Spain Doing Business 2015 LABOR MARKET REGULATION Rigidity of hours index
overtime) for 2 months in a year to respond to a seasonal increase in workload;(
night work (as a percentage of hourly pay;(iv) the premium for work on a weekly rest day (as a percentage
of hourly pay;(v) whether there are restrictions on night work;( (vi) whether there are restrictions on weekly
holiday work; and (vii) the average paid annual leave for workers with 1 year of tenure, 5 years of tenure and 10
years of tenure Rigidity of hours index Data 50-hour workweek allowed for 2 months a year in case of a seasonal
increase in workload Yes Maximum working days per week 5. 5 Premium for night work(%of hourly pay) 25
%Premium for work on weekly rest day(%of hourly pay) 0 %Major restrictions on night work? Yes Major restrictions on weekly holiday?
No Paid annual leave for a worker with 1 year of tenure (in working days) 22.0 Paid annual leave for a worker with 5 years of tenure (in working days) 22.0
Paid annual leave for a worker with 10 years of tenure (in working days) 22.0 Paid annual leave (average for workers with 1, 5 and 10 years of tenure, in
working days 22.0 Source: Doing Business database 85 Spain Doing Business 2015 LABOR MARKET REGULATION Difficulty of redundancy index
Difficulty of redundancy index looks at 9 questions:(i what the length is in months of the maximum
probationary period;(ii) whether redundancy is disallowed as a basis for terminating workers;(iii whether the employer needs to notify a third party (such
as a government agency) to terminate 1 redundant worker;( (iv) whether the employer needs to notify a third
party to terminate a group of 9 redundant workers;(v whether the employer needs approval from a third party
to terminate 1 redundant worker;(vi) whether the employer needs approval from a third party to terminate
a group of 9 redundant workers;(vii) whether the law requires the employer to reassign or retrain a worker
before making the worker redundant;(viii) whether priority rules apply for redundancies; and (ix) whether
priority rules apply for reemployment Difficulty of redundancy index Data Maximum length of probationary period (months) 2. 0
Dismissal due to redundancy allowed by law? Yes Third-party notification if 1 worker is dismissed? Yes Third-party approval if 1 worker is dismissed?
No Third-party notification if 9 workers are dismissed? Yes Third-party approval if 9 workers are dismissed? No
Retraining or reassignment obligation before redundancy? No Priority rules for redundancies? No Priority rules for reemployment?
No Source: Doing Business database 86 Spain Doing Business 2015 LABOR MARKET REGULATION Redundancy cost Redundancy cost measures the cost of advance notice
requirements, severance payments and penalties due when terminating a redundant worker, expressed in weeks of salary.
The average value of notice requirements and severance payments applicable to a worker with 1 year of tenure, a worker with 5 years and
a worker with 10 years is considered. One month is recorded as 4 and 1/3 weeks
Redundancy cost indicator (in salary weeks) Data Notice period for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 1 year of tenure 2. 1
Notice period for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 5 years of tenure 2. 1
Notice period for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 10 years of tenure 2. 1
Notice period for redundancy dismissal (average for workers with 1, 5 and 10 years of tenure
2. 1 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 1 year of tenure 2. 9
Severance pay for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 5 years of tenure 14.3 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 10 years of tenure 28.6
Severance pay for redundancy dismissal (average for workers with 1, 5 and 10 years of tenure
15.2 Source: Doing Business database Social protection schemes and benefits & Labor disputes Doing Business collects data on the existence of
unemployment protection schemes as well as data on whether employers are required legally to provide health insurance for employees with permanent
contracts Doing Business also assesses the mechanisms available to resolve labor disputes. More specifically, it collects
data on what courts would be competent to hear labor disputes and whether the competent court is
specialized in resolving labor disputes Social protection schemes and benefits & Labor disputes indicator Data
Availability of unemployment protection scheme? Yes Health insurance existing for permanent employees? Yes Availability of courts
or court sections specializing in labor disputes? Yes Source: Doing Business database 87 Spain Doing Business 2015
88 Spain Doing Business 2015 DISTANCE TO FRONTIER AND EASE OF DOING BUSINESS RANKING This year†s report presents results for 2 aggregate
measures: the distance to frontier score and the ease of doing business ranking, which for the first time this year
is based on the distance to frontier score. The ease of doing business ranking compares economies with one
another; the distance to frontier score benchmarks economies with respect to regulatory best practice showing the absolute distance to the best performance
on each Doing Business indicator. When compared across years, the distance to frontier score shows how
much the regulatory environment for local entrepreneurs in an economy has changed over time in absolute terms
while the ease of doing business ranking can show only how much the regulatory environment has changed
relative to that in other economies Distance to Frontier The distance to frontier score captures the gap between
an economy†s performance and a measure of best practice across the entire sample of 31 indicators for 10
Doing Business topics (the labor market regulation indicators are excluded. For starting a business, for example, Canada and New zealand have the smallest
number of procedures required (1), and New zealand the shortest time to fulfill them (0. 5 days.
Slovenia has the lowest cost (0. 0), and Australia, Colombia and 110 other economies have paid no-in minimum capital
requirement (table 15.1 in the Doing Business 2015 report Calculation of the distance to frontier score
Calculating the distance to frontier score for each economy involves 2 main steps. First, individual
component indicators are normalized to a common unit where each of the 31 component indicators y (except for
the total tax rate) is rescaled using the linear transformation (worst â'y)/(worst â'frontier. In this
formulation the frontier represents the best performance on the indicator across all economies since 2005 or the
third year after data for the indicator were collected for the first time. For legal indicators such as those on
index, extent of conflict of interest regulation index and strength of insolvency framework index) and the recovery rate (figure 15.1 in the Doing Business 2015
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution -Noncommercial-Sharealike 4. 0 International License 3
DSI Interim Report Executive Summary i Emerging Findings ii Introduction 5 What is DSI? 5
Work Package 2 †Crowd mapping DSI organisations and activities 50 Work Package 3-Assessing Strategies 52
Work Package 4-Engaging Stakeholders 53 Work Package 5-Experiment and Pioneer 53 Work Package 6 †Recommendations 53
Appendix 1-DSI Case studies 54 Appendix 2 †Matrix of Case studies grouped by technology trend and domain 217
4 Digital Social Innovation Interim Report Executive Summary i DSI Interim Report Executive Summary Digital Social Innovation (DSI) is an emerging field of study, with little existing knowledge on who the digi
-tal social innovators are, which organizations, and activities support them and how they use digital tools to
This report describes our work to date, having investigated more than 250 case studies of digital social innovation services, support organizations and activities.
and the promotion and diffusion of knowledge systems in the Public domain, such as Com -munia Most, if not all of the above examples of civil society digital social innovation take place via the Internet or
within the frameowrk of the Digital Agenda for Europe and under the Horizons 2020 Work Programme
and to access what works and what doesn†t to calibrate interventions and investments •Addressing barriers to growth and scale.
This report describes our work to date, having investigated more than 250 case studies of digital social in
-house delivering high levels of employment, productivity, and social cohesion Europe 2020 strategy is broad and ambitious
Horizons 2020 Work Programme, and in particular, but not limited to, the Collective Awareness Call 7
-house delivering high levels of employment, productivity, and social cohesion Europe 2020 strategy is broad and ambitious
Horizons 2020 Work Programme, and in particular, but not limited to, the Collective Awareness Call Research Objectives
Delivering the research through 6 work packages As outlined in the table below, the DSI research project is delivered through 6 work packages that are in
-terlinked. We are now into month 6 of the research, which has been focused mainly on WP1 (identifying
Work package title Lead participant. short name Start month WP1 Identifying DSI organisations Waag Society M1
List of Work Packages 9 A diagram of how the various work packages interrelate is shown below
Figure 4: Work Package Diagram This report forms the third deliverable, D3 in the table below
Del. no. Deliverable name WP no. Delivery date D1 Inception Report WP0 M1 D2 Dynamic Report on Mapping WP2 M5-M17
Gohar Sargsyan Adviser and founding member, OISPG; Consultant Logica Daniel Kaplan Founder and CEO, The next-Generation Internet Foundation
Simona Levi Founder, Forum for the Access to Culture and Knowledge Markkula Markku Committee of the Regions, Rapporteur Europe 2020
-sure that policy fostering DSI is based on scientific evidence of what works and what doesn†t and that effec
experts, practitioners or key policy makers were identified also, and interviewed. We conducted in depth semi-structured interviews following a common protocol,
-neurs/practice leads, their employees, and relevant DSI communities. The appendix shows the case studies and their classification criteria,
of the project work packages. Care has therefore been taken to make the website as easy to use as possible
type of technology they are using in their work and what type of activities they are involved in (from re
-isations are looking to make through their work. The category †democracy and participation†showed the
as 136 self-identified categories were used by organisations to define their work Only the most popular are shown below to illustrate this
Work and employment 78 Finance and economy 76 Science& Technology 60 Table 3: Domains of Activity
valorising labour time equally, or linking currencies to data 25 2. New ways of making
and the promotion and diffusion of knowledge systems in the Public domain, such as Communia. These activities are favouring a shift towards open access, transparency
•The work by Your Priorities in Iceland and Open Ministry in Finland on bringing DSI to the core of gov
The work by the local government in Vienna on Open Government Data Vienna led to citizens developing a raft of innovations,
The work by the EU DG Research funded social inno -vation research projects TEPSIE on the role of ICT in social innovation,
The work by Nesta in the UK on the tech for good incubator Bethnal Green Ventures and Waag Society in Amsterdam work on setting up
A look across the different activities that DSI organisations are involved in shows how they support work
and looking at in the light of the case study work we can outline some key characteristics of the type of activities that DSI players are carrying forward to
Stand in a classic exhibition this works the other way around, with the organizers dividing the space in square meters which are sold then to exhibitors who have need the to carve out a more or less great visibili
or for their workers to find affordable homes Running or hosting Makerspaces, Hackerspaces, Living Labs or Urban Labs:
Co-working environments, such as innovation centres, accelerators, incubators, and hacker spaces, have begun to proliferate. The MIT founded a precursor in 2002 called Fab Lab,
as is the work by the social innovation research project TEPSIE on the role of ICT and social innovation.
the Nominet Trust†s (UK) work Digital Edge, a programme which funds ventures that demonstrate how
The World wide web Consortium (W3c), an international community that works on developing and advocating for Web standards,
the P2p foundation that works on promoting peer to peer practices, and the Iot Council promoting an open Internet of things vision are good examples of this
-works, free interoperable network services open Wifi, bottom-up-broadband, distribut -ed social networks, p2p infrastructures Tor
Most European cities work with sensors that moni -tor environmental conditions. Pollution, temperature, humidity and light sensors are installed that provide
The work by Tor on creating a secure and privacy-aware service that bounce Internet users†and websitesâ€
and transparency by supporting journalists and other experts to access information and report key stories
The work by organisations like Raspberry Pi and Arduino illustrates the potential in open hardware
but the majority of work is done by a larger network of other organisations in the â€oelong tail†that are connected via the super-nodes.
and number of employees. New clustering and categories will then emerge from the empirical data
manner rather than via a top-down hierarchy controlled by experts or some other appointed group. In the
Another example is the work by Open Garden on facilitating the sharing of Internet between devices
dismissal) of issues. Mobilising people though these platforms allow citizens movements, activists, and entrepreneurs to raise issues
In this sense, the close work with a small group in the very place where the group lives is of utmost importance.
and work in networks across organ -isation boundaries †including the boundary between the private and public sphere.
A commission of independent experts involving both grassroots activists and government employees gathered from across the city,
This commission of experts should not simply solidify their position as experts in creating websites
so that the public service workers in London can maintain their own website with -out again gathering all the experts from the various boroughs or from a neighbouring city.
The point is to spread the network so as to make local communities as digitally skilled as possible and capable of working
and to access what works and what doesn†t to calibrate interventions and investments •Addressing barriers to growth and scale.
Work Package 2 †Crowd mapping DSI organisations and activities The challenges with this approach to date
The next stage of Work package 2 will include the Task 2. 2, the development of the website.
Work Package 3-Assessing Strategies The first steps in Policy Research in WP3 will follow a hierarchical schema, starting from the identification
find concrete policy actions diverted to its promotion. However, there are intermediary organisations such as Code for America, Open Knowledge Foundation and Nesta that support these activities indirectly.
the European commission, particularly H2020 and work programmes, Digital Agenda, Social Innovation in DG Regio and Social Entrepreneurship in DG Enterprise
-ducted using interviews with experts, which identify the main failures and shortcomings. These shortcom -ings will be matched with the design methodology
Work Package 4-Engaging Stakeholders To support the growth and spread of DSI it needs traction on multiple levels within the EU, from citizens
Work Package 5-Experiment and Pioneer Because policy aims to shape the behaviour of economic agents by tapping into their motivations and in
Work Package 6 †Recommendations The objective of this work package is to compile the learning of the project by distilling a set of policy rec
-ommendations for Digital Social Innovation In order to accomplish this objective a policy framework for digital social innovation will be elaborated
-work for grouping DSI organisations and developing our understanding of the characteristics of these or
thus not using cheap labour and low quality materials to emphasise this they had the Italian map stamped on the front of the
@Heart partners through promotion of their brand, products and content on its site and social networks with links to documentation and tuto
board and who hire the founders as consultants What were the main barriers to innovate?
both personal and commercial derivative works, as long as they credit Arduino and release their designs under the same license
-paigning network that works to ensure that the †views and values of the world†s people inform global decision-making. †Avaaz relies entirely on
-isation is run by a small, highly-skilled online team of 11-50 employees with most staff working collaboratively in a â€oevirtual office†environment
from four continents so as to ensure †even the smallest contributions go a long way. â€
86%of members seem happy for the staff to use it just as a guide, while
While Avaaz is a global organisation with staff and members across the world, they are incorporated currently as a nonprofit 501 (c) 4 organisa
helping to ensure the physical security of the organisation†s staff According to Patel, the funds generated should support this priority for
-paigning works †you leverage bursts of engagement from our member -ship with particular priorities and campaigns to generate longer term
work and costs money. As †democracy nerds†the Citizens Foundation team are worried that most of our social lives are being run by one com
can be used to buy promotions for ideas that appear as banners at the top of the page.
The actual work is divided into five activities •Developing a Technological Framework (lead: University of Tilburg
Part of the work is technical in nature: selecting standards, developing frameworks and architectures, as well as writing the actual code for the
Lastly there is work in deciding where the results will go after the project, to ensure uptake and growth of the solution
of domain experts. Generic coding skills lead to beautiful visualisations not more What helps to reach goals and
-main experts. This pays off in the end How does it achieve better European collaboration? Citysdk sets the groundwork for an ecology of applications that can
It turns out this actually works well for the development community and data owners alike.
for America involved †a new type of public service based on the work of volunteer programmers that has sought to building bridges between the
-works and fibre deployment as commons (both new techniques such as aerial as well as fibre bandwidth management) â€
range of technologies employed by the different fellows †who will work with their own preferred web platform (using open source languages like
connector generally, Commons4eu also works with other social inno -vators on more specific challenges as part of an informal global network
and new cultural works are created. This definition is extracted from the Public domain Manifesto an output of the Thematic Network
•Management of orphan works, i e. works whose author is unknown COMMUNIA policy paper on the proposed orphan works directive
What is the social impact it is seeking, including any evidence of impact to date? The COMMUNIA Association and its Members raise awareness in, edu
-cate about, advocate for, and offer expertise on and research about the Public domain, in the digital age within society and with policy-makers
The association works on deliverables such as policy papers, projects, and WIPO statements. Event-wise the association or
-work neutrality, openness and size of these networks are a great chal -lenge to routing protocols and its implementation on low-cost devices
-works are built often with simple and low cost off-the-shelf hardware The nodes are usually running an open source distribution, such as Linux
-works, such as VOIP, content distribution, on-demand and live media streaming, instant messaging, remote backups and updates, file storage
-works, such as on-demand and live media streaming, instant messaging remote backups and updates, file storage and file sharing.
universities that work alongside local, regional and global partners to promote and support social change towards sustainability
locally funded, the results of this work and research are shared all across the DESIS network.
In their research and practical work, Everyaware focus on sensing, mo -bile and location-based technologies, as well as data visualisation
for using Fablab Amsterdam in open days is to document the work and project on the Fablab website and share the designs with the rest of the
see as fertile ground for beginning this work. One example of this is the Fablab Low cost Prosthesis program, a technology to produce a lower
its design and production work. The digital fabrication include machines such as, Laser cutter, Milling machine, Vinyl Cutter, Embroidery Ma
placed in an open space, to make the work with different machines easi -er Teleconferencing system and digital communication:
Much of the work in the Fablab relies and is based on open source design and open hardware such as
The majority of work in the Fablab is run by an active community of volunteers. This, the Fablab team sees as one of the most
guarantee basic standards to their employees. On November 13 2013 Fairphone announced that it had sold the first batch of 25,000 smart
wage for workers assembling the devices Research: As described above a cornerstone of the Fairphone model is
Fairphone works with factories where a specially established fund will ensure decent wag -es are distributed amongst workers.
 It†s all about opening up the supply chain, creating transparency 115 Github At a glance
Work and employment, other Technology Trends: Open Knowledgeâ Â DSI activities: Operating a web service
new and better versions of their work collaboratively. It has grown since to be the largest social coding repository in the world.
out of its 227 employees there are virtually no managers, and staff are given a great degree of autonomy in
choosing the types of projects they wish to work on; a system of self-al -located work spurred on by the belief that creativity
and innovation are contingent upon employees investing themselves in the projects they commit themselves to
History and Mission Github sets out with a seemingly simple objective: to build better soft
the Center for the Future of Work, Heinz College and Carnegie mellon University); ) found that people make a surprisingly rich set of social
strategies for coordinating work, advancing technical skills and manag -ing their reputation 117 How is funded the organisation?
Another revenue stream is Github Jobs where employers can post job offers for $450/listing.
assembling code†in the form of libraries, open source work, etc. †as well as writing it,
-rative tool for academics, legislators and government workers. Â Since any open-licensed project can be hosted on Github for free,
-ton, D c. startup (Development Seed) and a small team of consultants Whereas the code for the healthcare exchange †the â€oebackend†of Health
Work and employment, other Technology Trends: Open Knowledge DSI activities: Operating a web service Key facts:
it works in a similar way to crowdfunding platform Kickstarter. As an ex -ample the platform was used to successfully raise £4, 401 (109 per cent
two members of staff for one day a week; telephone line rental and call charges; printing and office supplies;
which can aid board members in their work. One example of the latter is the Slow Food an organisation based in Ger
private businesses and corporations who want to engage their employees in making strategic decisions At its simplest the process of using Liquid Feedback can be described
powerful and do their work, but we want the grassroots to be able to control themâ€
and time consuming to work efficiently, before the advent of the Internet. Finally, the open source ap
Giving back Open-source hardware is about sharing work with others for everyone†s benefit. It is beneficial for all parties to provide upgrades
is possible to make profits doing commercial work that can be re-invest -141 ed in charitable, open source projects without having to employ a huge
factory of staff After recognising in the period following 2006 that official government funding streams had been wound down,
-ity, and it is this company (mysociety ltd) that does commercial work Today about 40%of mysociety†s income is from commercial work and
they work towards expanding this, while developing †a reputation as a software company that can solve problems that more traditional web
or meet the experts of the City of Vienna, as well as an online forum. In 2012 two participa
â€oeschwedenplatz†(where citizens came together with experts as part of a design competition organised by the City of Vienna to draft a mission
-form, and active comments have been asked for from countless experts and copyright organisations. A number of factors surrounding copyright
Having been reviewed by these volunteer experts, the Open Ministry†s law proposals are more compatible
-works might be used to enhance democratic participation and delib -eration, and influence policy in collaboration with existing political
into actual law proposals with the help of volunteer experts. There has been some significant overlap between Open Ministry and other rele
of relevant experts who can offer consultative campaign and legal advice to transform potentially good ideas into viable proposals to be debated
-ship with voluntary legal and campaign experts. The Open Ministry also encourages users to sign
Open data sit at the core of all Opencorporates work. This is both a tool to scrape, capture
They can produce inconsistent data services that leave consumers wondering when and where they can access the network, and
-tion tends to work with freelancers and volunteers What are the main barriers t o innovate?
As described above, Patientslikeme works towards a creating a platform and, in the long-term, a health care system, where information is openly
all employees of Peerby own a piece of the company through stock op -tions and through these have a direct stake in its successes and failures
Sharing only works when there is reputation involved. Most sharing platforms try to combat this issue by building a
growing rapidly and have shown that the platform works on small scale The next challenge is to understand how it could work on a larger scale
so can work more easily in electrical off-grid environments Other than the fact that the demand for the Raspberry Pi computers
Later on Ray Ozzie a data expert based in Boston joined the conversa -tion when the question of how to release
the work done by Safecast was evidenced further when, on September 15,2012, it was announced that Safecast†s radiation measurements were
it won†t work. †On one hand, the project is now slowly by slowly gen -erating more attention, through people who are already participating
Tor has a staff of 30 paid developers, researchers, and advocates, plus many dozen volunteers who help out on a daily basis. In a year Tor
range of criminal sites. â€oewe work with law enforcement a lot, †Lewman told the Guardian. â€oethey are fully aware of bad guys on Tor.
The current team (of 22 full-time staff) is comprised of individuals with a wide span of experience ranging from human rights
work to software development. It has built also a strong team of volun -teer developers primarily in Africa,
work they started, and continues to be a resource to the emergency response community there.
Work Package 2 †Crowd mapping DSI organisations and activities Work Package 3-Assessing Strategies
Work Package 4-Engaging Stakeholders Work Package 5-Experiment and Pioneer Work Package 6 †Recommendations
Appendix 1-DSI Case studies Appendix 2 †ï¿Matrix of Case studies grouped by technology trend and domain
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