Author Supervisor Barcelona, December 2012 IV V Dedicated to my family VI VII TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS VII
supporters there are professors, fellow doctoral classmates, academic staff, friends, and of course, my family. To this special group,
Alex, thanks for accepting to lead this work when it was still only a project
In addition, I would like to thank all administrative staff of the Universitat Autã noma de Barcelona, in particular the professionals of the Business Economics department
self employment, but that is not an accurate definition. Furthermore, entrepreneurship often appears under different denominations, which explains why it is defined in
economic growth, productivity, innovation and employment. In this sense, many countries members and partners of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and
With regard to the use of SME samples, we decided to work with small and medium -sized companies,
INE, in 2009 there were 3, 283,495 companies with between 0 and 249 employees. Over the decade (1999-2009), there was a cumulative increase of 26.7%of these companies
employ between 10 and 249 employees and whose annual turnover does exceed not â 50 million or whose
of information by a firm or its employees but also to the organization†s ability to exploit
role in the economy of a country by generating employment and contributing to the GDP.
compared with reference to the ROA and number of employees. The results revealed no significant differences between the two groups.
terms of age, number of employees, or any of the research variables assessed in this study. These results suggest the absence of response bias
number of employees, total sales, and total assets have been introduced. Then, the 59 variable which best fits the model was number of employees,
used in logarithmic form lnsize). ) Also rates of leverage (gearing) receive special attention when explaining the
According to the perception of the executives surveyed, companies were classified as entrepreneurial or conservative considering the magnitude of their entrepreneurial
average number of employees in the period (2007-2009) in logarithmic form Lev used as control variable
increased EO level was associated positively with high performance (employment growth and performance compared with competitors. However, in Madsen†s research
results for employment. In turn, Elfring and Hulsink (2003), use a case study to examine 77 how specific entrepreneurial processes are influenced by an embedded network of
for employment change. So, in this scenario it is possible to observe that although the value of networks is an integral part of a firm†s success,
and employees is critical in building external relations (Lechner and Dowling, 2003. In this vein, the larger the
managers or employees can influence the number of ties developed by firms and, in turn, be directly related to the degree of involvement in the use of networks and their
reference to the ROA and number of employees. The results revealed no significant difference between the two groups.
of employees, or any of the research variables assessed in this study. These results suggest the absence of response bias
calculating the change of the number of employees (Capelleras and Greene, 2008 Capelleras and Rabetino, 2008;
calculate sales growth and employment growth (lna09 †lna07)/ 3, where lna09 and lna07 are the logs of firm assets in thousands of Euros for 2009 and 2007, respectively
sample was divided into two groups of firms based on their number of employees. This procedure gave one group of small firms (minimum 10 and maximum 49 employees
and another group of medium-sized firms (minimum 50 and maximum 249 employees The t-test confirmed the significant difference of network usage on EO development
between small and medium-sized firms; however, these differences were reflected not in the relationship of network usage on firm growth.
terms of sales and number of employees, probably influenced by the peculiar environment of the economic crisis in which our research is inserted.
and employment 93 CHAPTER V ESSAY THREE †INNOVATIVENESS AND EXPORTS IN SMALL FIRMS EXAMINING THEIR MUTUAL EFFECTS
The reporting companies had a mean of 5. 66 employees (2007) and 4. 72 employees (2008),
and about two-thirds of the companies operated in the domestic market, while about one-third of the companies had at least 1%or more of their total
size 1-9 employees 10-49 employees 842 135 86.18 13.82 1, 266 183 87.37
12.63 age less than 10 years more than 10 years 376 601 38.49 61.51 568 881 39.20
the natural log of the number of employees (Andersson et al. 2004; Cassiman and Golovko, 2011) reported in year of the GEM survey
employment 126 Furthermore, our findings concerning the role of innovativeness in driving the small firms†internationalization through exports appear to be relevant from the public-policy
governmental agencies in export promotions since the 1990s, the growth of productivity has been one of the lowest among the EU countries (Cassiman and Golovko, 2011
addressed also to facilitate/promotion innovativeness and raise performance 127 Table 23. Summary of the implications in different ways
employment -encourages and helps SMES to become more competitive in the international marketplace -reinforces the ability of
the promotion of innovation Source: Self-elaborated 128 4. Limitations and Future Research Lines 4. 1. Essay One
determinants of new firm employment growth: evidence from Latin america International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 4, 79-99
and labour intensity. The American Economic Review, 91,320-334 Dimitratos, P.,Lioukas, S. and Carter, S. 2004.
This is an Executive Summary of an Executive programs member report Each report covers a relevant and compelling CIO topic and contains
Executive programs equips CIOS and senior technology executives with the tools and insights they need to deliver exceptional business
associates, including more than 1, 480 research analysts and consultants, and clients in 85 countries fc
world†s human resources for research and innovation live outside the triad. Figure 1 below illustrates that for science
4 Expert group to the European commission, 2008 5 The globalisation of production can also be measured by input-output tables on trade,
report of an independent expert group chaired by Mr Esko Aho 13 Tsipouri, L. Paper presented at the European commission Mutual Learning seminar, 2012
14 Expert group report to the European commission, 2009, †Le monde en 2025. La montã e en puissance de l†Asie et la transition socio-à cologiqueâ€
15 Expert group report to the European commission, 2007, report of the taskforce on sustainable construction
16 Expert group report to the European commission, 2008, †Challenging Europe†s Research: Rationales for the European Research Area (ERA) â€
19 See the report of the independent expert group on R&d and Innovation chaired by Mr Esko Aho,
for e-commerce experts and invitees 2 +jobs directly or indirectly via e-commerce 645,000 +estimated online businesses
GOMSEC), interviews with e-commerce experts and clear tables and infographics, we provide online retailers and other stakeholders with practical
In addition, we are very grateful to the experts across the world who selflessly invested their time
market research experts combine their passion with Gfk†s 80 years of data science experience. By using innovative technologies and data
and more than 400 payments experts help our clients elevate their payment strategies to become a strategic asset to their companies
Unfortunately, it is not possible anymore to match one employee to one customer at a time. Therefore, you will have to find new ways to accomplish personalization
What web merchants can do is using the information that online customers leave behind when browsing the Internet,
Companies as Amazon and Netflix are the living proof that personalization works They have used this tool for many years and as a result,
-consuming work and the problems that appear when one enters a foreign market Consumer trust is vital
What works for Germany does not necessarily have to work for China or Brazil, for instance.
Therefore, you will have to investigate, among other things, relevant trust marks, payment options, and laws and regulations.
These employees can then deal with customer requests or complaints in the required language and, equally important, in the right time
all his working life. From 1966 until 1979 he offered legal and economic advice as well as lobbying services
Distribution of the number of employees in biotechnology firms in the Cambridge cluster...176 Figure 5-23:
Consultants Universities Public research institute manufacturing total R&d intensive industries Note: Multiple sources per enterprise allowed.
applying KETS will enable producers to using labour, capital, energy and other inputs more efficiently.
monopoly which can provide a source for additional income. More importantly, in a dynamic perspective these first mover advantages can translate into positive cumulative effects (see
Skills of employees, and the ability to further develop these skills, are often a key resource in this respect
to cluster initiatives, public awareness measures, standardisation, promotion of venture capital supply, and education and training activities (see OECD, 2009c).
experts, each KET has been defined by a list of IPC codes or a combination of them (see
reside in another country than the country of the workplace Industry Impacts and Market Potentials
consultants in recent years. The main purpose of this exercise is to determine how large
makers, and specialist consultants System characteristics have to be supportive, including the right infrastructure, well-trained
the system work European Competitiveness in KETS ZEW and TNO EN 44error! Unknown document property name.
health and safety concerns, cluster network organisation have to establish a certain work ethic to address these issues.
and JSPS (Japan Society for the Promotion of Science), JST (Japan Science and Technology Agency), NIMS (National Institute for Materials Science), RIKEN (Institute of Physical and
cluster) economies (regional technology division, business environment promotion division and there are divisions to nurture technological development (research and development
division, academia-industry cooperation promotion division. 31 On a local level, the Kyoto municipality is in charge of the cluster organisation and
nanotechnology particularly vulnerable to shortages in labour markets for qualified personnel A lack of skilled labout is therefore one of the highest ranked barriers in the nanotechnology
productive team of experts from different backgrounds Policy options Advancing the commercialisation of nanotechnology in Europe requires a variety of activities
In a survey of industry executives, KPMG predicts increasing sales of 6 to 10 percent over the next three years (KPMG, 2009.
labour costs, such as Asian countries (Mowery, et al, 2007 43 The most recent R&d data of the OECD Technology Outlook 2008 does not go beyond 2006
number of employees or levels of investment little meaningful. However, one shared commonality across clusters is the excellence of their applied research (Collet, 2007.
while 1, 200 graduates leave higher education per year. In comparison, the closely related sector of IT and software employs 14,000 people with 2, 200
Minatec campus staff (9 identifies new synergies, organises meetings for residents, develops communication tools, and
and high skill labour supply that innovative firms thrive on. CEA-LETI through its Minatec initiative takes a special role of a anchor organisation at the cluster that at other cluster a large
While work in the past was focused on †demand pull†activities such as improved mobile phone functionality, the decisions for these functions were external to the cluster.
not-for-profit national industry association that works to articulate a national strategy for the
Networks and the Federal government to attract highly qualified experts, notably from the United kingdom. In the 1970s and 1980s a vibrant cluster emerged around the quickly
1) the highly skilled labour pool and commercial talent, 2) a strong cluster policy supported by federal and regional funds,
High skilled labour pool and commercial talent Generally, Canada has skilled a highly workforce and several world leading microelectronics
problems in the high skilled labour supply in the late 1990s contributing to the problems the
However, they also provide stable employment for highly skilled people in the field that can
High quality labour supply, a commercial environment and a well functioning cluster are at least as important Public procurement and lead markets
leading research laboratories and prestigious universities providing a strong high skill labour pool. Its key asset in this respect is the Minatec campus where public researchers, university
slightly skilled and stable labour pool, a local lead customer base with many corporate headquarters located in the province,
A critical scale of employment having positive effects for the local labour markets by attracting and retaining highly skilled labour
Significant numbers of and spin-offs creating a dynamic business environment International linkages and visibility strengthening the competitive position of the cluster
Highly skilled labour force Strong focus on collaboration between top -research and leading corporations Strong focus on design(>50 percent of
Highly skilled labour force Generation of successful entrepreneurs is about to retire leaving a gap Market demand Research activities very application oriented
production, work, life, and entertainment, and which attracts high-tech professionals and technologies. The park is surrounded by a number of renowned science and engineering
Tsing Hua University and National Chiao tung University providing ample human resources for the firms located in the park.
providing both technology and human resources. The top two IC foundries in the world Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company and United Microelectronics Company
with both the promotion of high-end technology development as well as the required breadth Another major policy field is to promote design capabilities that serve as the decisive
A critical factor in the promotion of micro-and nanoelectronics is the highly cyclical nature
behind it was explained not until Pasteur†s work in the 19th century. Nowadays methods of molecular biology are used in a targeted manner
biotechnology companies have combined a number of employees of around 10,000: the whole biotechnology cluster, including universities and supporting activities, employs 25,000
Although there are larger biotechnology companies with more than 250 employees, most firms in the Cambridge cluster have approximately 11-20 employees (see Figure 5-22.
These SMES focus on R&d and license-out technology to larger players with manufacturing and marketing capabilities.
Furthermore, there are many companies with less than six employees indicating the continuous development of start-ups within the cluster
Distribution of the number of employees in biotechnology firms in the Cambridge cluster 0 5
and temporary work, but it did provided not subsidised services. Later on, when the biotechnology cluster was established already,
also by large established biotechnology organisations (number of employees higher than 250 which offer potential knowledge transfers
supporting services with legal, patent, recruitment, and property advisers, and regional biotechnology associations. Finally, they want to associate the new company with the image
of Cambridge as a leading scientific centre. 55 Market demand Next to the relatively easy access to financial resources and markets in London, other high
advisers and services (including biotechnology associations), a culture that respects risks, and last but not least a strategic location close London†s large financial market, providing access
firms with 90,000 employees and generating over $2 billion in exports annually. 56 More specifically, the 69 public biotechnology firms generated $17. 7 billion in revenues (2006). 57
biotechnology firms, founded either by former employees of Genentech or by former university staff. There, the anchor company took the dominant role
and was supported by the surrounding university infrastructure. This development led to a situation that biotechnology
services to the area (think of specialist lawyers, brokers, marketing experts, international IPR specialists) and complementary services and activities, giving the clusters the full dynamism
graduates and ex-employees of large companies that start their own company Capabilities World leading scientists on biotechnology
persons in Europe, not including employment with subcontractors (Photonics21, 2007b. In addition to directly employed people (â€oesome 200, 000â€), two million other jobs depend on the
however, account for the largest proportion of turnover and employees. But important for cluster development, these large firms do not actively develop the cluster
employment and about 15 percent of total turnover (CPC, 2009. About one third of these
) Growth rates of 20 percent annually in output and 12 percent in employment could be observed in the last years with many new being founded.
Local economic development agency PÃ'le Quã bec Chaudiã re-Appalaches works closely with Montrã al-based Investissement Quã bec as well as companies and institutions from the area to
) Growth rates of 20 percent annually in output and 12 percent in employment could be observed in the last years making it a success case
innovation and employment Chapter 6 Photonics EN 231error! Unknown document property name. EN Tax incentives:
This also results in a strong labour pool with highly qualified technical personnel available. A
Low labour costs Favourable loans available from Investissement Quebec Funding available for collaboration High level of Venture capital (lack though
over (20 percent) and employees (12 percent Very strong focus and concentration on niches Strong international orientation
industrial employer and an important driver of economic growth in the region (ECRN, 2010 82 We only consider those clusters in Europe with high focus
mainly SME€ s (as 80 percent of Walloon companies account for less than 50 workers employs around 10,000 people (40 percent of employment of the Walloon chemical industry
and has a common turnover of â 5. 6 billion (2006)( ECRN, 2009a; Verhoyen and Phillipe
can be translated into highly motivated managers and employees and successful mobility and training programmes Public policy
and developing and improving access to vocational training. 86 As a result of the implementation of the new Walloon industrial policy, there is now a specific
promotion of investment package for attracting new firms to the Plastiwin cluster. Among the measures for supporting this policy is the preferential access to risk funding (through SRIW
incentives (reduced social-security contributions, cash recruitment grants, training subsidies etc.)) 87, support for outstanding scientific research (linkages to Universities), facilitation (if
and promotion of renewable energy use and environment initiative. As noted above, the Wallonia government defined economic redevelopment areas
industrial policy, there is now a specific promotion of investment package for attracting new firms to the Plastiwin cluster.
technological staff. 101 In terms of specialised equipment available to firms in the cluster, the two high-tech zones of Changsha account with about 44 highly specialised large-scale
regional job market every year) and maintains cost advantages over other inland cities KPMG, 2009 Public policy and funding
entrepreneurs, firm employees, government representatives and strategic investors have become more effective throughout time. An example of this is the evolution of the Hunan
10,000 employees â 5. 6 billion annual sales 136 companies 340,000 technical staff Classification Emerging new cluster/revitalisation of old
cluster Fast growing Infra-structure Strong knowledge infrastructure with many universities and colleges for applied science
production and labour costs in China Market structure 70 percent SME€ s Large firms are e g.
technologies (skills of workers, coordination among departments, integration of suppliers and customers). ) Adjustments to AMT may as a result lead to adjustments to the product produced
expected to combat the expected shortage of 6 million skilled labourers by 2020. Moreover there is a pressing requirement for increasing productivity through robot usage as labour costs
are and will remain high in Europe. In this respect, important trends are the miniaturisation of
the amount of hard labour that is needed in the manufacturing process and that is taken over for example by robots.
As a result, health of the employees can be expected to improve as work-related accidents go down
Importance of sustaining production capabilities AMT have been characterised as requiring a solution tailored to a specific customer†s needs
dealing with new technologies (skills of workers, coordination among departments integration of suppliers and customers
in-house capabilities for dealing with new technologies-skills of workers, coordination among departments, integration of suppliers and customers-may be missing and cannot
These models all seem to work, but we strongly believe they also do because they are suited
Labour markets An essential success factor for KETS is skilled a highly labour force and a thick labour market
Wolfe, 2008. In all clusters that have been analysed, the quality of the labour force was emphasised as being crucial to success,
with the best clusters attracting talented people from all over the world (e g. Grenoble, Silicon valley. Whereas the importance of skills is widely
employees starting new (supplier) firms. Examples of this were observed with CEA in the Grenoble, and Nortel in the Ontario microelectronics cluster
-skills of workers, coordination among departments, integration of suppliers and customers -may be missing and cannot be built up in short term.
This includes a proper IP management, promotion of spin-offs, acknowledging the importance of technology transfer in evaluations and
A likely shortage of skilled labour should be tackled through both education and immigration policies -A vital venture capital market is important for commercialising research results in KETS
Arvanitis, S.,H. Hollenstein (1997), Evaluating the Promotion of Advanced Manufacturing Technologies (AMT) by The swiss Government Using Micro-Level Survey Data:
Arvanitis, S.,H. Hollenstein, S. Lenz (1998), Are Swiss Government Programmes of Promotion of Advanced Manufacturing Technologies (AMT) Effective?
Commission Staff Working Document, accompanying document to the Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European parliament and the European Economic and Social
EC (2009b), Current situation of key enabling technologies in Europe, Commission Staff Working Document accompanying the Communication from the Commission, COM (2009) 1257, Brussels
Implementation Report 2007-2009, Commission Staff Working Document, accompanying document to the Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European parliament
Harrison, R.,J. Jaumandreu, J. Mairesse, B. Peters (2008), Does Innovation Stimulate Employment? A Firm-Level Analysis Using Comparable Micro-Data from Four European countries, NBER
Executives †Fourth Quarter 2009 Kutas, G.,C. Lindberg, R. Steenblik (2007), Biofuels †at What Cost?
The Promotion of Nanotechnology R&d, Case study under the Project â€oemonitoring and analysis of policies and public financing
 work  undertaken  by  the  authors  in  this  field4
 workers    Smart  spaces  and  cool  co- †working
 employment  infrastructure  and  profitability  Cluster  members  will  often
 employees  too  † education  interests  personality  and  their
 work  study  analyst  in  the  early  1970s  undertaking
 work   He  recalls  describing  the  area  as
 work  and  re- †occupied  by  new  tenants
 employee  of  UK  Post  Office  Telecoms  8  http://techcitynews. com/2014/06/10/silicon- †roundabout- †tops- †uk- †startup-Â
 employment  opportunities  and  cut  operating  costs  through  relocating
 work  drew  on  other  studies  including  Durmaz  B
 work  and  social  environment  in  which  the  enterprise
 employees  want  to  be  located  §ï§Business  complementarity
 employees  •Networking/partnering  organisations  † networking  competencies  partnership
 workplace  and  business  environment  design  •Industry- †specific
 work  more  from  home  our  research  is  revealing
 Employees  look  forward  to  interacting  with  colleagues  customers
 work- †place  Business  owners  have  to  be
 workers  is  not  lost  or  diluted  as Â
 work  effectively  with  their  creative  suppliers  and  partners
 strike  a  balance  between  †wisdom† and  †innovationâ€
 employment  green  economic  growth  and  impressive  returns  in
 strikes  a  healthy  chord  The  substantial  BBC  teams
 employers  With  regular  transport  links  to  central Â
 Work  Shop† CBRE  AND  Henley  Business  School Â
availability of highly-educated workers; venture capital; state-of-the-art knowledge. Furthermore, the author concludes that the resulting changes in NSI stimulated
Yet apart from Chesbrough's 2003 pioneering work, there are few studies exploring the important relationship between OI and
growth, job creation, and acquisition of international skills. Each innovation system performs differently in achieving its supposed
3. 5. The supply of high-quality labour is linked strongly to education and training One of the crucial elements holding the open innovation system together is its human and social capital.
states, a high-quality labour force is one of the major prerequisites of OI as it allows knowledge to spill over to other organisations
This also applies to the recruitment of graduates by ï rms, which is probably one of the main mechanisms for making money from fundamental research 54.
Developing and maintaining a skilled labour force requires governments to deliver and implement high-quality education at
strong specialisation in innovative labour; the efï ciency of resource allocation; accelerating knowledge ï ows at lower costs
such as retired skilled workers, and the valuable knowledge of former staff, have been excluded generally from the task of advancing the frontiers of innovation.
OI scholars state that in the OI era, companies should tap into this large external pool of know-how to gain new ideas while at the same time move unused ideas
3. 8. Beneï ting from strong specialisation in innovative labour Economists have shown that the growth of amore complex division of labour is closely bound to the growth of total production
and trade, which strengthens a country's competitiveness 73. When closed innovation prevailed, the economy of specialisation
There is a natural labour division in knowledge generation and commercialisation between ï rms of different sizes.
of labour through an open innovation model OI theory purports that innovators do not necessarily implement all innovation stages,
Through this innovative labour specialisation, companies may be able to focus their strengths on some parts
Moreover, little work has been done on downstream networks exploiting existing knowledge 91 3. 13. Online social networks:
retirees, graduate students, professional workers in various disciplines, ordinary citizens, and research-based and proï t-seeking
Finally, OI hinges on the supply and mobility of highly-skilled knowledge workers Hence, education and training need to be linked closely to innovation policies
retired skilled workers; internet-based communities; innovation intermediaries. Next, NSI effectiveness can be boosted through greater labour specialisation in the innovation ï eld.
Finally, NSI will be more effective when the unused technologies of large companies are commercialised through spin-offs
knowledge workers. Sixth, policy-makers may need to move away from funding innovation in single ï rms and towards networks
general and abstract knowledge and the division of innovative labour, Res Policy 23 (5)( 1994) 523†532
98 H. Katajisto, J. Kimari, Education, Training and Demand for Labour in Finland by 2015, Finnish National Board of education, Helsinki, 2005
past two and a half years she has been working as a strategy consultant at Atos.
3. 5. The supply of high-quality labour is linked strongly to education and training 3. 6. Open innovation improves the effectiveness of NSI
3. 8. Benefiting from strong specialisation in innovative labour 3. 9. Improving the efficiency of resource allocation
Overtext Web Module V3.0 Alpha
Copyright Semantic-Knowledge, 1994-2011